Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology 11/2023

13.09.2023 | Invited Review

A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation

verfasst von: Sean R. Notley, Duncan Mitchell, Nigel A. S. Taylor

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 11/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This contribution is the first of a four-part, historical series encompassing foundational principles, mechanistic hypotheses and supported facts concerning human thermoregulation during athletic and occupational pursuits, as understood 100 years ago and now. Herein, the emphasis is upon the physical and physiological principles underlying thermoregulation, the goal of which is thermal homeostasis (homeothermy). As one of many homeostatic processes affected by exercise, thermoregulation shares, and competes for, physiological resources. The impact of that sharing is revealed through the physiological measurements that we take (Part 2), in the physiological responses to the thermal stresses to which we are exposed (Part 3) and in the adaptations that increase our tolerance to those stresses (Part 4). Exercising muscles impose our most-powerful heat stress, and the physiological avenues for redistributing heat, and for balancing heat exchange with the environment, must adhere to the laws of physics. The first principles of internal and external heat exchange were established before 1900, yet their full significance is not always recognised. Those physiological processes are governed by a thermoregulatory centre, which employs feedback and feedforward control, and which functions as far more than a thermostat with a set-point, as once was thought. The hypothalamus, today established firmly as the neural seat of thermoregulation, does not regulate deep-body temperature alone, but an integrated temperature to which thermoreceptors from all over the body contribute, including the skin and probably the muscles. No work factor needs to be invoked to explain how body temperature is stabilised during exercise.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Adolph EF (1947a) (ed) Physiology in man in the desert. Interscience, New York Adolph EF (1947a) (ed) Physiology in man in the desert. Interscience, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Adolph EF (1947b) Heat exchanges, sweat formation, and water turnover. In: Adolph EF (ed) Physiological of man in the desert. Interscience Publishing Company, New York, pp 33–43 Adolph EF (1947b) Heat exchanges, sweat formation, and water turnover. In: Adolph EF (ed) Physiological of man in the desert. Interscience Publishing Company, New York, pp 33–43
Zurück zum Zitat Adolph EF (1968) Origins of physiological regulation. Academic Press, New York Adolph EF (1968) Origins of physiological regulation. Academic Press, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Aldrich LB (1928) A study of body radiation. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, vol 81, number 6. Smithsonian Institution, Washington Aldrich LB (1928) A study of body radiation. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, vol 81, number 6. Smithsonian Institution, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander L (1945) The treatment of shock from prolonged exposure to cold, especially in water. CIOS Target Number 24, Medical. Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, G-2 Division, Shaef (Rear), APO 413 Alexander L (1945) The treatment of shock from prolonged exposure to cold, especially in water. CIOS Target Number 24, Medical. Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, G-2 Division, Shaef (Rear), APO 413
Zurück zum Zitat Allbutt TC (1867) A clinical thermometer. Medical Times and Gazette. J Med Sci Lit Crit News 1:182–183 Allbutt TC (1867) A clinical thermometer. Medical Times and Gazette. J Med Sci Lit Crit News 1:182–183
Zurück zum Zitat Allbutt TC (1896) A system of medicine. MacMillan and Company, London Allbutt TC (1896) A system of medicine. MacMillan and Company, London
Zurück zum Zitat American Institute of Physics (1941) Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry. Reinhold Publishing Company, New York American Institute of Physics (1941) Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry. Reinhold Publishing Company, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Amontons G (1695) Remarques et Expériences Physiques sur la Construction d’une Nouvelle Clepsidre, sur les Baromètres, Thermomètres et Hygromètres. Chez Jean Jombert, Paris Amontons G (1695) Remarques et Expériences Physiques sur la Construction d’une Nouvelle Clepsidre, sur les Baromètres, Thermomètres et Hygromètres. Chez Jean Jombert, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Amontons G (1703) Remarques sur la table des degrés de chaleur. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. 202–212 Amontons G (1703) Remarques sur la table des degrés de chaleur. Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. 202–212
Zurück zum Zitat Anonymous (1965) Max Rubner—1854–1932. Energy physiologist. J Am Med Assoc 194:86–87 Anonymous (1965) Max Rubner—1854–1932. Energy physiologist. J Am Med Assoc 194:86–87
Zurück zum Zitat Åstrand P-O, Rodahl K (1986) Textbook of work physiology. Physiological bases of exercise, pp 391–411. McGraw-Hill, New York Åstrand P-O, Rodahl K (1986) Textbook of work physiology. Physiological bases of exercise, pp 391–411. McGraw-Hill, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Aub JC (1962) Eugene Floyd DuBois—1882–1959. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs, pp 124–145 Aub JC (1962) Eugene Floyd DuBois—1882–1959. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs, pp 124–145
Zurück zum Zitat Bahadori MM (1978) Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Sci Am 238:144–154 Bahadori MM (1978) Passive cooling systems in Iranian architecture. Sci Am 238:144–154
Zurück zum Zitat Bainbridge FA (1919) The physiology of muscular exercise. Longmans, Green and Company, London Bainbridge FA (1919) The physiology of muscular exercise. Longmans, Green and Company, London
Zurück zum Zitat Bainbridge FA, Bock AV, Dill DB (1931) The physiology of muscular exercise. Monographs in physiology. Longmans, Green and Company, London Bainbridge FA, Bock AV, Dill DB (1931) The physiology of muscular exercise. Monographs in physiology. Longmans, Green and Company, London
Zurück zum Zitat Barcroft J (1934) Features in the architecture of physiological function. University Press, Cambridge Barcroft J (1934) Features in the architecture of physiological function. University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Barcroft J, Binger CA, Bock AV, Doggart JH, Forbes HS, Harrop G, Meakins JC, Redfield AC, Davies HW, Scott JMC, Fetter WJ, Murray CD, Keith A (1923) Observations upon the effect of high altitude on the physiological processes of the human body, carried out in the Peruvian Andes, chiefly at Cerro de Pasco. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser b Biol Sci 211:351–480. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1923.0008CrossRef Barcroft J, Binger CA, Bock AV, Doggart JH, Forbes HS, Harrop G, Meakins JC, Redfield AC, Davies HW, Scott JMC, Fetter WJ, Murray CD, Keith A (1923) Observations upon the effect of high altitude on the physiological processes of the human body, carried out in the Peruvian Andes, chiefly at Cerro de Pasco. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser b Biol Sci 211:351–480. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1098/​rstb.​1923.​0008CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bass DE (1963) Thermoregulatory and circulatory adjustments during acclimatization to heat in man. In: Hardy JD (ed) Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry, vol. 3, Part 3, pp 299–305. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York. Bass DE (1963) Thermoregulatory and circulatory adjustments during acclimatization to heat in man. In: Hardy JD (ed) Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry, vol. 3, Part 3, pp 299–305. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York.
Zurück zum Zitat Bazett HC (1949) The regulation of body temperatures. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 109–192 Bazett HC (1949) The regulation of body temperatures. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 109–192
Zurück zum Zitat Benedict FG (1938) Vital energetics: a study in comparative basal metabolism. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (Publication 503) Benedict FG (1938) Vital energetics: a study in comparative basal metabolism. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (Publication 503)
Zurück zum Zitat Benedict FG, Cady WG (1912) A bicycle ergometer with an electric brake. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (Publication No. 167) Benedict FG, Cady WG (1912) A bicycle ergometer with an electric brake. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (Publication No. 167)
Zurück zum Zitat Benedict FG, Carpenter TM (1909) The influence of muscular and mental work on metabolism and the efficiency of the human body as a machine. Office of Experimental Stations, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bulletin Number 208. Washington, DC Benedict FG, Carpenter TM (1909) The influence of muscular and mental work on metabolism and the efficiency of the human body as a machine. Office of Experimental Stations, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bulletin Number 208. Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Benedict FG, Talbot FB (1921) Metabolism and growth from birth to puberty. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (Publication number 302) Benedict FG, Talbot FB (1921) Metabolism and growth from birth to puberty. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (Publication number 302)
Zurück zum Zitat Benzinger TH, Taylor GW (1963) Cranial measurements of internal temperature in man. In: Hardy JD (ed) Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry, vol. 3, part 3, pp 111–120. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York Benzinger TH, Taylor GW (1963) Cranial measurements of internal temperature in man. In: Hardy JD (ed) Temperature: its measurement and control in science and industry, vol. 3, part 3, pp 111–120. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Bergh U, Sjödin B, Forsberg A, Svedenhag J (1991) The relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake during running in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:205–211PubMed Bergh U, Sjödin B, Forsberg A, Svedenhag J (1991) The relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake during running in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:205–211PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann C (1845) Nichtchemischer Beitrag zur Kritik der Lehre von Calor animalis. Archiv Für Anatomie, Physiologie Und Wissenschaftliche Medicin 1845:300–319 Bergmann C (1845) Nichtchemischer Beitrag zur Kritik der Lehre von Calor animalis. Archiv Für Anatomie, Physiologie Und Wissenschaftliche Medicin 1845:300–319
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann C (1847) Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Größe. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen Bergmann C (1847) Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Größe. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard C (1852) Sur les effers de la secretion be la portion cephalique du grand sympathique. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences 4:168–169 Bernard C (1852) Sur les effers de la secretion be la portion cephalique du grand sympathique. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences 4:168–169
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard C (1876) Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale, sur les Effets de la Chaleur et sur la Fièvre. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris Bernard C (1876) Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale, sur les Effets de la Chaleur et sur la Fièvre. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard C (1878) Leçons sur la Phénomènes de la vie, Communs aux Animaux et aux Végétaux. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris Bernard C (1878) Leçons sur la Phénomènes de la vie, Communs aux Animaux et aux Végétaux. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard C (1879) Leçons sur la Phénomènes de la vie, Communs aux Animaux et aux Végétaux II. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris Bernard C (1879) Leçons sur la Phénomènes de la vie, Communs aux Animaux et aux Végétaux II. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard C (1949) Introduction to the study of experimental medicine. Translated by Greene, H.C. Henry Schuman, Inc., USA Bernard C (1949) Introduction to the study of experimental medicine. Translated by Greene, H.C. Henry Schuman, Inc., USA
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard C (1974) Lectures on the phenomena common to animals and plants. Translated by Hoff, H.E., Guillemin, R., and Guillemin, L. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Bernard C (1974) Lectures on the phenomena common to animals and plants. Translated by Hoff, H.E., Guillemin, R., and Guillemin, L. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Bichat X (1822) Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort. Béchet Jeune, Libraire Bichat X (1822) Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort. Béchet Jeune, Libraire
Zurück zum Zitat Bird M (2008) William Keatinge 1931–2008. Physiol News 71:60–61 Bird M (2008) William Keatinge 1931–2008. Physiol News 71:60–61
Zurück zum Zitat Black J, Robison J (1807) Lectures on the elements of chemistry, vol 1. Mathew Carey, Philadelphia Black J, Robison J (1807) Lectures on the elements of chemistry, vol 1. Mathew Carey, Philadelphia
Zurück zum Zitat Blatteis CM, Schneider SM (2022) Thermal physiology in the USA: a 100-year history of the science and its scientists (1880–1980). In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 239–355. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_5 Blatteis CM, Schneider SM (2022) Thermal physiology in the USA: a 100-year history of the science and its scientists (1880–1980). In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 239–355. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​5
