Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 4/2003

01.04.2003 | Review

The Wnt signaling pathway and its role in tumor development

verfasst von: B. Lustig, J. Behrens

Erschienen in: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | Ausgabe 4/2003

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Cancer development depends on the aberrant activation of signal transduction pathways that control cell growth and survival and play important roles in normal embryonic development. This review will focus on one of the most powerful pathways, the canonical Wnt signal transduction cascade, which has been originally described in vertebrate and non-vertebrate embryogenesis and subsequently associated with the development of a multitude of different tumor types, mainly of gastrointestinal origin. In recent years, a variety of novel interacting components and functions have been identified in the Wnt pathway revealing not only the complexity of Wnt signaling but also its potency. Here we will concentrate on the role of the Wnt pathway in cancer development with emphasis placed on the molecular defects known to promote neoplastic transformation in humans and in animal models.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham SC, Montgomery EA, Giardiello FM, Wu TT (2001a) Frequent beta-catenin mutations in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. Am J Pathol 158:1073–1078PubMed Abraham SC, Montgomery EA, Giardiello FM, Wu TT (2001a) Frequent beta-catenin mutations in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. Am J Pathol 158:1073–1078PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham SC, Wu TT, Klimstra DS, Finn LS, Lee JH, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Hruban RH (2001b) Distinctive molecular genetic alterations in sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis-associated pancreatoblastomas: frequent alterations in the APC/beta-catenin pathway and chromosome 11p. Am J Pathol 159:1619–1627PubMed Abraham SC, Wu TT, Klimstra DS, Finn LS, Lee JH, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Hruban RH (2001b) Distinctive molecular genetic alterations in sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis-associated pancreatoblastomas: frequent alterations in the APC/beta-catenin pathway and chromosome 11p. Am J Pathol 159:1619–1627PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham SC, Klimstra DS, Wilentz RE, Yeo CJ, Conlon K, Brennan M, Cameron JL, Wu TT, Hruban RH (2002a) Solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are genetically distinct from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and almost always harbor beta-catenin mutations. Am J Pathol 160:1361–1369PubMed Abraham SC, Klimstra DS, Wilentz RE, Yeo CJ, Conlon K, Brennan M, Cameron JL, Wu TT, Hruban RH (2002a) Solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are genetically distinct from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and almost always harbor beta-catenin mutations. Am J Pathol 160:1361–1369PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham SC, Wu TT, Hruban RH, Lee JH, Yeo CJ, Conlon K, Brennan M, Cameron JL, Klimstra DS (2002b) Genetic and immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma: frequent allelic loss on chromosome 11p and alterations in the APC/beta-catenin pathway. Am J Pathol 160:953–962PubMed Abraham SC, Wu TT, Hruban RH, Lee JH, Yeo CJ, Conlon K, Brennan M, Cameron JL, Klimstra DS (2002b) Genetic and immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma: frequent allelic loss on chromosome 11p and alterations in the APC/beta-catenin pathway. Am J Pathol 160:953–962PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Albuquerque C, Breukel C, van der Luijt R, Fidalgo P, Lage P, Slors FJ, Leitao CN, Fodde R, Smits R (2002) The 'just-right' signaling model: APC somatic mutations are selected based on a specific level of activation of the beta-catenin signaling cascade. Hum Mol Genet 11:1549–1560CrossRefPubMed Albuquerque C, Breukel C, van der Luijt R, Fidalgo P, Lage P, Slors FJ, Leitao CN, Fodde R, Smits R (2002) The 'just-right' signaling model: APC somatic mutations are selected based on a specific level of activation of the beta-catenin signaling cascade. Hum Mol Genet 11:1549–1560CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Amit S, Hatzubai A, Birman Y, Andersen JS, Ben-Shushan E, Mann M, Ben-Neriah Y, Alkalay I (2002) Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser 45: a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway. Genes Dev 16:1066–1076CrossRefPubMed