Introduction
Materials and methods
Eligibility criteria
Search strategy
Data collection
Data synthesis and analysis
Risk of bias assessment
Results
Study characteristics and findings
Authors/Year of publication | Study design | Level of evidence | Prospective/retrospective | Total number of RIA system procedures | RIA system indication (number of procedures, if applicable for multiple groups) | Anatomical site (if applicable number of procedures) | Surgical access (number of procedures, if applicable for multiple groups) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barlow and Kuhn (2014) [55] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 3 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Retrograde |
Belthur et al. (2008) [41] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 41 | ABG harvesting | Femur (37) Tibia (4) | Antegrade |
Calori et al. (2014) [56] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 35 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Cipriano et al. (2012) [23] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 21 | Treatment of osseous infections or bone malignancy | Femur | Antegrade |
Conway et al. (2014) [77] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 15 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade (9) Retrograde (6) |
Davis et al. (2015) [78] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 94 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade (62) Retrograde (32) |
Dawson et al. (2014) [14] | Randomized controlled trial | 1 | Prospective | 56 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Donders et al. (2016) [18] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 2 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade (1) Retrograde (1) |
Eisenstein et al. (2016) [79] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 6 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Retrograde |
Grote et al. (2015) [57] | Case series | 4 | Prospective | 5 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Hall et al. (2017) [69] | Randomized controlled trial | 1 | Prospective | 11 | Fracture stabilization | Femur | Antegrade |
Han et al. (2015) [42] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 57 | ABG harvesting | Femur: (43) Tibia (14) | Antegrade |
Haubruck et al. (2018) [43] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 341 | ABG harvesting | Femur (336) Tibia (5) | Antegrade (Femur: 336; Tibia: 1) Retrograde (Tibia: 4) |
Herscovici and Scaduto (2012) [80] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 30 | ABG harvesting | Tibia | Antegrade (3) Retrograde (27) |
Jakma et al. (2014) [81] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 32 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade (31) Retrograde (1) |
Kanakaris et al. (2011) [67] | Case series | 4 | Prospective | 42 | ABG harvesting (18) | Femur | Antegrade |
Fracture stabilization (7) | |||||||
Treatment of osseous infections (8) or bone malignancy (9) | |||||||
Kanakaris et al. (2014) [44] | Case series | 4 | Prospective | 24 | Treatment of osseous infections | Femur (14) Tibia (10) | Antegrade |
Krappinger et al. (2015) [82] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 4 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Kusnezov et al. (2017) [83] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 15 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Le Baron et al. (2019) [45] | Cohort study | 3 | Prospective | 30 | ABG harvesting | Femur (16) Tibia (14) | Antegrade |
Lehman et al. (2012) [84] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 3 | ABG harvesting | Tibia | Retrograde |
Lowe et al. (2010) [46] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 97 | ABG harvesting | Femur (93) Tibia (4) | Antegrade |
Lowe et al. (2011) [25] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 3 | Removing intramedullary cement | Femur (1) Tibia (2) | Antegrade |
Mansour and Conway (2015) [85] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 2 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Retrograde |
Marchand et al. (2017) [47] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 62 | ABG harvesting | Femur (49) Tibia (13) | Antegrade for harvesting in tibia; Retrograde and antegrade in femur (depending on non-union location) |
Marko et al. (2016) [58] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 2 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Martella et al. (2021) [48] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 65 | ABG harvesting | Femur (60) Tibia (5) | Antegrade |
McCall et al. (2010) [49] | Case series | 4 | Prospective | 24 | ABG harvesting | Femur (22) Tibia (2) | Antegrade |