Zurück zum Zitat Bligh J (1987) Human cold exposure and the circumstances of hypothermia. In: Mekjavic IB, Banister EW, Morrison JB (eds) Environmental ergonomics. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 3–21 Bligh J (1987) Human cold exposure and the circumstances of hypothermia. In: Mekjavic IB, Banister EW, Morrison JB (eds) Environmental ergonomics. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 3–21
Zurück zum Zitat Bligh J, Moore R (1972) (eds) Essays on temperature regulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam Bligh J, Moore R (1972) (eds) Essays on temperature regulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam
Zurück zum Zitat Blix M (1882) Experimentela bidrag till lösning af frågan om hudnervernas specifika energi. Uppsala Läkareförenings Förhandlingar 18:87–102 Blix M (1882) Experimentela bidrag till lösning af frågan om hudnervernas specifika energi. Uppsala Läkareförenings Förhandlingar 18:87–102
Zurück zum Zitat Blix M (1883) Experimentela bidrag till lösning af frågan om hudnervernas specifika energi. Uppsala Läkareförenings Förhandlingar 18:427–440 Blix M (1883) Experimentela bidrag till lösning af frågan om hudnervernas specifika energi. Uppsala Läkareförenings Förhandlingar 18:427–440
Zurück zum Zitat Boerhaave H (1746) Dr. Boerhaave’s academical lectures on the theory of physic. A genuine translation of his institutes and explanatory comment, vol. V. W. Innys, London Boerhaave H (1746) Dr. Boerhaave’s academical lectures on the theory of physic. A genuine translation of his institutes and explanatory comment, vol. V. W. Innys, London
Zurück zum Zitat Bohnenkamp H, Ernst HW (1931) Untersuchungen zu den Grundlagen des Energie-und Stoffwechsels. 2. Uber die Strahlungsverluste des Menschen Die Strahlungsmessung im absoluten Energiemass. Pflugers Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere 228:63–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01755486CrossRef Bohnenkamp H, Ernst HW (1931) Untersuchungen zu den Grundlagen des Energie-und Stoffwechsels. 2. Uber die Strahlungsverluste des Menschen Die Strahlungsmessung im absoluten Energiemass. Pflugers Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere 228:63–78. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​BF01755486CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boothby WM, Sandiford I (1924) Basal metabolism. Physiol Rev 4:69–162 Boothby WM, Sandiford I (1924) Basal metabolism. Physiol Rev 4:69–162
Zurück zum Zitat Bordier H (1898) Conductibilite calorifique des tissus de l’organisme. Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. Série 5. 10:17–26 Bordier H (1898) Conductibilite calorifique des tissus de l’organisme. Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. Série 5. 10:17–26
Zurück zum Zitat Boulant JA (1981) Hypothalamic mechanisms in thermoregulation. Fed Proc 40:2843–2850PubMed Boulant JA (1981) Hypothalamic mechanisms in thermoregulation. Fed Proc 40:2843–2850PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brengelmann GL (1987) Dilemma of body temperature measurement. In: Shiraki K, Yousef MK (eds) Man in stressful environments: thermal and work physiology, pp 5–22. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Brengelmann GL (1987) Dilemma of body temperature measurement. In: Shiraki K, Yousef MK (eds) Man in stressful environments: thermal and work physiology, pp 5–22. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Brobeck JR (1965) Exchange, control and regulation. In: Yamamoto WS, Brobeck JR (eds) Physiological controls and regulations. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1–13 Brobeck JR (1965) Exchange, control and regulation. In: Yamamoto WS, Brobeck JR (eds) Physiological controls and regulations. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1–13
Zurück zum Zitat Brock-Utne JG, Gaffin SL, Wells MT, Gathiram P, Sohar E, James MF, Morrell DF, Norman R (1988) Endotoxaemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race. S Afr Med J 73:533–536PubMed Brock-Utne JG, Gaffin SL, Wells MT, Gathiram P, Sohar E, James MF, Morrell DF, Norman R (1988) Endotoxaemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race. S Afr Med J 73:533–536PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brody S (1945) Bioenergetics and growth: with special reference to the efficiency complex in domestic animals. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York Brody S (1945) Bioenergetics and growth: with special reference to the efficiency complex in domestic animals. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Brody S, Comfort JE, Matthews JS (1928) Growth and development with special reference to domestic animals. XI. Further investigations of surface area with special reference to its significance in energy metabolism. University of Missouri, Agricultural Experiment Station. Res Bull 115 Brody S, Comfort JE, Matthews JS (1928) Growth and development with special reference to domestic animals. XI. Further investigations of surface area with special reference to its significance in energy metabolism. University of Missouri, Agricultural Experiment Station. Res Bull 115
Zurück zum Zitat Brody S, Procter RC (1932) Growth and development, with special reference to domestic animals. XXIII. Relation between basal metabolism and mature body weight in different species of mammals and birds. University of Missouri, Agricultural Experiment Station. Res Bull 166:89–101 Brody S, Procter RC (1932) Growth and development, with special reference to domestic animals. XXIII. Relation between basal metabolism and mature body weight in different species of mammals and birds. University of Missouri, Agricultural Experiment Station. Res Bull 166:89–101
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks GA, Gladden LB (2003) The metabolic systems: anaerobic metabolism (glycolytic and phosphagen). In: Tipton CM (ed) Exercise physiology. Springer, New York, pp 322–360 Brooks GA, Gladden LB (2003) The metabolic systems: anaerobic metabolism (glycolytic and phosphagen). In: Tipton CM (ed) Exercise physiology. Springer, New York, pp 322–360
Zurück zum Zitat Brown AC, Brengelmann GL (1970) The interaction of peripheral and central inputs in the temperature regulation system. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation. Thomas, Springfield, pp 684–702 Brown AC, Brengelmann GL (1970) The interaction of peripheral and central inputs in the temperature regulation system. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation. Thomas, Springfield, pp 684–702
Zurück zum Zitat Buchholz AC, Rafii M, Pencharz PB (2001) Is resting metabolic rate different between men and women? Br J Nutr 86:641–646PubMed Buchholz AC, Rafii M, Pencharz PB (2001) Is resting metabolic rate different between men and women? Br J Nutr 86:641–646PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Buchdahl AA (1975) Twenty lectures on thermodynamics. Pergamon Press, Oxford Buchdahl AA (1975) Twenty lectures on thermodynamics. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Buchthal F, Høncke P, Lindhard J (1945) Temperature measurement in human muscles in situ at rest and during muscular work. Acta Physiol Scand 8:230–258 Buchthal F, Høncke P, Lindhard J (1945) Temperature measurement in human muscles in situ at rest and during muscular work. Acta Physiol Scand 8:230–258
Zurück zum Zitat Budyko MI (1959) About heat balance of living organisms [in Russian]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Geograficheskaya 1:29–35 Budyko MI (1959) About heat balance of living organisms [in Russian]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Geograficheskaya 1:29–35
Zurück zum Zitat Buskirk ER (2003) The temperature regulatory system. In: Tipton CM (ed) Exercise physiology. Springer, New York, pp 423–451 Buskirk ER (2003) The temperature regulatory system. In: Tipton CM (ed) Exercise physiology. Springer, New York, pp 423–451
Zurück zum Zitat Cabanac M (1972) Thermoregulatory behavior. In: Bligh J, Moore RE (eds) Essays on temperature regulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 19–36 Cabanac M (1972) Thermoregulatory behavior. In: Bligh J, Moore RE (eds) Essays on temperature regulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 19–36
Zurück zum Zitat Cabanac M (1995) Human selective brain cooling. R.G. Landes Company, Austin Cabanac M (1995) Human selective brain cooling. R.G. Landes Company, Austin
Zurück zum Zitat Candas V, Libert J-P (2022) Contributions of French research to the knowledge of thermal physiology from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 57–95. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_2 Candas V, Libert J-P (2022) Contributions of French research to the knowledge of thermal physiology from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 57–95. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​2
Zurück zum Zitat Cannon WB (1926) Physiological regulation of normal states: some tentative postulates concerning biological homeostatics. In: Pettit A (ed) À Charles Richet: Amis, ses Collègues, ses Élèves. Les Éditions Médicales, Paris, pp 91–93 Cannon WB (1926) Physiological regulation of normal states: some tentative postulates concerning biological homeostatics. In: Pettit A (ed) À Charles Richet: Amis, ses Collègues, ses Élèves. Les Éditions Médicales, Paris, pp 91–93
Zurück zum Zitat Carnot S (1824) Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur le Machines Propres a Développer Cette Puissance. Chez Bachelier, Paris Carnot S (1824) Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur le Machines Propres a Développer Cette Puissance. Chez Bachelier, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Carpenter WB (1843) Popular cyclopaedia of natural science. Animal physiology. W.S. Orr and Company, London Carpenter WB (1843) Popular cyclopaedia of natural science. Animal physiology. W.S. Orr and Company, London
Zurück zum Zitat Cartmell T, Mitchell D (2005) The molecular basis of fever. In: Steckler T, Kalin NH, Reul JMHM (eds) Handbook of stress and the brain: part 2: stress: integrative and clinical aspects. Volume 15. Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences, pp 193–227. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-0709(05)80056-2 Cartmell T, Mitchell D (2005) The molecular basis of fever. In: Steckler T, Kalin NH, Reul JMHM (eds) Handbook of stress and the brain: part 2: stress: integrative and clinical aspects. Volume 15. Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences, pp 193–227. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0921-0709(05)80056-2
Zurück zum Zitat Cassel J, Casselman WGB (1990) Regulation of body heat: the evolution of concepts and associated research. In: Schönbaum E, Lomax P (eds) Thermoregulation: physiology and biochemistry. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 17–50 Cassel J, Casselman WGB (1990) Regulation of body heat: the evolution of concepts and associated research. In: Schönbaum E, Lomax P (eds) Thermoregulation: physiology and biochemistry. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 17–50
Zurück zum Zitat Chatonnet J (1967) Sur les modalités de mise en jeu des commandes nerveuses de la régulation thermique. In: Heim R, Halpern B, Bourges Y (eds) Les Concepts de Claude Bernard sur le Milieu Intérieur: Colloque International Organisé pour la Célébration du Centenaire de la Publication de l’ “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine Expérimentale" de Claude Bernard (1965). Masson et Cie, Paris, pp 399–413 Chatonnet J (1967) Sur les modalités de mise en jeu des commandes nerveuses de la régulation thermique. In: Heim R, Halpern B, Bourges Y (eds) Les Concepts de Claude Bernard sur le Milieu Intérieur: Colloque International Organisé pour la Célébration du Centenaire de la Publication de l’ “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine Expérimentale" de Claude Bernard (1965). Masson et Cie, Paris, pp 399–413
Zurück zum Zitat Chauveau A (1901) La dépense énergétique qu’entraînent respectivement le travail moteur et le travail résistant de l’homme qui s’élève ou descend sur la roue de Hirn; évaluation d’après l’oxygène absorbé dans les échanges respiratoires. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences 132:194–201 Chauveau A (1901) La dépense énergétique qu’entraînent respectivement le travail moteur et le travail résistant de l’homme qui s’élève ou descend sur la roue de Hirn; évaluation d’après l’oxygène absorbé dans les échanges respiratoires. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences 132:194–201
Zurück zum Zitat Chossat C (1843) Recherches Expérimentales sur l’Inanition. Imprimerie Royale, Paris Chossat C (1843) Recherches Expérimentales sur l’Inanition. Imprimerie Royale, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen EH (1931) Beiträge zur Physiologie schwerer körperlicher Arbeit. II. Mitteilung: Die Körpertemperatur während und unmittelbar nach schwerer körperlicher Arbeit. Arbeitsphysiologie 4:154–174 Christensen EH (1931) Beiträge zur Physiologie schwerer körperlicher Arbeit. II. Mitteilung: Die Körpertemperatur während und unmittelbar nach schwerer körperlicher Arbeit. Arbeitsphysiologie 4:154–174
Zurück zum Zitat Claremont AD, Costill DL, Fink W, Van Handel P (1976) Heat tolerance following diuretic induced dehydration. Med Sci Sports 8:239–243PubMed Claremont AD, Costill DL, Fink W, Van Handel P (1976) Heat tolerance following diuretic induced dehydration. Med Sci Sports 8:239–243PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Clark RP, Edholm OG (1985) Man and his thermal environment. Edward Arnold, London Clark RP, Edholm OG (1985) Man and his thermal environment. Edward Arnold, London