Amit S, Hatzubai A, Birman Y, Andersen JS, Ben-Shushan E, Mann M, Ben-Neriah Y, Alkalay I (2002) Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser 45: a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway. Genes Dev 16:1066–1076CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Aoki M, Hecht A, Kruse U, Kemler R, Vogt PK (1999) Nuclear endpoint of Wnt signaling: neoplastic transformation induced by transactivating lymphoid-enhancing factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:139–144CrossRefPubMed Aoki M, Hecht A, Kruse U, Kemler R, Vogt PK (1999) Nuclear endpoint of Wnt signaling: neoplastic transformation induced by transactivating lymphoid-enhancing factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:139–144CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Baeza N, Masuoka J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2003) AXIN1 mutations but not deletions in cerebellar medulloblastomas. Oncogene 22:632–636CrossRefPubMed Baeza N, Masuoka J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2003) AXIN1 mutations but not deletions in cerebellar medulloblastomas. Oncogene 22:632–636CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Barker N, Hurlstone A, Musisi H, Miles A, Bienz M, Clevers H (2001) The chromatin remodelling factor Brg-1 interacts with beta-catenin to promote target gene activation. Embo J 20:4935–4943PubMed Barker N, Hurlstone A, Musisi H, Miles A, Bienz M, Clevers H (2001) The chromatin remodelling factor Brg-1 interacts with beta-catenin to promote target gene activation. Embo J 20:4935–4943PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Batlle E, Henderson JT, Beghtel H, van den Born MM, Sancho E, Huls G, Meeldijk J, Robertson J, van de Wetering M, Pawson T, Clevers H (2002) Beta-catenin and TCF mediate cell positioning in the intestinal epithelium by controlling the expression of EphB/ephrinB. Cell 111:251–263PubMed Batlle E, Henderson JT, Beghtel H, van den Born MM, Sancho E, Huls G, Meeldijk J, Robertson J, van de Wetering M, Pawson T, Clevers H (2002) Beta-catenin and TCF mediate cell positioning in the intestinal epithelium by controlling the expression of EphB/ephrinB. Cell 111:251–263PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer A, Chauvet S, Huber O, Usseglio F, Rothbacher U, Aragnol D, Kemler R, Pradel J (2000) Pontin52 and reptin52 function as antagonistic regulators of beta-catenin signalling activity. Embo J 19:6121–6130CrossRefPubMed Bauer A, Chauvet S, Huber O, Usseglio F, Rothbacher U, Aragnol D, Kemler R, Pradel J (2000) Pontin52 and reptin52 function as antagonistic regulators of beta-catenin signalling activity. Embo J 19:6121–6130CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Behrens J, von Kries JP, Kuhl M, Bruhn L, Wedlich D, Grosschedl R, Birchmeier W (1996) Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 382:638–642PubMed Behrens J, von Kries JP, Kuhl M, Bruhn L, Wedlich D, Grosschedl R, Birchmeier W (1996) Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature 382:638–642PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Behrens J, Jerchow BA, Wurtele M, Grimm J, Asbrand C, Wirtz R, Kuhl M, Wedlich D, Birchmeier W (1998) Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with beta-catenin, APC, and GSK3beta. Science 280:596–599PubMed Behrens J, Jerchow BA, Wurtele M, Grimm J, Asbrand C, Wirtz R, Kuhl M, Wedlich D, Birchmeier W (1998) Functional interaction of an axin homolog, conductin, with beta-catenin, APC, and GSK3beta. Science 280:596–599PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bhanot P, Brink M, Samos CH, Hsieh JC, Wang Y, Macke JP, Andrew D, Nathans J, Nusse R (1996) A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. Nature 382:225–230PubMed Bhanot P, Brink M, Samos CH, Hsieh JC, Wang Y, Macke JP, Andrew D, Nathans J, Nusse R (1996) A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. Nature 382:225–230PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bienz M, Clevers H (2000) Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. Cell 103:311–320PubMed Bienz M, Clevers H (2000) Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. Cell 103:311–320PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bienz M (2001) Spindles cotton on to junctions, APC and EB1. Nat Cell Biol 3:E67–68 Bienz M (2001) Spindles cotton on to junctions, APC and EB1. Nat Cell Biol 3:E67–68