Metsemakers et al. (2019) [86] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 72 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Moghaddam et al. (2017) [87] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 76 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Moghaddam et al. (2015) [74] | Cohort study | 2 | Prospective | 48 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Naruka et al. (2019) [88] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 3 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Newman et al. (2008) [89] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 10 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Niikura et al. (2021) [50] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 42 | ABG harvesting (32) | Femur (40) Tibia (2) | Antegrade |
Fracture stabilization (1) | |||||||
Treatment of osseous infections (9) | |||||||
Nodzo et al. (2014) [90] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 29 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
O’Callaghan et al. (2019) [59] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 2 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Onsea et al. (2021) [51] | Cohort study | 3 | Retrospective | 24 | Treatment of osseous infections | Femur (12) Tibia (12) | Antegrade |
Quintero et al. (2010) [60] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 20 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade (19) Retrograde (1) |
Qvick et al. (2013) [52] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 204 | ABG harvesting (201) | Femur (179) Tibia (25) | Antegrade (Femur: 175; Tibia: 7) Retrograde (Femur: 4; Tibia: 18) |
Treatment of osseous infections (3) | |||||||
Rauck et al. (2016) [91] | Case series | 5 | Retrospective | 2 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Seagrave et al. (2014) [92] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 3 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Retrograde |
Stafford and Norris (2010) [93] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 27 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Streubel et al. (2010) [70] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 97 | Fracture stabilization | Femur | Antegrade (30) Retrograde: (53); Greater trochanter (11) Lateral femur (6) |
Volgas et al. (2010) [75] | Randomized controlled trial | 1 | Prospective | 10 | Fracture stabilization | Femur | Antegrade |
Walker et al. (2019) [94] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 8 | ABG harvesting | Femur | Antegrade |
Waterman et al. (2017) [53] | Case series | 4 | Prospective | 24 | ABG harvesting | Femur (20) Tibia (4) | Antegrade |
Zalavras et al. (2007) [54] | Case series | 4 | Retrospective | 11 | Treatment of osseous infections | Femur (3) Tibia (8) | Antegrade |
Authors/Year of publication | Intra-operative cortex perforations | Low energy bone fracture during follow-up | RIA device failure (reamer assembly disengagement, broken tip of the RIA drive shaft or metallic debris) | Cardio-pulmonary complications/systemic infection | Nerve injuries | Hematoma/hemarthrosis | Wound or local infection | Total complications | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No internal fixation performed | Internal fixation was performed | ||||||||
Barlow and Kuhn (2014) [55] | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
Belthur et al. (2008) [41] | 1/41 | 1/41 | 0/41 | 2/41 | 0/41 | 0/41 | 0/41 | 0/41 | 4/41 |
Calori et al. (2014) [56] | 0/35 | 0/35 | 0/35 | 2/35 | 0/35 | 0/35 | 0/35 | 0/35 | 2/35 |
Cipriano et al. (2012) [23] | 0/21 | 0/21 | 0/21 | 2/21 | 0/21 | 0/21 | 0/21 | 0/21 | 2/21 |
Conway et al. (2014) [77] | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 |
Davis et al. (2015) [78] | 0/94 | 4/94 | 0/94 | 0/94 | 0/94 | 0/94 | 0/94 | 0/94 | 4/94 |
Dawson et al. (2014) [14] | 0/56 | 0/56 | 1/56 | 0/56 | 0/56 | 0/56 | 0/56 | 0/56 | 1/56 |
Donders et al. (2016) [18] | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 2/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 2/2 |
Eisenstein et al. (2016) [79] | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 1/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 1/6 |
Grote et al. (2015) [57] | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 |
Hall et al. (2017) [69] | 0/11 | 1/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 1/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 2/11 |
Han et al. (2015) [42] | 0/57 | 1/57 | 0/57 | 0/57 | 0/57 | 0/57 | 0/57 | 2/57 | 3/57 |
Haubruck et al. (2018) [43] | 0/341 | 1/341 | 2/341 | 1/341 | 2/341 | 0/341 | 1/341 | 1/341 | 8/341 |
Herscovici and Scaduto (2012) [80] | 1/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 1/30 |
Jakma et al. (2014) [81] | 6/32 | 1/32 | 0/32 | 0/32 | 3/32 | 0/32 | 0/32 | 0/32 | 10/32 |
Kanakaris et al. (2011) [67] | 0/42 | 0/42 | 0/42 | 1/42 | 0/42 | 0/42 | 2/42 | 0/42 | 3/42 |