Zurück zum Zitat Crandall CG, Brothers RM, Zhang R, Brengelmann GL, Covaciu L, Jay O, Cramer MN, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Mitchell D, Romanovsky AA, Caputa M, Nordström CH, Reinstrup P, Nishiyasu T, Fujii N, Hayashi K, Tsuji B, Flouris AD, Cheung SS, Vagula MC, Nelatury CF, Choi JH, Shrivastava D, Gordon CJ, Vaughan JT (2011) Comments on point:counterpoint: humans do/do not demonstrate selective brain cooling during hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 110(2):575–580. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01375.2010CrossRefPubMed Crandall CG, Brothers RM, Zhang R, Brengelmann GL, Covaciu L, Jay O, Cramer MN, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Mitchell D, Romanovsky AA, Caputa M, Nordström CH, Reinstrup P, Nishiyasu T, Fujii N, Hayashi K, Tsuji B, Flouris AD, Cheung SS, Vagula MC, Nelatury CF, Choi JH, Shrivastava D, Gordon CJ, Vaughan JT (2011) Comments on point:counterpoint: humans do/do not demonstrate selective brain cooling during hyperthermia. J Appl Physiol 110(2):575–580. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1152/​japplphysiol.​01375.​2010CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cullen W (1756) Of the cold produced by evaporating fluids, and of some means of producing cold. Essays Observ Phys Lit. 2:145–175 Cullen W (1756) Of the cold produced by evaporating fluids, and of some means of producing cold. Essays Observ Phys Lit. 2:145–175
Zurück zum Zitat Currie J, Percival T (1792) An account of the remarkable effects of a shipwreck on the mariners; with experiments and observations on the influence of immersion in fresh and salt water, hot and cold, on the powers of the living body. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 82:199–224. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1792.0014CrossRef Currie J, Percival T (1792) An account of the remarkable effects of a shipwreck on the mariners; with experiments and observations on the influence of immersion in fresh and salt water, hot and cold, on the powers of the living body. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 82:199–224. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1098/​rstl.​1792.​0014CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Darwin CR (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London Darwin CR (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London
Zurück zum Zitat Darwin C (1888) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, 2nd edn. John Murray, London Darwin C (1888) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, 2nd edn. John Murray, London
Zurück zum Zitat Davy H (1812) Elements of chemical philosophy. Part 1. Volume 1. J. Johnson and Company, London Davy H (1812) Elements of chemical philosophy. Part 1. Volume 1. J. Johnson and Company, London
Zurück zum Zitat de Luc JA (1787) Idées sur la météorologie. Chez la Veuve Duchesne, Paris de Luc JA (1787) Idées sur la météorologie. Chez la Veuve Duchesne, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Dill DB (1964) Physiologists in World War II. Physiologist 18:35–37PubMed Dill DB (1964) Physiologists in World War II. Physiologist 18:35–37PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dill DB (1985) The hot life of man and beast. American Lecture Series, Publication Number 1065. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Dill DB (1985) The hot life of man and beast. American Lecture Series, Publication Number 1065. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Dubczcanski X, Naunyn B (1873) Beiträge zur Lehre von der fieberhaften (durch pyrogene Substanzen bewirkten) Temperaturerhöhung. Archiv Für Experimentelle Pathologie Und Pharmakologie 1:181–212 Dubczcanski X, Naunyn B (1873) Beiträge zur Lehre von der fieberhaften (durch pyrogene Substanzen bewirkten) Temperaturerhöhung. Archiv Für Experimentelle Pathologie Und Pharmakologie 1:181–212
Zurück zum Zitat DuBois EF (1939) Heat loss from the human body. Harvey Lecture, December 15, 1938. Bull N Y Acad Med 15:143–173 DuBois EF (1939) Heat loss from the human body. Harvey Lecture, December 15, 1938. Bull N Y Acad Med 15:143–173
Zurück zum Zitat DuBois D, DuBois EF (1916) A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 17:863–871 DuBois D, DuBois EF (1916) A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 17:863–871
Zurück zum Zitat DuBois EF, Riddle O (1958) Francis Gano Benedict—October 3, 1870–May 14, 1957, pp 67–99. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs DuBois EF, Riddle O (1958) Francis Gano Benedict—October 3, 1870–May 14, 1957, pp 67–99. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs
Zurück zum Zitat Edholm OG (1978) Man: hot and cold. Edward Arnold, London Edholm OG (1978) Man: hot and cold. Edward Arnold, London
Zurück zum Zitat Edholm OG, Bacharach AL (1965) The physiology of human survival. Academic Press, London Edholm OG, Bacharach AL (1965) The physiology of human survival. Academic Press, London
Zurück zum Zitat Edholm OG, Gunderson EKE (1973) (eds) Polar human biology. In: The proceedings of the SCAR/IUPS/IUBS symposium on human biology and medicine in the antarctic. Butterworth-Heinemann, London Edholm OG, Gunderson EKE (1973) (eds) Polar human biology. In: The proceedings of the SCAR/IUPS/IUBS symposium on human biology and medicine in the antarctic. Butterworth-Heinemann, London
Zurück zum Zitat Edholm OG, Weiner JS (1981) Introduction to the history of human physiology. In: Edholm OG, Weiner JS (eds) The principles and practice of human physiology. Academic Press, London, pp 1–18 Edholm OG, Weiner JS (1981) Introduction to the history of human physiology. In: Edholm OG, Weiner JS (eds) The principles and practice of human physiology. Academic Press, London, pp 1–18
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards RJ, Harrison MH (1984) Intravascular volume and protein responses to running exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 16:247–255PubMed Edwards RJ, Harrison MH (1984) Intravascular volume and protein responses to running exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 16:247–255PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Eijkman C (1895) Vergleichende Untersuchung über die physikalische Wärmeregulirung bei dem europäischen und dem malaiischen Tropenbewohner. Archiv Für Pathologische Anatomie Und Physiologie Und Für Klinische Medicin 140:125–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02116129CrossRef Eijkman C (1895) Vergleichende Untersuchung über die physikalische Wärmeregulirung bei dem europäischen und dem malaiischen Tropenbewohner. Archiv Für Pathologische Anatomie Und Physiologie Und Für Klinische Medicin 140:125–157. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​BF02116129CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Elia M (1992) Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN (eds) Energy metabolism: tissue determinants and cellular corollaries. Raven Press, New York, pp 61–80 Elia M (1992) Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate. In: Kinney JM, Tucker HN (eds) Energy metabolism: tissue determinants and cellular corollaries. Raven Press, New York, pp 61–80
Zurück zum Zitat Fanger PO (1970) Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen Fanger PO (1970) Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen
Zurück zum Zitat Fernel JF (1547) De Naturali parte Medicinae libri septem. Joannes Gryphius, Venice Fernel JF (1547) De Naturali parte Medicinae libri septem. Joannes Gryphius, Venice
Zurück zum Zitat Filehne W (1910) Zur Lehre von der Warmeregulation. Archiv Für Physiologie 1910:551–558 Filehne W (1910) Zur Lehre von der Warmeregulation. Archiv Für Physiologie 1910:551–558
Zurück zum Zitat Folk GE (1974) Textbook of environmental physiology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia Folk GE (1974) Textbook of environmental physiology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
Zurück zum Zitat Fourier J-B-J (1807) Théorie de la Propagation de la Chaleur dans les Solides. Monograph submitted to the Institute de France, December 1807 Fourier J-B-J (1807) Théorie de la Propagation de la Chaleur dans les Solides. Monograph submitted to the Institute de France, December 1807
Zurück zum Zitat Fowler RH, Guggenheim EA (1939) Statistical thermodynamics: a version of statistical mechanics for students of physics and chemistry. Cambridge University Press, London Fowler RH, Guggenheim EA (1939) Statistical thermodynamics: a version of statistical mechanics for students of physics and chemistry. Cambridge University Press, London
Zurück zum Zitat Franklin B (1769) Experiments and observations on electricity. Francis Newbery, London Franklin B (1769) Experiments and observations on electricity. Francis Newbery, London
Zurück zum Zitat Fredericq L (1882) Sur la régulation de la température chez les animaux à sang chaud. Arch Biol 3:687–804 Fredericq L (1882) Sur la régulation de la température chez les animaux à sang chaud. Arch Biol 3:687–804
Zurück zum Zitat Fredericq L (1885) Influence du milieu ambiant sur la composition du sang des animaux aquatiques. Archives De Zoologie Expérimentale Et Générale Série 2:34–38 Fredericq L (1885) Influence du milieu ambiant sur la composition du sang des animaux aquatiques. Archives De Zoologie Expérimentale Et Générale Série 2:34–38
Zurück zum Zitat Fredericq L (1913) Sur la régulation de la température chez les animaux à sang chaud. Arch Int Physiol 13:687–804 Fredericq L (1913) Sur la régulation de la température chez les animaux à sang chaud. Arch Int Physiol 13:687–804
Zurück zum Zitat Fregly MJ, Fregly MS (1982) Edward F. Adolph. Physiologist 25:1PubMed Fregly MJ, Fregly MS (1982) Edward F. Adolph. Physiologist 25:1PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gaesser GA, Brooks GA (1984) Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 16:29–43PubMed Gaesser GA, Brooks GA (1984) Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 16:29–43PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Galimidi UC, Stewart JM, van Rensburg A (1979) The effect of body motion on convective heat transfer from a nude man. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 79:485–488 Galimidi UC, Stewart JM, van Rensburg A (1979) The effect of body motion on convective heat transfer from a nude man. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 79:485–488
Zurück zum Zitat Gehan EA, George SL (1970) Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:225–235PubMed Gehan EA, George SL (1970) Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep 54:225–235PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Giaja J (1938a) Homéothermie et Thermorégulation I—L’homothermie. Hermann & Cie, Paris Giaja J (1938a) Homéothermie et Thermorégulation I—L’homothermie. Hermann & Cie, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Giaja J (1938b) Homéothermie et Thermorégulation II—La Thermorégulation. Hermann & Cie, Paris Giaja J (1938b) Homéothermie et Thermorégulation II—La Thermorégulation. Hermann & Cie, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Giering K, Minet O, Lamprecht I, Müller G (1995) Review of thermal properties of biological tissues. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 25:45–65 Giering K, Minet O, Lamprecht I, Müller G (1995) Review of thermal properties of biological tissues. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 25:45–65
Zurück zum Zitat Gisolfi CV (1983) Temperature regulation during exercise: directions—1983. Med Sci Sports Exerc 15:15–20PubMed Gisolfi CV (1983) Temperature regulation during exercise: directions—1983. Med Sci Sports Exerc 15:15–20PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR, Nadel ER (1993) Exercise, heat, and thermoregulation. Brown & Benchmark, Dubuque Gisolfi CV, Lamb DR, Nadel ER (1993) Exercise, heat, and thermoregulation. Brown & Benchmark, Dubuque
Zurück zum Zitat Gisolfi CV, Wenger CB (1984) Temperature regulation during exercise: old concepts, new ideas. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 12:339–372PubMed Gisolfi CV, Wenger CB (1984) Temperature regulation during exercise: old concepts, new ideas. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 12:339–372PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Golden F, Tipton M (2002) Essentials of sea survival. Human Kinetics, Champaign Golden F, Tipton M (2002) Essentials of sea survival. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Zurück zum Zitat Goldman RF (1994) Heat stress in industrial protective encapsulating garments. In: Martin WF, Levine SP (eds) Protecting personnel at hazardous waste sites, pp 258–315. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston Goldman RF (1994) Heat stress in industrial protective encapsulating garments. In: Martin WF, Levine SP (eds) Protecting personnel at hazardous waste sites, pp 258–315. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston
Zurück zum Zitat Goldman RF (2001) Introduction to heat-related problems in military operations. In: Pandolf KB, Burr RE, Wenger CB, Pozos RS (eds) Medical aspects of harsh environments, Volume 1. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF (eds) Textbook of military medicine, pp 3–49. Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, and Borden Institute. Washington, DC Goldman RF (2001) Introduction to heat-related problems in military operations. In: Pandolf KB, Burr RE, Wenger CB, Pozos RS (eds) Medical aspects of harsh environments, Volume 1. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF (eds) Textbook of military medicine, pp 3–49. Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, and Borden Institute. Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Goldman RF, Kampmann B (2007) Handbook on clothing—biomedical effects of military clothing and equipment systems, 2nd edn. NATO Research Study Group 7 on Bio-Medical Research Aspects of Military Protective Clothing Goldman RF, Kampmann B (2007) Handbook on clothing—biomedical effects of military clothing and equipment systems, 2nd edn. NATO Research Study Group 7 on Bio-Medical Research Aspects of Military Protective Clothing
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez RR (1987) Biophysical and physiological integration of proper clothing for exercise. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 15:261–295 Gonzalez RR (1987) Biophysical and physiological integration of proper clothing for exercise. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 15:261–295
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez RR (1988) Biophysics of heat transfer and clothing considerations. In: Pandolf KB, Sawka MN, Gonzalez RR (eds) Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis, pp 45–95 Gonzalez RR (1988) Biophysics of heat transfer and clothing considerations. In: Pandolf KB, Sawka MN, Gonzalez RR (eds) Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis, pp 45–95
Zurück zum Zitat Gosselin RE (1947) Heat exchanges in the desert. In: Adolph EF (ed) Physiological of man in the desert. Interscience Publishing Company, New York, pp 77–95 Gosselin RE (1947) Heat exchanges in the desert. In: Adolph EF (ed) Physiological of man in the desert. Interscience Publishing Company, New York, pp 77–95