Zurück zum Zitat Bienz M (2002) The subcellular destinations of APC proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:328–338CrossRefPubMed Bienz M (2002) The subcellular destinations of APC proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:328–338CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Boon EM, van der Neut R, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Pals ST (2002) Wnt signaling regulates expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase met in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 62:5126–5128PubMed Boon EM, van der Neut R, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Pals ST (2002) Wnt signaling regulates expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase met in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 62:5126–5128PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brabletz T, Jung A, Dag S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T (1999) Beta-catenin regulates the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-7 in human colorectal cancer. Am J Pathol 155:1033–1038PubMed Brabletz T, Jung A, Dag S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T (1999) Beta-catenin regulates the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-7 in human colorectal cancer. Am J Pathol 155:1033–1038PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brabletz T, Jung A, Kirchner T (2002) Beta-catenin and the morphogenesis of colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 441:1–11PubMed Brabletz T, Jung A, Kirchner T (2002) Beta-catenin and the morphogenesis of colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 441:1–11PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cadigan KM, Nusse R (1997) Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev 11:3286–3305PubMed Cadigan KM, Nusse R (1997) Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev 11:3286–3305PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Camp RL, Chung GG, Rimm DL (2002) Automated subcellular localization and quantification of protein expression in tissue microarrays. Nat Med 8:1323–1327CrossRefPubMed Camp RL, Chung GG, Rimm DL (2002) Automated subcellular localization and quantification of protein expression in tissue microarrays. Nat Med 8:1323–1327CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Capelluto DG, Kutateladze TG, Habas R, Finkielstein CV, He X, Overduin M (2002) The DIX domain targets dishevelled to actin stress fibres and vesicular membranes. Nature 419:726–729CrossRefPubMed Capelluto DG, Kutateladze TG, Habas R, Finkielstein CV, He X, Overduin M (2002) The DIX domain targets dishevelled to actin stress fibres and vesicular membranes. Nature 419:726–729CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cetta F, Montalto G, Gori M, Curia MC, Cama A, Olschwang S (2000) Germline mutations of the APC gene in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis-associated thyroid carcinoma: results from a European cooperative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:286–292PubMed Cetta F, Montalto G, Gori M, Curia MC, Cama A, Olschwang S (2000) Germline mutations of the APC gene in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis-associated thyroid carcinoma: results from a European cooperative study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:286–292PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chan EF, Gat U, McNiff JM, Fuchs E (1999) A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin. Nat Genet 21:410–413CrossRefPubMed Chan EF, Gat U, McNiff JM, Fuchs E (1999) A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin. Nat Genet 21:410–413CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chan SK, Struhl G (2002) Evidence that Armadillo transduces wingless by mediating nuclear export or cytosolic activation of Pangolin. Cell 111:265–280PubMed Chan SK, Struhl G (2002) Evidence that Armadillo transduces wingless by mediating nuclear export or cytosolic activation of Pangolin. Cell 111:265–280PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cheadle JP, Krawczak M, Thomas MW, Hodges AK, Al-Tassan N, Fleming N, Sampson JR (2002) Different combinations of biallelic APC mutation confer different growth advantages in colorectal tumours. Cancer Res 62:363–366PubMed Cheadle JP, Krawczak M, Thomas MW, Hodges AK, Al-Tassan N, Fleming N, Sampson JR (2002) Different combinations of biallelic APC mutation confer different growth advantages in colorectal tumours. Cancer Res 62:363–366PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cheon SS, Cheah AY, Turley S, Nadesan P, Poon R, Clevers H, Alman BA (2002) Beta-catenin stabilization dysregulates mesenchymal cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness and causes aggressive fibromatosis and hyperplastic cutaneous wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6973–6978CrossRefPubMed Cheon SS, Cheah AY, Turley S, Nadesan P, Poon R, Clevers H, Alman BA (2002) Beta-catenin stabilization dysregulates mesenchymal cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness and causes aggressive fibromatosis and hyperplastic cutaneous wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:6973–6978CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chesire DR, Ewing CM, Sauvageot J, Bova GS, Isaacs WB (2000) Detection and analysis of beta-catenin mutations in prostate cancer. Prostate 45:323–334CrossRefPubMed Chesire DR, Ewing CM, Sauvageot J, Bova GS, Isaacs WB (2000) Detection and analysis of beta-catenin mutations in prostate cancer. Prostate 45:323–334CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chesire DR, Isaacs WB (2002) Ligand-dependent inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF signaling by androgen receptor. T cell factor. Oncogene 21:8453–8469CrossRefPubMed Chesire DR, Isaacs WB (2002) Ligand-dependent inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF signaling by androgen receptor. T cell factor. Oncogene 21:8453–8469CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cheyette BN, Waxman JS, Miller JR, Takemaru K, Sheldahl LC, Khlebtsova N, Fox EP, Earnest T, Moon RT (2002) Dapper, a Dishevelled-associated antagonist of beta-catenin and JNK signaling, is required for notochord formation. Dev Cell 2:449–461PubMed Cheyette BN, Waxman JS, Miller JR, Takemaru K, Sheldahl LC, Khlebtsova N, Fox EP, Earnest T, Moon RT (2002) Dapper, a Dishevelled-associated antagonist of beta-catenin and JNK signaling, is required for notochord formation. Dev Cell 2:449–461PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Choi YW, Heath EI, Heitmiller R, Forastiere AA, Wu TT (2000) Mutations in beta-catenin and APC genes are uncommon in esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 13:1055–1059PubMed Choi YW, Heath EI, Heitmiller R, Forastiere AA, Wu TT (2000) Mutations in beta-catenin and APC genes are uncommon in esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 13:1055–1059PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chung EJ, Hwang SG, Nguyen P, Lee S, Kim JS, Kim JW, Henkart PA, Bottaro DP, Soon L, Bonvini P, Lee SJ, Karp JE, Oh HJ, Rubin JS, Trepel JB (2002) Regulation of leukemic cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival by beta-catenin. Blood 100:982–990CrossRefPubMed Chung EJ, Hwang SG, Nguyen P, Lee S, Kim JS, Kim JW, Henkart PA, Bottaro DP, Soon L, Bonvini P, Lee SJ, Karp JE, Oh HJ, Rubin JS, Trepel JB (2002) Regulation of leukemic cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival by beta-catenin. Blood 100:982–990CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chung GG, Provost E, Kielhorn EP, Charette LA, Smith BL, Rimm DL (2001) Tissue microarray analysis of beta-catenin in colorectal cancer shows nuclear phospho-beta-catenin is associated with a better prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 7:4013–4020PubMed Chung GG, Provost E, Kielhorn EP, Charette LA, Smith BL, Rimm DL (2001) Tissue microarray analysis of beta-catenin in colorectal cancer shows nuclear phospho-beta-catenin is associated with a better prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 7:4013–4020PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Clements WM, Wang J, Sarnaik A, Kim OJ, MacDonald J, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Groden J, Lowy AM (2002) Beta-catenin mutation is a frequent cause of Wnt pathway activation in gastric cancer. Cancer Res 62:3503–3506PubMed Clements WM, Wang J, Sarnaik A, Kim OJ, MacDonald J, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Groden J, Lowy AM (2002) Beta-catenin mutation is a frequent cause of Wnt pathway activation in gastric cancer. Cancer Res 62:3503–3506PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Clevers H (2002) Inflating cell numbers by wnt. Mol Cell 10:1260–1261PubMed Clevers H (2002) Inflating cell numbers by wnt. Mol Cell 10:1260–1261PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Conacci-Sorrell ME, Ben-Yedidia T, Shtutman M, Feinstein E, Einat P, Ben-Ze'ev A (2002) Nr-CAM is a target gene of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 16:2058–2072CrossRefPubMed Conacci-Sorrell ME, Ben-Yedidia T, Shtutman M, Feinstein E, Einat P, Ben-Ze'ev A (2002) Nr-CAM is a target gene of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway in melanoma and colon cancer and its