Kanakaris et al. (2014) [44] | 1/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 1/24 |
Krappinger et al. (2015) [82] | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 | 0/4 |
Kusnezov et al. (2017) [83] | 0/15 | 0/15 | 1/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 0/15 | 1/15 |
Le Baron et al. (2019) [45] | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 0/30 | 1/30 | 0/30 | 1/30 |
Lehman et al. (2012) [84] | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
Lowe et al. (2010) [46] | 1/97 | 1/97 | 4/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 6/97 |
Lowe et al. (2011) [25] | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
Mansour and Conway (2015) [85] | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 |
Marchand et al. (2017) [47] | 0/62 | 0/62 | 0/62 | 0/62 | 0/62 | 0/62 | 0/62 | 1/62 | 1/62 |
Marko et al. (2016) [58] | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 1/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 1/2 |
Martella et al. (2021) [48] | 0/65 | 0/65 | 0/65 | 0/65 | 2/65 | 0/65 | 0/65 | 0/65 | 2/65 |
McCall et al. (2010) [49] | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 |
Metsemakers et al. (2019) [86] | 3/72 | 2/72 | 0/72 | 0/72 | 0/72 | 0/72 | 0/72 | 0/72 | 5/72 |
Moghaddam et al. (2017) [87] | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 | 0/76 |
Moghaddam et al. (2015) [74] | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 | 0/48 |
Naruka et al. (2019) [88] | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
Newman et al. (2008) [89] | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 |
Niikura et al. (2021) [50] | 5/42 | 0/42 | 1/42 | 0/42 | 0/42 | 0/42 | 0/42 | 0/42 | 6/42 |
Nodzo et al. (2014) [90] | 0/29 | 0/29 | 0/29 | 0/29 | 0/29 | 0/29 | 0/29 | 2/29 | 2/29 |
O’Callaghan et al. (2019) [59] | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 |
Onsea et al. (2021) [51] | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 |
Quintero et al. (2010) [60] | 2/20 | 0/20 | 0/20 | 0/20 | 1/20 | 0/20 | 0/20 | 0/20 | 3/20 |
Qvick et al. (2013) [52] | 1/204 | 1/204 | 2/204 | 0/204 | 0/204 | 0/204 | 0/204 | 0/204 | 4/204 |
Rauck et al. (2016) [91] | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 |
Seagrave et al. (2014) [92] | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 |
Stafford and Norris (2010) [93] | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 | 0/27 |
Streubel et al. (2010) [70] | 0/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 16/97 | 0/97 | 0/97 | 9/97 | 25/97 |
Volgas et al. (2010) [75] | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 1/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 1/10 |
Walker et al. (2019) [94] | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 |
Waterman et al. (2017) [53] | 0/24 | 0/24 | 2/24 | 1/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 0/24 | 3/24 |
Zalavras et al. (2007) [54] | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 | 0/11 |
Total (no/total no) | 21/1834 | 13/1834 | 13/1834 | 10/1834 | 29/1834 | 0/1834 | 4/1834 | 15/1834 | 105/1834 |
34/1834 |
Quality assessment
Case series | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors/Year of publication | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Total yes (%) | ||
Conway et al. (2014) [77] | Y | Y | U | U | N | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | 4/10 (40) | ||
Eisenstein et al. (2016) [79] | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N/A | 4/10 (40) | ||
Stafford and Norris (2010) [93] | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N/A | N | 6/10 (60) | ||
Waterman et al. (2017) [53] | Y | N | U | Y | Y | Y | N | N | U | N | 4/10 (40) | ||
Walker et al. (2019) [94] | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N/A | 7/10 (70) | ||
Streubel et al. (2010) [70] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | 7/10 (70) | ||
Seagrave et al. (2014) [92] | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | 2/10 (20) | ||
Donders et al. (2016) [18] | N | N | N | N | N/A | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | 2/10 (20) | ||
Han et al. (2015) [42] | Y | U | U | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N | 5/10 (50) | ||
Herscovici and Scaduto (2012) [80] | N | U | U | N | N | Y | N | U | N | N | 1/10 (10) | ||
Jakma et al. (2014) [81] | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | U | N | 6/10 (60) | ||
Kanakaris et al. (2011) [67] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | N | N/A | 6/10 (60) | ||
Kanakaris et al. (2014) [44] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | 7/10 (70) | ||
Qvick et al. (2013) [52] | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | U | N/A | 5/10 (50) | ||