Zurück zum Zitat Gourine VN (1997) (ed) Temperature control in health and disease. Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk Gourine VN (1997) (ed) Temperature control in health and disease. Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk
Zurück zum Zitat Grant RT, Bland EF (1931) Observations on arteriovenous anastomoses in human skin and in the birds foot with special references to the reaction to cold. Heart 15:385–411 Grant RT, Bland EF (1931) Observations on arteriovenous anastomoses in human skin and in the birds foot with special references to the reaction to cold. Heart 15:385–411
Zurück zum Zitat Grant RT, Pearson RSB (1938) The blood circulation in the human limb: observations on the differences between the proximal and distal parts and remarks on the regulation of body temperature. Clin Sci 3:119–139 Grant RT, Pearson RSB (1938) The blood circulation in the human limb: observations on the differences between the proximal and distal parts and remarks on the regulation of body temperature. Clin Sci 3:119–139
Zurück zum Zitat Greenfield ADM (1963) The circulation through the skin. In: Hamilton WF, Dow P (eds) Handbook of physiology. Circulation. Section 2, Volume II, pp 1325–1351. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC Greenfield ADM (1963) The circulation through the skin. In: Hamilton WF, Dow P (eds) Handbook of physiology. Circulation. Section 2, Volume II, pp 1325–1351. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Gunga H-C (2009) Nathan Zuntz: his life and work in the fields of high altitude physiology and aviation medicine. Academic Press, Burlington Gunga H-C (2009) Nathan Zuntz: his life and work in the fields of high altitude physiology and aviation medicine. Academic Press, Burlington
Zurück zum Zitat Haight JS, Keatinge WR (1970) Human temperature regulation after prolonged intermittent exercise. J Physiol 206:20P-21PPubMed Haight JS, Keatinge WR (1970) Human temperature regulation after prolonged intermittent exercise. J Physiol 206:20P-21PPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Haldane JS (1922) Respiration. Yale University Press, New Haven Haldane JS (1922) Respiration. Yale University Press, New Haven
Zurück zum Zitat Haldane JS (1935) The philosophy of a biologist. Oxford University Press, Oxford Haldane JS (1935) The philosophy of a biologist. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Hales S (1727) Statical essays: containing vegetable staticks; or an account of some statical experiments on the sap in vegetables. W. Innys, London Hales S (1727) Statical essays: containing vegetable staticks; or an account of some statical experiments on the sap in vegetables. W. Innys, London
Zurück zum Zitat Hales JRS (1996) Heat-induced conflicts between and within autonomic activities. In: Shiraki K, Sagawa S, Yousef MK (eds) Physiological basis of occupational health: stressful environments. SBP Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp 3–12 Hales JRS (1996) Heat-induced conflicts between and within autonomic activities. In: Shiraki K, Sagawa S, Yousef MK (eds) Physiological basis of occupational health: stressful environments. SBP Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp 3–12
Zurück zum Zitat Hales JRS, Richards DAB (1987) (eds) Heat stress: physical exertion and environment. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam Hales JRS, Richards DAB (1987) (eds) Heat stress: physical exertion and environment. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam
Zurück zum Zitat Hall TS (1975) History of general physiology, 600 B.C to A.D. 1900, Volume I: from pre-socratic times to the enlightenment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Hall TS (1975) History of general physiology, 600 B.C to A.D. 1900, Volume I: from pre-socratic times to the enlightenment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Zurück zum Zitat Hammel HT (1965) Neurons and temperature regulation. In: Yamamoto WS, Brobeck JR (eds) Physiological controls and regulations, pp 71–97. Philadelphia, Saunders Hammel HT (1965) Neurons and temperature regulation. In: Yamamoto WS, Brobeck JR (eds) Physiological controls and regulations, pp 71–97. Philadelphia, Saunders
Zurück zum Zitat Hammel HT (1970) The concept of an adjustable set point. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 676–683. C.C. Thomas, Springfield Hammel HT (1970) The concept of an adjustable set point. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 676–683. C.C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Hardy JD (1949) Heat transfer. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 78–108 Hardy JD (1949) Heat transfer. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 78–108
Zurück zum Zitat Hardy JD (1954) Control of heat loss and heat production in physiologic temperature regulation. Harvey Lect 49:242–270 Hardy JD (1954) Control of heat loss and heat production in physiologic temperature regulation. Harvey Lect 49:242–270
Zurück zum Zitat Hardy JD (1965) The “set-point” concept in physiological temperature regulation. In: Yamamoto WS, Brobeck JR (eds) Physiological controls and regulations. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 98–116 Hardy JD (1965) The “set-point” concept in physiological temperature regulation. In: Yamamoto WS, Brobeck JR (eds) Physiological controls and regulations. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 98–116
Zurück zum Zitat Harris JA, Benedict FG (1919) A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington. Publication number 279 Harris JA, Benedict FG (1919) A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington. Publication number 279
Zurück zum Zitat Harsch V (2007) Theodor Benzinger, German pioneer in high altitude physiology research and altitude protection. Aviat Space Environ Med 78:906–908PubMed Harsch V (2007) Theodor Benzinger, German pioneer in high altitude physiology research and altitude protection. Aviat Space Environ Med 78:906–908PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hartree W (1932) A negative phase in the heat production of muscle. J Physiol 19:104–110 Hartree W (1932) A negative phase in the heat production of muscle. J Physiol 19:104–110
Zurück zum Zitat Harvey W (1628) Anatomical exercises on the generation of animals, pp 143–518. In: Willis R (Translator) The works of William Harvey. Sydenham Society, London. Harvey W (1628) Anatomical exercises on the generation of animals, pp 143–518. In: Willis R (Translator) The works of William Harvey. Sydenham Society, London.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasama B-I (1929) Pharmakologische und physiologische Studien über die Schweisszentren. II. Mitteilung: Über den Einfluß der direkten mechanischen, thermischen und elektrischen Reizung auf die Schweißsowie Wärmezentren Naunyn-Schmiedebergs. Archiv Für Experimentelle Pathologie Und Pharmakologie 146:129–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01863269CrossRef Hasama B-I (1929) Pharmakologische und physiologische Studien über die Schweisszentren. II. Mitteilung: Über den Einfluß der direkten mechanischen, thermischen und elektrischen Reizung auf die Schweißsowie Wärmezentren Naunyn-Schmiedebergs. Archiv Für Experimentelle Pathologie Und Pharmakologie 146:129–161. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​BF01863269CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Houghten FC, Yagloglou CP (1923) Determination of the comfort zone. J Am Soc Heat Vent Eng 29:515–528 Houghten FC, Yagloglou CP (1923) Determination of the comfort zone. J Am Soc Heat Vent Eng 29:515–528
Zurück zum Zitat Havenith G, Wang X, THERMPROTECT network (2005) Interaction effects of radiation and convection measured by a thermal manikin wearing protective clothing with different radiant properties. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on the human-environment system. Tokyo, Japan. September 12th–15th, 2005, pp 47–50 Havenith G, Wang X, THERMPROTECT network (2005) Interaction effects of radiation and convection measured by a thermal manikin wearing protective clothing with different radiant properties. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on the human-environment system. Tokyo, Japan. September 12th–15th, 2005, pp 47–50
Zurück zum Zitat Haymes EM, Wells CL (1986) Environment and human performance. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign Haymes EM, Wells CL (1986) Environment and human performance. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign
Zurück zum Zitat Helmholtz H (1848) Ueber die Wärmeentwickelung bei der Muskelaction. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin. 144–164 Helmholtz H (1848) Ueber die Wärmeentwickelung bei der Muskelaction. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin. 144–164
Zurück zum Zitat Helmholtz H (1861) On the application of the law of the conservation of force to organic nature. Proc R Soc 3:347–357 Helmholtz H (1861) On the application of the law of the conservation of force to organic nature. Proc R Soc 3:347–357
Zurück zum Zitat Hensel H (1981) Thermoreception and temperature regulation. Academic Press, London Hensel H (1981) Thermoreception and temperature regulation. Academic Press, London
Zurück zum Zitat Herrington LP (1949) The range of physiological response to climatic heat and cold. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 262–276 Herrington LP (1949) The range of physiological response to climatic heat and cold. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 262–276
Zurück zum Zitat Hill AV (1927) Muscular movement in man: the factors governing speed and recovery from fatigue. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York Hill AV (1927) Muscular movement in man: the factors governing speed and recovery from fatigue. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York
Zurück zum Zitat Hill AV (1965) Trails and trials in physiology. A bibliography, 1909–1964; with reviews of certain topics and methods and a reconnaissance for further research. Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore Hill AV (1965) Trails and trials in physiology. A bibliography, 1909–1964; with reviews of certain topics and methods and a reconnaissance for further research. Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore
Zurück zum Zitat Hill GW, Gillum TL, Lee BJ, Romano PA, Schall ZJ, Hamilton AM, Kuennen MR (2020) Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 45:376–386. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0378CrossRefPubMed Hill GW, Gillum TL, Lee BJ, Romano PA, Schall ZJ, Hamilton AM, Kuennen MR (2020) Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 45:376–386. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1139/​apnm-2019-0378CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hill AV, Lupton H (1922) The oxygen consumption during running. J Physiol 56:xxxii–xxxiii Hill AV, Lupton H (1922) The oxygen consumption during running. J Physiol 56:xxxii–xxxiii
Zurück zum Zitat Hippocrates (1817) The aphorisms of hippocrates. Translated by Marks, E. from the Latin version of Verhoofd, L. Collins and Company, New York Hippocrates (1817) The aphorisms of hippocrates. Translated by Marks, E. from the Latin version of Verhoofd, L. Collins and Company, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Hippocrates (1923) Hippocrates. Translated by Jones, W.H.S. Loeb Classical Library 148. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Hippocrates (1923) Hippocrates. Translated by Jones, W.H.S. Loeb Classical Library 148. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes FL (1985) Lavoisier and the chemistry of life. An exploration of scientific creativity. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison Holmes FL (1985) Lavoisier and the chemistry of life. An exploration of scientific creativity. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
Zurück zum Zitat Holzlöhner E, Rascher S, Finke E (1942) Bericht über Abkühlungsversuche am Menschen. [Report on cooling experiments on humans]. Munich Holzlöhner E, Rascher S, Finke E (1942) Bericht über Abkühlungsversuche am Menschen. [Report on cooling experiments on humans]. Munich
Zurück zum Zitat Horvath SM (1981) Historical perspectives of adaptation to heat. In: Horvath SM, Yousef MK (eds) Environmental physiology aging, heat and altitude. Elsevier North Holland Inc, New York, pp 11–25 Horvath SM (1981) Historical perspectives of adaptation to heat. In: Horvath SM, Yousef MK (eds) Environmental physiology aging, heat and altitude. Elsevier North Holland Inc, New York, pp 11–25
Zurück zum Zitat Horvath S, Horvath E (1973) The harvard fatigue laboratory: its history and contributions. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Horvath S, Horvath E (1973) The harvard fatigue laboratory: its history and contributions. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Zurück zum Zitat Hunter RA, MacAlpine I (1958) William Harvey and Robert Boyle. Notes Rec R Soc Lond 13:115–127 Hunter RA, MacAlpine I (1958) William Harvey and Robert Boyle. Notes Rec R Soc Lond 13:115–127
Zurück zum Zitat Huntington E (1924) Civilization and climate. Yale University Press, New Haven Huntington E (1924) Civilization and climate. Yale University Press, New Haven
Zurück zum Zitat Huxley JS (1932) Problems of relative growth. Methuen and Co., Ltd., London Huxley JS (1932) Problems of relative growth. Methuen and Co., Ltd., London
Zurück zum Zitat IUPS Thermal Commission (1987) Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Second edition. Revised by The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. Pflüg Arch Eur J Physiol 410:567–487 IUPS Thermal Commission (1987) Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Second edition. Revised by The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. Pflüg Arch Eur J Physiol 410:567–487
Zurück zum Zitat IUPS Thermal Commission (2001) Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Third edition. Revised by The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. Jpn J Physiol 51:245–280. IUPS Thermal Commission (2001) Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. Third edition. Revised by The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the International Union of Physiological Sciences. Jpn J Physiol 51:245–280.