expression enhances motility and confers tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 16:2058–2072CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Crawford HC, Fingleton BM, Rudolph-Owen LA, Goss KJ, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P, Matrisian LM (1999) The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of beta-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors. Oncogene 18:2883–2891PubMed Crawford HC, Fingleton BM, Rudolph-Owen LA, Goss KJ, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P, Matrisian LM (1999) The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of beta-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors. Oncogene 18:2883–2891PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dahmen RP, Koch A, Denkhaus D, Tonn JC, Sorensen N, Berthold F, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, Wiestler OD, Pietsch T (2001) Deletions of AXIN1, a component of the WNT/wingless pathway, in sporadic medulloblastomas. Cancer Res 61:7039–7043PubMed Dahmen RP, Koch A, Denkhaus D, Tonn JC, Sorensen N, Berthold F, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, Wiestler OD, Pietsch T (2001) Deletions of AXIN1, a component of the WNT/wingless pathway, in sporadic medulloblastomas. Cancer Res 61:7039–7043PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Damalas A, Ben-Ze'ev A, Simcha I, Shtutman M, Leal JF, Zhurinsky J, Geiger B, Oren M (1999) Excess beta-catenin promotes accumulation of transcriptionally active p53. Embo J 18:3054–3063CrossRefPubMed Damalas A, Ben-Ze'ev A, Simcha I, Shtutman M, Leal JF, Zhurinsky J, Geiger B, Oren M (1999) Excess beta-catenin promotes accumulation of transcriptionally active p53. Embo J 18:3054–3063CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat De Filippo C, Luceri C, Caderni G, Pacini M, Messerini L, Biggeri A, Mini E, Tonelli F, Cianchi F, Dolara P (2002) Mutations of the APC gene in human sporadic colorectal cancers. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:1048–1053CrossRefPubMed De Filippo C, Luceri C, Caderni G, Pacini M, Messerini L, Biggeri A, Mini E, Tonelli F, Cianchi F, Dolara P (2002) Mutations of the APC gene in human sporadic colorectal cancers. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:1048–1053CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat de La Coste A, Romagnolo B, Billuart P, Renard CA, Buendia MA, Soubrane O, Fabre M, Chelly J, Beldjord C, Kahn A, Perret C (1998) Somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8847–8851PubMed de La Coste A, Romagnolo B, Billuart P, Renard CA, Buendia MA, Soubrane O, Fabre M, Chelly J, Beldjord C, Kahn A, Perret C (1998) Somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene are frequent in mouse and human hepatocellular carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8847–8851PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Esteller M, Sparks A, Toyota M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Gonzalez S, Tarafa G, Sidransky D, Meltzer SJ, Baylin SB, Herman JG (2000) Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli promoter hypermethylation in human cancer. Cancer Res 60:4366–4371PubMed Esteller M, Sparks A, Toyota M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Capella G, Peinado MA, Gonzalez S, Tarafa G, Sidransky D, Meltzer SJ, Baylin SB, Herman JG (2000) Analysis of adenomatous polyposis coli promoter hypermethylation in human cancer. Cancer Res 60:4366–4371PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Farr GH 3rd, Ferkey DM, Yost C, Pierce SB, Weaver C, Kimelman D (2000) Interaction among GSK-3, GBP, axin, and APC in Xenopus axis specification. J Cell Biol 148:691–702CrossRefPubMed Farr GH 3rd, Ferkey DM, Yost C, Pierce SB, Weaver C, Kimelman D (2000) Interaction among GSK-3, GBP, axin, and APC in Xenopus axis specification. J Cell Biol 148:691–702CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767PubMed Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fodde R, Edelmann W, Yang K, van Leeuwen C, Carlson C, Renault B, Breukel C, Alt E, Lipkin M, Khan PM, et al (1994) A targeted chain-termination mutation in the mouse Apc gene results in multiple intestinal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8969–8973PubMed Fodde R, Edelmann W, Yang K, van Leeuwen C, Carlson C, Renault B, Breukel C, Alt E, Lipkin M, Khan PM, et al (1994) A targeted chain-termination mutation in the mouse Apc gene results in multiple intestinal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8969–8973PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fodde