O’Callaghan et al. (2019) [59] | N | U | Y | U | N | Y | Y | Y | N | N/A | 4/10 (40) | ||
Niikura et al. (2021) [50] | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | N | N | U | N | 5/10 (50) | ||
Newman et al. (2008) [89] | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | U | N/A | 3/10 (30) | ||
Naruka et al. (2019) [88] | N | Y | Y | U | N/A | Y | Y | Y | U | N/A | 5/10 (50) | ||
Moghaddam et al. (2017) [87] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | 8/10 (80) | ||
Metsemakers et al. (2019) [86] | Y | N | U | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | 5/10 (50) | ||
McCall et al. (2010) [49] | N | N | Y | Y | U | N | N | Y | N | N | 3/10 (30) | ||
Lowe et al. (2011) [25] | N/A | Y | Y | U | U | Y | N | N | N | N/A | 3/10 (30) | ||
Lehman et al. (2012) [84] | N/A | Y | N | U | U | Y | N | Y | N/A | N/A | 3/10 (30) | ||
Kusnezov et al. (2017) [83] | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | U | N | 5/10 (50) | ||
Krappinger et al. (2015) [82] | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | N | Y | U | N/A | 3/10 (30) | ||
Grote et al. (2015) [57] | Y | N | Y | Y | U | N | N | N | N | N | 3/10 (30) | ||
Cipriano et al. (2012) [23] | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | N | N | Y | U | N | 5/10 (50) | ||
Barlow and Kuhn (2014) [55] | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | N | Y | N | N | 3/10 (30) | ||
Lowe et al. (2010) [46] | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | 4/10 (40) | ||
Mansour and Conway (2015) [85] | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | N | Y | U | N/A | 4/10 (40) | ||
Quintero et al. (2010) [60] | N | Y | N | U | U | Y | N | Y | N | N | 3/10 (30) | ||
Rauck et al. (2016) [91] | N | Y | N | U | U | Y | N | Y | N | N/A | 3/10 (30) | ||
Haubruck et al. (2018) [43] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | 8/10 (80) | ||
Zalavras et al. (2007) [54] | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | U | N | 5/10 (50) | ||
Marko et al. (2016) [58] | N | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | N/A | 4/10 (40) | ||
Subtotal (%) | 4.4/10 (44) |
Cohort studies | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors/Year of publication | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Total yes (%) | |
Belthur et al. (2008) [41] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9/11 (82) | |
Calori et al. (2014) [56] | Y | U | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | N | 6/11 (55) | |
Davis et al. (2015) [78] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | N/A | Y | 9/11 (82) | |
Onsea et al. (2021) [51] | N | Y | Y | U | U | N/A | Y | Y | U | N/A | Y | 5/11 (45) | |
Nodzo et al. (2014) [90] | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10/11 (91) | |
Moghaddam et al. (2015) [74] | Y | N | Y | N | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | 7/11 (64) | |
Le Baron et al. (2019) [45] | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | U | N | N | Y | 5/11 (45) | |
Marchand et al. (2017) [47] | U | Y | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | N/A | Y | 7/11 (64) | |
Martella et al. (2021) [48] | Y | Y | Y | N | N/A | U | Y | Y | Y | N/A | Y | 7/11 (64) | |
Subtotal (%) | 7.2/11 (66) |
Randomized controlled trials | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authors/Year of publication | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Total yes (%) | ||||||||||
Dawson et al. (2014) [14] | U | U | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8/13 (62) | ||||||||||
Volgas et al. (2010) [75] | Y | Y | Y | U | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11/13 (85) | ||||||||||
Hall et al. (2017) [69] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10/13 (77) | ||||||||||
Subtotal (%) | 9.7/13 (75) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 62% |
Pooled estimates complication rate
Blood loss
Authors/Year of publication | Total number of procedures assessed | Blood loss | Blood transfusion (no/total no) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (ml) | Drop in hemoglobin (g/dl) | |||
Barlow and Kuhn (2014) [55] | 3 | ‘No excessive blood loss’ | ||
Calori et al. (2014) [56] | 35 | 572.85 | 1.66 | – |
Donders et al. (2016) [18] | 2 | – | 4.40 | 2/2 |
Grote et al. (2015) [57] | 5 | – | 3.30 | 0/5 |
Han et al. (2015) [42] | 57 | – | 3.15 | 7/57 |
Haubruck et al. (2018) [43] | 11 | – | 6.20 | 11/341 |
Le Baron et al. (2019) [45] | 30 | – | – | 3/30 |
Marchand et al. (2017) [47] | 62 | 647.00 | – | 27/62 |
Marko et al. (2016) [58] | 2 | 1250.00 | – | – |
Martella et al. (2021) [48] | 65 | 388.00 | – | 9/64 |
Niikura et al. (2021) [50] | 42 | 1158.60 | – | – |
O’Callaghan et al. (2019) [59] | 2 | – | – | 0/2 |
Quintero et al. (2010) [60] | 20 | – | – | 1/20 |
Total | 336 | 803.29 | 3.74 | 60/583 (9.72%) |