Zurück zum Zitat James JP (1845) On the existence of an equivalent relation between heat and the ordinary forms of mechanical power. Lond Edinb Dublin Philos Mag J Sci 27:205–207 James JP (1845) On the existence of an equivalent relation between heat and the ordinary forms of mechanical power. Lond Edinb Dublin Philos Mag J Sci 27:205–207
Zurück zum Zitat Janicki JS, Sheriff DD, Robotham JL, Wise RA (1996) Cardiac output during exercise: contributions of the cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory systems. In: Rowell LB, Shepherd JT (eds) Comprehensive physiology. Supplement 29: Handbook of physiology, exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems, pp 649–704. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.cp120115 Janicki JS, Sheriff DD, Robotham JL, Wise RA (1996) Cardiac output during exercise: contributions of the cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory systems. In: Rowell LB, Shepherd JT (eds) Comprehensive physiology. Supplement 29: Handbook of physiology, exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems, pp 649–704. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​cphy.​cp120115
Zurück zum Zitat Jendritzky G (1990) Bioklimatische Bewertungsgrundlage der Räume am Beispiet von mesoskaligen Bioklimakarten. In: Schirmer H (ed) Methodik zur raumlichen Bewertung der thermischen Komponente im Bioklima des Menschen, pp 7–69. Akademie fiir Raumforschung und Landesplanung, Hannover Jendritzky G (1990) Bioklimatische Bewertungsgrundlage der Räume am Beispiet von mesoskaligen Bioklimakarten. In: Schirmer H (ed) Methodik zur raumlichen Bewertung der thermischen Komponente im Bioklima des Menschen, pp 7–69. Akademie fiir Raumforschung und Landesplanung, Hannover
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn RH (1904) Uber die Erwarmung des Carotidenblutes. Archiv Für Anatomie Und Physiologie 28(Supplement):81–134 Kahn RH (1904) Uber die Erwarmung des Carotidenblutes. Archiv Für Anatomie Und Physiologie 28(Supplement):81–134
Zurück zum Zitat Katch VL (1973) Use of the oxygen-body weight ratio in correlational analyses: spurious correlations and statistical considerations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 5:253–257 Katch VL (1973) Use of the oxygen-body weight ratio in correlational analyses: spurious correlations and statistical considerations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 5:253–257
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman WC (1994) Pharo Gagge and aeromedical research. Aviat Space Environ Med 65:1161PubMed Kaufman WC (1994) Pharo Gagge and aeromedical research. Aviat Space Environ Med 65:1161PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kayser C (1970) The French contribution to the progress in thermoregulatory research. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 11–21. C.C. Thomas, Springfield Kayser C (1970) The French contribution to the progress in thermoregulatory research. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 11–21. C.C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Keatinge WR (1978) Survival in cold water: the physiology and treatment of immersion hypothermia and of drowning. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford Keatinge WR (1978) Survival in cold water: the physiology and treatment of immersion hypothermia and of drowning. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Kerslake DM (1972) The stress of hot environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Kerslake DM (1972) The stress of hot environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Kleiber M (1961) The fire of life: an introduction to animal energetics. Wiley, New York Kleiber M (1961) The fire of life: an introduction to animal energetics. Wiley, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Krogh A (1916) The respiratory exchange of animals and man. Longmans, Green and Company, London Krogh A (1916) The respiratory exchange of animals and man. Longmans, Green and Company, London
Zurück zum Zitat Kuklane K, Gao C, Holmér I, THERMPROTECT network (2006) Effects of natural solar radiation on manikin heat exchange. In: Protective clothing—towards balanced protection: proceedings of the 3rd European conference on protective clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 8. Warsaw, Poland. May 10–12; 2006 Kuklane K, Gao C, Holmér I, THERMPROTECT network (2006) Effects of natural solar radiation on manikin heat exchange. In: Protective clothing—towards balanced protection: proceedings of the 3rd European conference on protective clothing (ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 8. Warsaw, Poland. May 10–12; 2006
Zurück zum Zitat Kuno Y (1934) The physiology of human perspiration. J. & A. Churchill, London Kuno Y (1934) The physiology of human perspiration. J. & A. Churchill, London
Zurück zum Zitat Kuno Y (1956) Human perspiration. C.C Thomas, Springfield Kuno Y (1956) Human perspiration. C.C Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Lane JE (1919) Daniel Turner and the first degree of Doctor of Medicine conferred in the English colonies of North America by Yale College in 1723. Ann Med Hist 2:367–380PubMedCentralPubMed Lane JE (1919) Daniel Turner and the first degree of Doctor of Medicine conferred in the English colonies of North America by Yale College in 1723. Ann Med Hist 2:367–380PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lavoisier A-L (1783) Réflexions sur le Phlogistique, pour Servir de Suite à la Théorie de la Combustion et de la Calcination. Académie des Sciences, Paris Lavoisier A-L (1783) Réflexions sur le Phlogistique, pour Servir de Suite à la Théorie de la Combustion et de la Calcination. Académie des Sciences, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat LeBlanc J (1975) Man in the cold. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield LeBlanc J (1975) Man in the cold. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Lee DHK (1964) Terrestrial animals in dry heat: man in the desert. In: Dill DB, Adolph EF (eds) Handbook of physiology. Section 4. Adaptation to the environment, pp 551–582. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC Lee DHK (1964) Terrestrial animals in dry heat: man in the desert. In: Dill DB, Adolph EF (eds) Handbook of physiology. Section 4. Adaptation to the environment, pp 551–582. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Lefèvre J (1898) Influence des réfrigérations sur la topographie et la marche des températures. Résistance thermogénétique de l’organisme humain. Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. Série 5. 10:1–16 Lefèvre J (1898) Influence des réfrigérations sur la topographie et la marche des températures. Résistance thermogénétique de l’organisme humain. Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. Série 5. 10:1–16
Zurück zum Zitat Lefèvre J (1911) Chaleu Amimale et Bioénergétique. Masson et Cie, Paris Lefèvre J (1911) Chaleu Amimale et Bioénergétique. Masson et Cie, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Leppäluoto J, Hirvonen J, Hohtola E, Huttunen P, Rintamäki H, Hassi J (2022) Not only winter, not only cold: history of thermal physiology in Finland. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 201–237. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_4 Leppäluoto J, Hirvonen J, Hohtola E, Huttunen P, Rintamäki H, Hassi J (2022) Not only winter, not only cold: history of thermal physiology in Finland. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 201–237. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​4
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis WK (1922) The evaporation of a liquid into a gas. Trans Am Soc Mech Eng 44:325–340 Lewis WK (1922) The evaporation of a liquid into a gas. Trans Am Soc Mech Eng 44:325–340
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis T, Pickering GW (1931) Vasodilatation in the limbs in response to warming the body; with evidence for sympathetic vasodilator nerves in man. Heart 16:33–51 Lewis T, Pickering GW (1931) Vasodilatation in the limbs in response to warming the body; with evidence for sympathetic vasodilator nerves in man. Heart 16:33–51
Zurück zum Zitat Lide DR (1997) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton Lide DR (1997) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Zurück zum Zitat Liebermeister C (1860) Physiologische Untersuchungen über die quantitativen Veränderungen der Warmeproduction. Erster, Zweiter und Dritter Artikel. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. 1860, 1861:520–541, 589–623, 661–683 Liebermeister C (1860) Physiologische Untersuchungen über die quantitativen Veränderungen der Warmeproduction. Erster, Zweiter und Dritter Artikel. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. 1860, 1861:520–541, 589–623, 661–683
Zurück zum Zitat Liebermeister C (1875) Handbuch der Pathologie und Therapie des Fiebers. F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig Liebermeister C (1875) Handbuch der Pathologie und Therapie des Fiebers. F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig
Zurück zum Zitat Lusk G (1922) A history of metabolism. In: Barker LF (ed) Endocrinology and metabolism, vol. 3, pp 3–38. D. Appleton and Company, New York Lusk G (1922) A history of metabolism. In: Barker LF (ed) Endocrinology and metabolism, vol. 3, pp 3–38. D. Appleton and Company, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Machado-Moreira CA, Barry RJ, Vosselman MJ, Taylor NAS (2009) Thermal and non-thermal sweating: what you see is not necessarily what you get. J Physiol Sci 59(Supplement 1):167 Machado-Moreira CA, Barry RJ, Vosselman MJ, Taylor NAS (2009) Thermal and non-thermal sweating: what you see is not necessarily what you get. J Physiol Sci 59(Supplement 1):167
Zurück zum Zitat Martin AD (1984) An anatomical basis for assessing human body composition: evidence from 25 dissections. Doctoral Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Canada Martin AD (1984) An anatomical basis for assessing human body composition: evidence from 25 dissections. Doctoral Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Canada
Zurück zum Zitat Martin AD, Drinkwater DT, Clarys JP (1984) Human body surface area: validation of formulae based on a cadaver study. Hum Biol 56:475–488PubMed Martin AD, Drinkwater DT, Clarys JP (1984) Human body surface area: validation of formulae based on a cadaver study. Hum Biol 56:475–488PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mayer JR (1842) Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Natur. Annalen Der Chimie Und Pharmazie 42:233–240 Mayer JR (1842) Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Natur. Annalen Der Chimie Und Pharmazie 42:233–240
Zurück zum Zitat McCance RA, Ungley CCJWL, Widdowson EM (1956) The hazards to men in ships lost at sea, 1940–44. Special report series. Medical Research Council, No. 291. HM Stationery Office, London McCance RA, Ungley CCJWL, Widdowson EM (1956) The hazards to men in ships lost at sea, 1940–44. Special report series. Medical Research Council, No. 291. HM Stationery Office, London
Zurück zum Zitat McCullough EA, Jones BW, Huck J (1985) A comprehensive data base for estimating clothing insulation. ASHRAE Trans 91:29–47 McCullough EA, Jones BW, Huck J (1985) A comprehensive data base for estimating clothing insulation. ASHRAE Trans 91:29–47
Zurück zum Zitat McKie D (1952) Antoine Lavoisier: scientist, economist, social reformer. Henry Schuman, New York McKie D (1952) Antoine Lavoisier: scientist, economist, social reformer. Henry Schuman, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Mekjavic IB, Tipton MJ, Eiken O (2003) Thermal considerations in diving. In: Brubakk AO, Neumann TS (eds) Bennett and Elliott’s physiology and medicine of diving, 5th edn, pp 115–152. Saunders, Edinburgh Mekjavic IB, Tipton MJ, Eiken O (2003) Thermal considerations in diving. In: Brubakk AO, Neumann TS (eds) Bennett and Elliott’s physiology and medicine of diving, 5th edn, pp 115–152. Saunders, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer HH (1913) Theorie des Fiebers und seiner Behandlung. Verhandlungen Des Deutschen Kongresses Für Innere Medizin 30:15–17 Meyer HH (1913) Theorie des Fiebers und seiner Behandlung. Verhandlungen Des Deutschen Kongresses Für Innere Medizin 30:15–17
Zurück zum Zitat Milton A (2022) A history of thermal physiology in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 1–56. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_1 Milton A (2022) A history of thermal physiology in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 1–56. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​1
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell D (1974a) Physical basis of thermoregulation. In: Robertshaw D (ed) Environmental Physiology. MTP International Review of Science, Physiology Series One, vol , pp 1–327. Butterworths, London Mitchell D (1974a) Physical basis of thermoregulation. In: Robertshaw D (ed) Environmental Physiology. MTP International Review of Science, Physiology Series One, vol , pp 1–327. Butterworths, London