R, Kuipers J, Rosenberg C, Smits R, Kielman M, Gaspar C, van Es JH, Breukel C, Wiegant J, Giles RH, Clevers H (2001) Mutations in the APC tumour suppressor gene cause chromosomal instability. Nat Cell Biol 3:433–438PubMed Fodde R, Kuipers J, Rosenberg C, Smits R, Kielman M, Gaspar C, van Es JH, Breukel C, Wiegant J, Giles RH, Clevers H (2001) Mutations in the APC tumour suppressor gene cause chromosomal instability. Nat Cell Biol 3:433–438PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Friedl W, Caspari R, Sengteller M, Uhlhaas S, Lamberti C, Jungck M, Kadmon M, Wolf M, Fahnenstich J, Gebert J, Moslein G, Mangold E, Propping P (2001) Can APC mutation analysis contribute to therapeutic decisions in familial adenomatous polyposis? Experience from 680 FAP families. Gut 48:515–521CrossRefPubMed Friedl W, Caspari R, Sengteller M, Uhlhaas S, Lamberti C, Jungck M, Kadmon M, Wolf M, Fahnenstich J, Gebert J, Moslein G, Mangold E, Propping P (2001) Can APC mutation analysis contribute to therapeutic decisions in familial adenomatous polyposis? Experience from 680 FAP families. Gut 48:515–521CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Fujimori M, Ikeda S, Shimizu Y, Okajima M, Asahara T (2001) Accumulation of beta-catenin protein and mutations in exon 3 of beta-catenin gene in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor. Cancer Res 61:6656–6659PubMed Fujimori M, Ikeda S, Shimizu Y, Okajima M, Asahara T (2001) Accumulation of beta-catenin protein and mutations in exon 3 of beta-catenin gene in gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor. Cancer Res 61:6656–6659PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Galceran J, Farinas I, Depew MJ, Clevers H, Grosschedl R (1999) Wnt3a-/--like phenotype and limb deficiency in Lef1(-/-)Tcf1(-/-) mice. Genes Dev 13:709–717PubMed Galceran J, Farinas I, Depew MJ, Clevers H, Grosschedl R (1999) Wnt3a-/--like phenotype and limb deficiency in Lef1(-/-)Tcf1(-/-) mice. Genes Dev 13:709–717PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gamallo C, Palacios J, Moreno G, Calvo de Mora J, Suarez A, Armas A (1999) beta-catenin expression pattern in stage I and II ovarian carcinomas: relationship with beta-catenin gene mutations, clinicopathological features, and clinical outcome. Am J Pathol 155:527–536PubMed Gamallo C, Palacios J, Moreno G, Calvo de Mora J, Suarez A, Armas A (1999) beta-catenin expression pattern in stage I and II ovarian carcinomas: relationship with beta-catenin gene mutations, clinicopathological features, and clinical outcome. Am J Pathol 155:527–536PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Rostan G, Tallini G, Herrero A, D'Aquila TG, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL (1999) Frequent mutation and nuclear localization of beta-catenin in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res 59:1811–1815PubMed Garcia-Rostan G, Tallini G, Herrero A, D'Aquila TG, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL (1999) Frequent mutation and nuclear localization of beta-catenin in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res 59:1811–1815PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Garcia-Rostan G, Camp RL, Herrero A, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL, Tallini G (2001) Beta-catenin dysregulation in thyroid neoplasms: down-regulation, aberrant nuclear expression, and CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations are markers for aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis. Am J Pathol 158:987–996PubMed Garcia-Rostan G, Camp RL, Herrero A, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL, Tallini G (2001) Beta-catenin dysregulation in thyroid neoplasms: down-regulation, aberrant nuclear expression, and CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations are markers for aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis. Am J Pathol 158:987–996PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gat U, DasGupta R, Degenstein L, Fuchs E (1998) De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95:605–614PubMed Gat U, DasGupta R, Degenstein L, Fuchs E (1998) De Novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated beta-catenin in skin. Cell 95:605–614PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gayet J, Zhou XP, Duval A, Rolland S, Hoang JM, Cottu P, Hamelin R (2001) Extensive characterization of genetic alterations in a series of human colorectal cancer cell lines. Oncogene 20:5025–5032CrossRefPubMed Gayet J, Zhou XP, Duval A, Rolland S, Hoang JM, Cottu P, Hamelin R (2001) Extensive characterization of genetic alterations in a series of human colorectal cancer cell lines. Oncogene 20:5025–5032CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gerdes B, Ramaswamy A, Simon B, Pietsch T, Bastian D, Kersting M, Moll R, Bartsch D (1999) Analysis of beta-catenin gene mutations in pancreatic tumors. Digestion 60:544–548CrossRefPubMed Gerdes B, Ramaswamy A, Simon B, Pietsch T, Bastian D, Kersting M, Moll R, Bartsch D (1999) Analysis of beta-catenin gene mutations in pancreatic tumors. Digestion 60:544–548CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gerstein AV, Almeida TA, Zhao G, Chess E, Shih Ie M, Buhler K, Pienta K, Rubin MA, Vessella R, Papadopoulos N (2002) APC/CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) pathway alterations in human prostate cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:9–16CrossRefPubMed Gerstein AV, Almeida TA, Zhao G, Chess E, Shih Ie M, Buhler K, Pienta K, Rubin MA, Vessella R, Papadopoulos N (2002) APC/CTNNB1 (beta-catenin) pathway alterations in human prostate cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:9–16CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Giese K, Kingsley C, Kirshner JR, Grosschedl R (1995) Assembly and function of a TCR alpha enhancer complex is dependent on LEF-1-induced DNA bending and multiple protein-protein interactions. Genes Dev 9:995–1008PubMed Giese K, Kingsley C, Kirshner JR, Grosschedl R (1995) Assembly and function of a TCR alpha enhancer complex is dependent on LEF-1-induced DNA bending and multiple protein-protein interactions. Genes Dev 9:995–1008PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gloy J, Hikasa H, Sokol SY (2002) Frodo interacts with Dishevelled to transduce Wnt signals. Nat Cell Biol 4:351–357 Gloy J, Hikasa H, Sokol SY (2002) Frodo interacts with Dishevelled to transduce Wnt signals. Nat Cell Biol 4:351–357
Zurück zum Zitat Gounari F, Signoretti S, Bronson R, Klein L, Sellers WR, Kum J, Siermann A, Taketo MM, von Boehmer H, Khazaie K (2002) Stabilization of beta-catenin induces lesions reminiscent of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, but terminal squamous transdifferentiation of other secretory epithelia. Oncogene 21:4099–4107CrossRefPubMed Gounari F, Signoretti S, Bronson R, Klein L, Sellers WR, Kum J, Siermann A, Taketo MM, von Boehmer H, Khazaie K (2002) Stabilization of beta-catenin induces lesions reminiscent of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, but terminal squamous transdifferentiation of other secretory epithelia. Oncogene 21:4099–4107CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Groden J, Thliveris A, Samowitz W, Carlson M, Gelbert L, Albertsen H, Joslyn G, Stevens J, Spirio L, Robertson M, et al (1991) Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 66:589–600PubMed Groden J, Thliveris A, Samowitz W, Carlson M, Gelbert L, Albertsen H, Joslyn G, Stevens J, Spirio L, Robertson M, et al (1991) Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 66:589–600PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Groves C, Lamlum H, Crabtree M, Williamson J, Taylor C, Bass S, Cuthbert-Heavens D, Hodgson S, Phillips R, Tomlinson I (2002) Mutation cluster region, association between germline and somatic mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation in upper gastrointestinal familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Pathol 160:2055–2061PubMed Groves C, Lamlum H, Crabtree M, Williamson J, Taylor C, Bass S, Cuthbert-Heavens D, Hodgson S, Phillips R, Tomlinson I (2002) Mutation cluster region, association between germline and somatic mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation in upper gastrointestinal familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Pathol 160:2055–2061PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gunther K, Brabletz T, Kraus C, Dworak O, Reymond MA, Jung A, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T, Kockerling F, Ballhausen WG (1998) Predictive value of nuclear beta-catenin expression for the occurrence of distant metastases in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 41:1256–1261 Gunther K, Brabletz T, Kraus C, Dworak O, Reymond MA, Jung A, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T, Kockerling F, Ballhausen WG (1998) Predictive value of nuclear beta-catenin expression for the occurrence of distant metastases in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 41:1256–1261