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell D (1974b) Convective heat transfer from man and other animals. In: Monteith JL, Mount LE (eds) Heat loss from animals and man. Butterworths, London, pp 59–76 Mitchell D (1974b) Convective heat transfer from man and other animals. In: Monteith JL, Mount LE (eds) Heat loss from animals and man. Butterworths, London, pp 59–76
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell D, Atkins AR, Wyndham CH (1972) Mathematical and physical models of thermoregulation. In: Bligh J, Moore RE (eds) Essays on temperature regulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 37–54 Mitchell D, Atkins AR, Wyndham CH (1972) Mathematical and physical models of thermoregulation. In: Bligh J, Moore RE (eds) Essays on temperature regulation. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 37–54
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell D, Laburn HP (2022) South African thermal physiology: highlights from the twentieth century. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 435–491. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_8 Mitchell D, Laburn HP (2022) South African thermal physiology: highlights from the twentieth century. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 435–491. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​8
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell D, van Rensburg AJ (1973) Assessment of clothing insulation: the problem and its solution using direct calorimetry on exercising men. Arch Sci Physiol 27:149–162 Mitchell D, van Rensburg AJ (1973) Assessment of clothing insulation: the problem and its solution using direct calorimetry on exercising men. Arch Sci Physiol 27:149–162
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell D, Whillier A (1971) Cooling power of underground environments. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 72:93–99 Mitchell D, Whillier A (1971) Cooling power of underground environments. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 72:93–99
Zurück zum Zitat Monteith JL, Unsworth MH (2014) Principles of environmental physics: plants, animals, and the atmosphere. Academic Press Monteith JL, Unsworth MH (2014) Principles of environmental physics: plants, animals, and the atmosphere. Academic Press
Zurück zum Zitat Monteith JL, Mount LE (1974) (eds) Heat loss from animals and man: assessment and control. Butterworths, Oxford Monteith JL, Mount LE (1974) (eds) Heat loss from animals and man: assessment and control. Butterworths, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Morrison JF, Mitchell D, Strydom NB (1966) The determination of the heat load on labourers when near submerged arc furnaces. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 67:115–121 Morrison JF, Mitchell D, Strydom NB (1966) The determination of the heat load on labourers when near submerged arc furnaces. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 67:115–121
Zurück zum Zitat Mottola MF (2008) Performance in the pregnant woman. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 225–237. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh Mottola MF (2008) Performance in the pregnant woman. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 225–237. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Mrosovsky N (1990) Rheostasis: the physiology of change. Oxford University Press, Oxford Mrosovsky N (1990) Rheostasis: the physiology of change. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Müntz A (1880) Recherches sur l’alimentation et sur la production du travail. Annales De L’institut National Agronomique 3:23–61 Müntz A (1880) Recherches sur l’alimentation et sur la production du travail. Annales De L’institut National Agronomique 3:23–61
Zurück zum Zitat Nagasaka T (2022) Japanese contributions to the development of knowledge of thermal physiology in the 20th century. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 493–515. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_9 Nagasaka T (2022) Japanese contributions to the development of knowledge of thermal physiology in the 20th century. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 493–515. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​9
Zurück zum Zitat Nagata H (1978) Evaporative heat loss and clothing. J Hum Ergol 7:169–175 Nagata H (1978) Evaporative heat loss and clothing. J Hum Ergol 7:169–175
Zurück zum Zitat National Research Council (US) Committee on Diet and Health (1989) Calories: total macronutrient intake, energy expenditure, and net energy stores. In: Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. National Academies Press, Washington. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218769/. Accessed 29 August 2022 National Research Council (US) Committee on Diet and Health (1989) Calories: total macronutrient intake, energy expenditure, and net energy stores. In: Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. National Academies Press, Washington. https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​books/​NBK218769/​. Accessed 29 August 2022
Zurück zum Zitat Nernst WH (1905) Physikalisch-chemische Betrachtungen über den Verbrennungsprozess in den Gasmotoren. Springer, Berlin Nernst WH (1905) Physikalisch-chemische Betrachtungen über den Verbrennungsprozess in den Gasmotoren. Springer, Berlin
Zurück zum Zitat Newton I (1700) Scala graduum caloris. Calorum descriptiones & figna. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 22:824–829. Newton I (1700) Scala graduum caloris. Calorum descriptiones & figna. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 22:824–829.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen B (1970) Heat production and heat transfer in negative work. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, pp 215–223 Nielsen B (1970) Heat production and heat transfer in negative work. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, pp 215–223
Zurück zum Zitat Nishi Y (1981) Measurement of thermal balance in man. In: Cena K, Clark J (eds) Bioengineering, thermal physiology and comfort. Elsevier, New York, pp 29–39 Nishi Y (1981) Measurement of thermal balance in man. In: Cena K, Clark J (eds) Bioengineering, thermal physiology and comfort. Elsevier, New York, pp 29–39
Zurück zum Zitat Nishi Y, Gagge AP (1973) Moisture permeation of clothing: a factor governing thermal equilibrium and comfort. Mem Fac Eng 13(Supplement 2):5–13 Nishi Y, Gagge AP (1973) Moisture permeation of clothing: a factor governing thermal equilibrium and comfort. Mem Fac Eng 13(Supplement 2):5–13
Zurück zum Zitat Nunneley SA (1989) Heat stress in protective clothing: interactions among physical and physiological factors. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:52–57PubMed Nunneley SA (1989) Heat stress in protective clothing: interactions among physical and physiological factors. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:52–57PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nybo L, White MD (2008) Do humans have selective-brain cooling? In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 473–479. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh Nybo L, White MD (2008) Do humans have selective-brain cooling? In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 473–479. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Ogata K (1970) A review of Japanese research on the body temperature regulation. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 5–10. C.C. Thomas, Springfield Ogata K (1970) A review of Japanese research on the body temperature regulation. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 5–10. C.C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Ott I (1889) The thermo-polypneic centre and thermotaxis. J Nerv Ment Dis 16:238–250 Ott I (1889) The thermo-polypneic centre and thermotaxis. J Nerv Ment Dis 16:238–250
Zurück zum Zitat Pandolf KB, Burr RE (2001) (eds) Textbooks of military medicine. Medical aspects of harsh environments, vol 1. Borden Institute, Washington Pandolf KB, Burr RE (2001) (eds) Textbooks of military medicine. Medical aspects of harsh environments, vol 1. Borden Institute, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Pandolf KB, Burr RE (2002) (eds) Textbooks of military medicine. Medical aspects of harsh environments, vol 2. Borden Institute, Washington Pandolf KB, Burr RE (2002) (eds) Textbooks of military medicine. Medical aspects of harsh environments, vol 2. Borden Institute, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Pandolf KB, Sawka MN, Gonzalez RR (1988) (eds) Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis Pandolf KB, Sawka MN, Gonzalez RR (1988) (eds) Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. Benchmark Press, Indianapolis
Zurück zum Zitat Parkes EA (1869) A manual of practical hygiene, for use in the medical services of the army, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis Limited, London Parkes EA (1869) A manual of practical hygiene, for use in the medical services of the army, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis Limited, London
Zurück zum Zitat Pembrey MS (1893) On the reaction-time of mammals to changes in the temperature of their surroundings. J Physiol 15:401–420PubMedCentralPubMed Pembrey MS (1893) On the reaction-time of mammals to changes in the temperature of their surroundings. J Physiol 15:401–420PubMedCentralPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pembrey MS (1898) Animal heat. In: Schäfer EA (ed) Text-book of physiology. Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh, pp 785–867 Pembrey MS (1898) Animal heat. In: Schäfer EA (ed) Text-book of physiology. Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh, pp 785–867
Zurück zum Zitat Pflüger EFW (1877) Die Teleologische Mechanik der lebendigen Natur. Max Cohen & Sohn, Bonn, Germany Pflüger EFW (1877) Die Teleologische Mechanik der lebendigen Natur. Max Cohen & Sohn, Bonn, Germany
Zurück zum Zitat Pickering GW, Hess W (1933) Vasodilatation in the hands and feet in response to warming the body. Clin Sci 1:213–223 Pickering GW, Hess W (1933) Vasodilatation in the hands and feet in response to warming the body. Clin Sci 1:213–223
Zurück zum Zitat Pontzer H (2012) Overview of hominin evolution. Nat Educ Knowl 3:8 Pontzer H (2012) Overview of hominin evolution. Nat Educ Knowl 3:8
Zurück zum Zitat Prandtl L (1905) Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung. In: Krazer A (ed) Verhandlungen des Dritten Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg. B.G. Teubner, Leipzig, pp 484–491 Prandtl L (1905) Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung. In: Krazer A (ed) Verhandlungen des Dritten Internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg. B.G. Teubner, Leipzig, pp 484–491
Zurück zum Zitat Price MJ (2006) Thermoregulation during exercise in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Sports Med 36:863–879PubMed Price MJ (2006) Thermoregulation during exercise in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Sports Med 36:863–879PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Prosser CL (1964) Perspectives of adaptation: theoretical aspects. In: Dill DB, Adolph EF (eds) Handbook of physiology. Section 4. Adaptation to the environment, pp 11–25. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC Prosser CL (1964) Perspectives of adaptation: theoretical aspects. In: Dill DB, Adolph EF (eds) Handbook of physiology. Section 4. Adaptation to the environment, pp 11–25. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC
Zurück zum Zitat Rahn H (1979) Wallace Osgood Fenn: 1893–1971. Natl Acad Sci Biogr Mem 50:140–173 Rahn H (1979) Wallace Osgood Fenn: 1893–1971. Natl Acad Sci Biogr Mem 50:140–173
Zurück zum Zitat Rameaux J-F (1857) Des lois, suivant lesquelles les dimensions du corps, dans certaines classes d’animaux, déterminent la capacité et les mouvements fonctionnels des poumons et du coeur. Bulletins De L’académie Royale Des Sciences, Des Lettres Et Des Beaux-Arts De Belgique 3:94–103 Rameaux J-F (1857) Des lois, suivant lesquelles les dimensions du corps, dans certaines classes d’animaux, déterminent la capacité et les mouvements fonctionnels des poumons et du coeur. Bulletins De L’académie Royale Des Sciences, Des Lettres Et Des Beaux-Arts De Belgique 3:94–103
Zurück zum Zitat Rapp GM (1971) Convection coefficients of man in a forensic area of thermal physiology: heat transfer in underwater exercise. J Physiol (paris) 63:392–396PubMed Rapp GM (1971) Convection coefficients of man in a forensic area of thermal physiology: heat transfer in underwater exercise. J Physiol (paris) 63:392–396PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Raven PB, Kjaer M, Hellsten Y (2014) Contributions from Copenhagen Muscle Research Center. In: Tipton CM (ed) History of exercise physiology, pp 89–104. Human Kinetics, Champaign Raven PB, Kjaer M, Hellsten Y (2014) Contributions from Copenhagen Muscle Research Center. In: Tipton CM (ed) History of exercise physiology, pp 89–104. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Zurück zum Zitat Rawlins CA, Phillips HR (2001) Reduction of mine heat loads. In: Wasilewski S (ed) Proceedings of the 7th international mine ventilation congress. June 17–22, 2001, Cracow, Poland, pp 381–389 Rawlins CA, Phillips HR (2001) Reduction of mine heat loads. In: Wasilewski S (ed) Proceedings of the 7th international mine ventilation congress. June 17–22, 2001, Cracow, Poland, pp 381–389
Zurück zum Zitat Refinetti R (1989) Body size and metabolic rate in the laboratory rat. Exp Biol 48:291–294PubMed Refinetti R (1989) Body size and metabolic rate in the laboratory rat. Exp Biol 48:291–294PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Regnault HV, Reiset J (1849) Recherches chimiques sur la respiration des animaux des diverses classes. Annales De Chimie Et De Physique 26:299–519 Regnault HV, Reiset J (1849) Recherches chimiques sur la respiration des animaux des diverses classes. Annales De Chimie Et De Physique 26:299–519
Zurück zum Zitat Reid EW (1898) Secretion and absorption by the skin. In: Schäfer EA (ed) Text-book of physiology, pp 669–691. Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh Reid EW (1898) Secretion and absorption by the skin. In: Schäfer EA (ed) Text-book of physiology, pp 669–691. Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Rennie DW (1987) Tissue heat transfer during exercise in water. In: Shiraki K, Yousef MK (eds) Man in stressful environments: thermal and work physiology, pp 211–223. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Rennie DW (1987) Tissue heat transfer during exercise in water. In: Shiraki K, Yousef MK (eds) Man in stressful environments: thermal and work physiology, pp 211–223. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Richet CR (1884) De l’influence des lésions du cerveau sur la température. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences 98:827–829 Richet CR (1884) De l’influence des lésions du cerveau sur la température. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences 98:827–829
Zurück zum Zitat Richet C (1893) Le frisson comme appareil de regulation thermique. Archiv Für Anatomie Und Physiologie 5:312–326 Richet C (1893) Le frisson comme appareil de regulation thermique. Archiv Für Anatomie Und Physiologie 5:312–326
Zurück zum Zitat Riedman SR (1957) Antoine Lavoisier: scientist and citizen. Thomas Nelson & Sons, New York Riedman SR (1957) Antoine Lavoisier: scientist and citizen. Thomas Nelson & Sons, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Risse GB (1974) “Doctor William Cullen, physician, Edinburgh”: a consultation practice in the Eighteenth Century. Bull Hist Med 48:338–351PubMed Risse GB (1974) “Doctor William Cullen, physician, Edinburgh”: a consultation practice in the Eighteenth Century. Bull Hist Med 48:338–351PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Robertshaw D (1974) (ed) Environmental physiology. Physiology series one, vol 7. Butterworths, London Robertshaw D (1974) (ed) Environmental physiology. Physiology series one, vol 7. Butterworths, London
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson S (1949) Physiologic adjustments to heat. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 193–231 Robinson S (1949) Physiologic adjustments to heat. In: Newburgh LH (ed) Physiology of heat regulation and the science of clothing. Hafner Publishing Company, New York, pp 193–231
Zurück zum Zitat Rossi R (2014) Clothing for protection against heat and flames. In: Wang F, Gao C (eds) Protective clothing: managing thermal stress. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 70–89 Rossi R (2014) Clothing for protection against heat and flames. In: Wang F, Gao C (eds) Protective clothing: managing thermal stress. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 70–89
Zurück zum Zitat Rowell LB (1977) Competition between skin and muscle for blood flow during exercise. In: Nadel ER (ed) Problems with temperature regulation during exercise. Academic Press, New York, pp 49–77 Rowell LB (1977) Competition between skin and muscle for blood flow during exercise. In: Nadel ER (ed) Problems with temperature regulation during exercise. Academic Press, New York, pp 49–77
Zurück zum Zitat Rowell LB (1986) Human circulation. Regulation during physical stress. Oxford University Press, New York Rowell LB (1986) Human circulation. Regulation during physical stress. Oxford University Press, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Rowell LB (1993) Human cardiovascular control. Oxford University Press, New York Rowell LB (1993) Human cardiovascular control. Oxford University Press, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Royal Society (1975) Quantities, units and symbols. A report by the Symbols Committee of the Royal Society. Royal Society, London Royal Society (1975) Quantities, units and symbols. A report by the Symbols Committee of the Royal Society. Royal Society, London
Zurück zum Zitat Rübner M (1883) Über den Einfluss der Köpergröße auf Stoff- und Kraftwechsel. Z Biol 19:535–562 Rübner M (1883) Über den Einfluss der Köpergröße auf Stoff- und Kraftwechsel. Z Biol 19:535–562
Zurück zum Zitat Rübner M (1896) Zur Bilanz unserer Wärmeökonomie. Archiv Für Hygiene 27:69–89 Rübner M (1896) Zur Bilanz unserer Wärmeökonomie. Archiv Für Hygiene 27:69–89
Zurück zum Zitat Saltin B (1970) Circulatory adjustments and body temperature regulation during exercise. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 193–203. C.C. Thomas, Springfield Saltin B (1970) Circulatory adjustments and body temperature regulation during exercise. In: Hardy JD, Gagge AP, Stolwijk JAJ (eds) Physiological and behavioral temperature regulation, pp 193–203. C.C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Saper CB (2002) The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:433–469PubMed Saper CB (2002) The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:433–469PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sargent F, Tromp SW (1964) A survey of human biometeorology. WMO-No. 160. TP 78. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva Sargent F, Tromp SW (1964) A survey of human biometeorology. WMO-No. 160. TP 78. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva
Zurück zum Zitat Sarrus F, Rameaux J (1838–1839) Rapport sur un mémoire adressé à l’Académie Royale de Médecine. Commissaires Robiquet et Thillaye, rapporteurs. Bulletin de l’Académie Royale de Médecine 3:1094–1100. Sarrus F, Rameaux J (1838–1839) Rapport sur un mémoire adressé à l’Académie Royale de Médecine. Commissaires Robiquet et Thillaye, rapporteurs. Bulletin de l’Académie Royale de Médecine 3:1094–1100.
Zurück zum Zitat Satinoff E (1983) A reevaluation of the concept of the homeostatic organization of temperature regulation. In: Satinoff E, Teitelbaum P (eds) Handbook of behavioural neurobiology. Motivation, vol 6. Plenum Press, New York, pp 433–472 Satinoff E (1983) A reevaluation of the concept of the homeostatic organization of temperature regulation. In: Satinoff E, Teitelbaum P (eds) Handbook of behavioural neurobiology. Motivation, vol 6. Plenum Press, New York, pp 433–472
Zurück zum Zitat Schäfer EA (ed) (1898) Text-book of physiology. Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh Schäfer EA (ed) (1898) Text-book of physiology. Young J. Pentland, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt-Nielsen K (1984a) Scaling: why is animal size so important? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Schmidt-Nielsen K (1984a) Scaling: why is animal size so important? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Schmiedeberg O, Koppe R (1869) Das Muscarin Das giftige Alkaloid des Fliegenpilzes (Agaricus muscarius L.). F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig Schmiedeberg O, Koppe R (1869) Das Muscarin Das giftige Alkaloid des Fliegenpilzes (Agaricus muscarius L.). F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider S, Moseley P (2014) The temperature regulatory system. In: Tipton CM (ed) History of exercise physiology. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 477–506 Schneider S, Moseley P (2014) The temperature regulatory system. In: Tipton CM (ed) History of exercise physiology. Human Kinetics, Champaign, pp 477–506
Zurück zum Zitat Schofield WN (1985) Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 39:5–41PubMed Schofield WN (1985) Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 39:5–41PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schönbaum E, Lomax P (1990) (eds) Thermoregulation: physiology and biochemistry. Pergamon Press, New York Schönbaum E, Lomax P (1990) (eds) Thermoregulation: physiology and biochemistry. Pergamon Press, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Séguin A, Lavoisier A-L (1792) Premier mémoire sur la transpiration des animaux. In: Lavoisier A-L (ed) Les Maitres de la Science, pp 90–105. Libraire de l’Académie de Médecine, Paris Séguin A, Lavoisier A-L (1792) Premier mémoire sur la transpiration des animaux. In: Lavoisier A-L (ed) Les Maitres de la Science, pp 90–105. Libraire de l’Académie de Médecine, Paris
Zurück zum Zitat Selle WA (1952) Body temperature: its changes with environment, disease and therapy. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Selle WA (1952) Body temperature: its changes with environment, disease and therapy. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Shackleton EH, Hurley F (2019) South: the illustrated story of Shackelton’s last expedition 1914–1917. Voyageur Press, Stillwater Shackleton EH, Hurley F (2019) South: the illustrated story of Shackelton’s last expedition 1914–1917. Voyageur Press, Stillwater
Zurück zum Zitat Sherrington C (1946) The endeavour of Jean Fernel: with a list of the editions of his writings. University Press, Cambridge Sherrington C (1946) The endeavour of Jean Fernel: with a list of the editions of his writings. University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Shiraki K, Sagawa S, Yousef MK (1996) (eds) Physiological basis of occupational health: stressful environments. SBP Academic Publishing, Amsterdam Shiraki K, Sagawa S, Yousef MK (1996) (eds) Physiological basis of occupational health: stressful environments. SBP Academic Publishing, Amsterdam
Zurück zum Zitat Shiraki K, Yousef MK (1987) (eds) Man in stressful environments: thermal and work physiology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield Shiraki K, Yousef MK (1987) (eds) Man in stressful environments: thermal and work physiology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Zurück zum Zitat Shrivastava D (2018) (ed) Theory and applications of heat transfer in humans, vol 2. Wiley, Hoboken Shrivastava D (2018) (ed) Theory and applications of heat transfer in humans, vol 2. Wiley, Hoboken
Zurück zum Zitat Simon E, Gerstberger R, Roth J (2022) A history of physiological research on temperature regulation in Germany. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 97–200. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_3 Simon E, Gerstberger R, Roth J (2022) A history of physiological research on temperature regulation in Germany. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history. Perspectives in physiology, pp 97–200. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​3
Zurück zum Zitat Simon E, Schmid HA, Pehl U (1998) Spinal neuronal thermosensitivity in vivo and in vitro in relation to hypothalamic neuronal thermosensitivity. In: Sharma HS, Westman J (eds) Progress in brain research, vol 115. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 25–47 Simon E, Schmid HA, Pehl U (1998) Spinal neuronal thermosensitivity in vivo and in vitro in relation to hypothalamic neuronal thermosensitivity. In: Sharma HS, Westman J (eds) Progress in brain research, vol 115. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 25–47
Zurück zum Zitat Siple PA, Passel CF (1945) Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures. Proc Am Philos Soc 89:177–199 Siple PA, Passel CF (1945) Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures. Proc Am Philos Soc 89:177–199
Zurück zum Zitat Slonim BB (1974) (ed) Environmental physiology. C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis Slonim BB (1974) (ed) Environmental physiology. C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis
Zurück zum Zitat Snyder WS, Cook MJ, Nasset ES, Karhausen LR, Howells GP, Tipton IH (1975) Report of the task group on reference man. International Commission on Radiological Protection, Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford Snyder WS, Cook MJ, Nasset ES, Karhausen LR, Howells GP, Tipton IH (1975) Report of the task group on reference man. International Commission on Radiological Protection, Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Standring S (2008) Gray’s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice, 14th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh Standring S (2008) Gray’s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice, 14th edn. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Stanier MW, Mount LE, Bligh J (1984) Energy balance and temperature regulation. Cambridge texts in Physiological Sciences 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Stanier MW, Mount LE, Bligh J (1984) Energy balance and temperature regulation. Cambridge texts in Physiological Sciences 4. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Stefan J (1879) Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 79:391–428 Stefan J (1879) Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 79:391–428
Zurück zum Zitat Stilling B (1840) Physiologische, pathologische und edicinisch-practische Untersuchungen über die Spinal-Irritation. von Otto Wigand, Leipzig Stilling B (1840) Physiologische, pathologische und edicinisch-practische Untersuchungen über die Spinal-Irritation. von Otto Wigand, Leipzig
Zurück zum Zitat Suzuki K, Yamada M, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Yamaya K, Liu Q, Kudoh S, Kowatari K, Nakaji S, Sugawara K (2000) Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil-priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 81:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050044CrossRefPubMed Suzuki K, Yamada M, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Yamaya K, Liu Q, Kudoh S, Kowatari K, Nakaji S, Sugawara K (2000) Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil-priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 81:281–287. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s004210050044CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor NAS, Groeller H (2008) (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh Taylor NAS, Groeller H (2008) (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor NAS, Taylor EA, Maloney SK, de Dear RJ (2022) Contributions from a land down under: the arid continent. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history.Perspectives in physiology, pp 357–404. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2362-6_6 Taylor NAS, Taylor EA, Maloney SK, de Dear RJ (2022) Contributions from a land down under: the arid continent. In: Blatteis CM, Taylor NAS, Mitchell D (eds) Thermal physiology: a worldwide history.Perspectives in physiology, pp 357–404. Springer, New York. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-1-0716-2362-6_​6
Zurück zum Zitat Temme LA (2003) Ethics in human experimentation: the two military physicians who helped develop the Nuremberg Code. Aviat Space Environ Med 74:1297–1300PubMed Temme LA (2003) Ethics in human experimentation: the two military physicians who helped develop the Nuremberg Code. Aviat Space Environ Med 74:1297–1300PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Templeton JR (1970) Reptiles. In: Wittow GC (ed) Comparative physiology of thermoregulation, vol I. Academic Press, New York, pp 167–223 Templeton JR (1970) Reptiles. In: Wittow GC (ed) Comparative physiology of thermoregulation, vol I. Academic Press, New York, pp 167–223
Zurück zum Zitat Thomson J (1832) An account of the life, lectures and writings, of William Cullen. William Blackwood, Edinburgh Thomson J (1832) An account of the life, lectures and writings, of William Cullen. William Blackwood, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Tigerstedt R (1897) Lehrbuch Der Physiologie Des Menschen. S. Hirzel, Leipzig Tigerstedt R (1897) Lehrbuch Der Physiologie Des Menschen. S. Hirzel, Leipzig
Zurück zum Zitat Tigerstedt R (1906) A text-book of human physiology. Translated by Murlin, J.R. D. Appleton and Company, New York Tigerstedt R (1906) A text-book of human physiology. Translated by Murlin, J.R. D. Appleton and Company, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Tigerstedt R (1909) Die Wärmeökonomie des Körpers. In: Nagel W (ed) Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, vol 1. Vieweg, Brunswick, pp 557–608 Tigerstedt R (1909) Die Wärmeökonomie des Körpers. In: Nagel W (ed) Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, vol 1. Vieweg, Brunswick, pp 557–608
Zurück zum Zitat Tschakovsky ME, Pyke KE (2008) Cardiovascular responses to exercise and limitations to human performance. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 5–27. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh Tschakovsky ME, Pyke KE (2008) Cardiovascular responses to exercise and limitations to human performance. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 5–27. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Tscheschichin J (1866) Zur Lehre von der thierischen Wärme. Archiv Fiir Anatomie Und Physiologie Von Reichert Und Du Bois-Reymond 11:151–179 Tscheschichin J (1866) Zur Lehre von der thierischen Wärme. Archiv Fiir Anatomie Und Physiologie Von Reichert Und Du Bois-Reymond 11:151–179
Zurück zum Zitat Tuckey H (2013) Everest—The First Ascent. The Untold Story of Griffith Pugh, the Man Who Made it Possible. Random House Group, London Tuckey H (2013) Everest—The First Ascent. The Untold Story of Griffith Pugh, the Man Who Made it Possible. Random House Group, London
Zurück zum Zitat van Graan CH (1969) The determination of body surface area. S Afr Med J 43:952–959PubMed van Graan CH (1969) The determination of body surface area. S Afr Med J 43:952–959PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vernon HM (1930) The measurement of radiant heat in relation to human comfort. J Physiol 70:xv Vernon HM (1930) The measurement of radiant heat in relation to human comfort. J Physiol 70:xv
Zurück zum Zitat Vernon HM (1932) The measurement of radiant heat in relation to human comfort. J Ind Hyg 14:95–111 Vernon HM (1932) The measurement of radiant heat in relation to human comfort. J Ind Hyg 14:95–111
Zurück zum Zitat Werner J, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS (2008) Concepts in physiological regulation: a thermoregulatory perspective. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 325–340. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh Werner J, Mekjavic IB, Taylor NAS (2008) Concepts in physiological regulation: a thermoregulatory perspective. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, pp 325–340. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh
Zurück zum Zitat Whillier A (1967) The calculation of heat exchange between air and wet surfaces. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 67:396–402 Whillier A (1967) The calculation of heat exchange between air and wet surfaces. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 67:396–402
Zurück zum Zitat Whillier A, Mitchell D (1968) Prediction of the cooling rate of the human body. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 68:103–114 Whillier A, Mitchell D (1968) Prediction of the cooling rate of the human body. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 68:103–114
Zurück zum Zitat Wilcke JC (1772) Om snöns kyla vid smältningen. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 33:97–120 Wilcke JC (1772) Om snöns kyla vid smältningen. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 33:97–120
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkie DR (1954) Facts and theories about muscle. Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 4:288–324 Wilkie DR (1954) Facts and theories about muscle. Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 4:288–324
Zurück zum Zitat Wissler EH (2018) Human temperature control: a quantitative approach. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin Wissler EH (2018) Human temperature control: a quantitative approach. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin
Zurück zum Zitat Wong KC, Wu L-T (1932) History of Chinese medicine: being a chronicle of medical happenings in china from ancient times to the present period. Tientsin Press Ltd, Tientsin Wong KC, Wu L-T (1932) History of Chinese medicine: being a chronicle of medical happenings in china from ancient times to the present period. Tientsin Press Ltd, Tientsin
Zurück zum Zitat Woodcock AH, Powers JJ, Breckenridge JR (1956) Man’s thermal balance in warm environments. Technical Report EP-30. Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, Natick Woodcock AH, Powers JJ, Breckenridge JR (1956) Man’s thermal balance in warm environments. Technical Report EP-30. Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, Natick
Zurück zum Zitat Wunderlich CA (1871) On the temperature in diseases: a manual of medical thermometry. Translated by Woodman, 2nd edn. W.B. New Sydenham Society, London Wunderlich CA (1871) On the temperature in diseases: a manual of medical thermometry. Translated by Woodman, 2nd edn. W.B. New Sydenham Society, London
Zurück zum Zitat Wunderlich CA, Seguin E (1871) Medical thermometry, and human temperature Second Edition. Translated by Woodman. W.B. New Sydenham Society, London Wunderlich CA, Seguin E (1871) Medical thermometry, and human temperature Second Edition. Translated by Woodman. W.B. New Sydenham Society, London
Zurück zum Zitat Wyon DP (1989) Use of thermal manikins in environmental ergonomics. Scand J Work Environ Health 15(Supplement 1):84–94PubMed Wyon DP (1989) Use of thermal manikins in environmental ergonomics. Scand J Work Environ Health 15(Supplement 1):84–94PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshimura H, Ogata K, Itoh S (1960) (eds) Essential problems in climate physiology: a tribute to Professor Yas Kuno in celebration of his seventy-seventh birthday. Nankodo, Kyoto Yoshimura H, Ogata K, Itoh S (1960) (eds) Essential problems in climate physiology: a tribute to Professor Yas Kuno in celebration of his seventy-seventh birthday. Nankodo, Kyoto
Zurück zum Zitat Zotterman Y (1959) Thermal sensations. In: Field JF, Magoun HW, Hall VE (eds) Handbook of physiology: neurophysiology. Section 1, vol 3, pp 431–458. American Physiological Society, Washington Zotterman Y (1959) Thermal sensations. In: Field JF, Magoun HW, Hall VE (eds) Handbook of physiology: neurophysiology. Section 1, vol 3, pp 431–458. American Physiological Society, Washington
Zurück zum Zitat Zuntz N (1901) Über die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Nährstoffe als Erzeuger der Muskelkraft. Pflüg Arch Eur J Physiol 83:557–571 Zuntz N (1901) Über die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Nährstoffe als Erzeuger der Muskelkraft. Pflüg Arch Eur J Physiol 83:557–571
Zurück zum Zitat Zuntz N, Schumburg WAEF (1901) Studien zu einer Physiologie des Marsches. August Hirschwald, Berlin Zuntz N, Schumburg WAEF (1901) Studien zu einer Physiologie des Marsches. August Hirschwald, Berlin
Metadaten
Titel
A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation
verfasst von
Sean R. Notley
Duncan Mitchell
Nigel A. S. Taylor
Publikationsdatum
13.09.2023
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 11/2023
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05272-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2023

European Journal of Applied Physiology 11/2023 Zur Ausgabe

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Beginnend mit den 1920er-Jahren hat sich eine Vorstellung über die Geschlechterdifferenzen in Gesundheit und Mortalität etabliert, die von Lorber und Moore in dem einprägsamen Satz: „Women get sicker, but men die quicker“, zusammengefasst wurde [ 1 …, S. 13]. Tatsächlich erscheinen vor dem Hintergrund der höheren Lebenserwartung der Frauen die Studienergebnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Morbidität überraschend, wonach Frauen im Durchschnitt einen schlechteren Gesundheitszustand aufweisen als Männer [

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Open Access Leitthema

Die demographische Alterung hat vielfältige gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen, deren Ausmaß wesentlich vom Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung abhängt. Um diesen analysieren und bewerten zu können, wurden spezielle Kennziffern entwickelt, die in …

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Deutschland erfährt, wie andere Hocheinkommensstaaten, aufgrund kontinuierlich rückläufiger Mortalität und niedriger Geburtenraten tiefgreifende demografische Veränderungen. Der demografische Wandel führt in Deutschland zu einem zunehmend höheren …

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Open Access Klimawandel Übersichtsartikel

Im Sommer 2023 kündigte das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) einen nationalen Hitzeschutzplan an und forderte die Länder auf, zu prüfen, „ob die Warnstufen des [Deutschen Wetterdienstes] DWD mit der Durchführung von Akutmaßnahmen …