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta RA, Dubois RN (2001) Colorectal cancer prevention and treatment by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Nat Rev Cancer 1:11–21CrossRefPubMed Gupta RA, Dubois RN (2001) Colorectal cancer prevention and treatment by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Nat Rev Cancer 1:11–21CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Habas R, Kato Y, He X (2001) Wnt/Frizzled activation of Rho regulates vertebrate gastrulation and requires a novel Formin homology protein Daam1. Cell 107:843–854PubMed Habas R, Kato Y, He X (2001) Wnt/Frizzled activation of Rho regulates vertebrate gastrulation and requires a novel Formin homology protein Daam1. Cell 107:843–854PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hamada F, Bienz M (2002) A Drosophila APC tumour suppressor homologue functions in cellular adhesion. Nat Cell Biol 4:208–213 Hamada F, Bienz M (2002) A Drosophila APC tumour suppressor homologue functions in cellular adhesion. Nat Cell Biol 4:208–213
Zurück zum Zitat Hamamoto T, Beppu H, Okada H, Kawabata M, Kitamura T, Miyazono K, Kato M (2002) Compound disruption of smad2 accelerates malignant progression of intestinal tumors in apc knockout mice. Cancer Res 62:5955–5961PubMed Hamamoto T, Beppu H, Okada H, Kawabata M, Kitamura T, Miyazono K, Kato M (2002) Compound disruption of smad2 accelerates malignant progression of intestinal tumors in apc knockout mice. Cancer Res 62:5955–5961PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hamblet NS, Lijam N, Ruiz-Lozano P, Wang J, Yang Y, Luo Z, Mei L, Chien KR, Sussman DJ, Wynshaw-Boris A (2002) Dishevelled 2 is essential for cardiac outflow tract development, somite segmentation and neural tube closure. Development 129:5827–5838CrossRefPubMed Hamblet NS, Lijam N, Ruiz-Lozano P, Wang J, Yang Y, Luo Z, Mei L, Chien KR, Sussman DJ, Wynshaw-Boris A (2002) Dishevelled 2 is essential for cardiac outflow tract development, somite segmentation and neural tube closure. Development 129:5827–5838CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Harada N, Tamai Y, Ishikawa T, Sauer B, Takaku K, Oshima M, Taketo MM (1999) Intestinal polyposis in mice with a dominant stable mutation of the beta-catenin gene. Embo J 18:5931–5942PubMed Harada N, Tamai Y, Ishikawa T, Sauer B, Takaku K, Oshima M, Taketo MM (1999) Intestinal polyposis in mice with a dominant stable mutation of the beta-catenin gene. Embo J 18:5931–5942PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hart MJ, de los Santos R, Albert IN, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P (1998) Downregulation of beta-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, beta-catenin and GSK3 beta. Curr Biol 8:573–581PubMed Hart MJ, de los Santos R, Albert IN, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P (1998) Downregulation of beta-catenin by human Axin and its association with the APC tumor suppressor, beta-catenin and GSK3 beta. Curr Biol 8:573–581PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Haydon RC, Deyrup A, Ishikawa A, Heck R, Jiang W, Zhou L, Feng T, King D, Cheng H, Breyer B, Peabody T, Simon MA, Montag AG, He TC (2002) Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear accumulation of the beta-catenin protein is a frequent event in human osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 102:338–342CrossRefPubMed Haydon RC, Deyrup A, Ishikawa A, Heck R, Jiang W, Zhou L, Feng T, King D, Cheng H, Breyer B, Peabody T, Simon MA, Montag AG, He TC (2002) Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear accumulation of the beta-catenin protein is a frequent event in human osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 102:338–342CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, Hermeking H, Zawel L, da Costa LT, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1998) Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281:1509–1512CrossRefPubMed He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, Hermeking H, Zawel L, da Costa LT, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1998) Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281:1509–1512CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hecht A, Vleminckx K, Stemmler MP, van Roy F, Kemler R (2000) The p300/CBP acetyltransferases function as transcriptional coactivators of beta-catenin in vertebrates. Embo J 19:1839–1850CrossRefPubMed Hecht A, Vleminckx K, Stemmler MP, van Roy F, Kemler R (2000) The p300/CBP acetyltransferases function as transcriptional coactivators of beta-catenin in vertebrates. Embo J 19:1839–1850CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson BR, Fagotto F (2002) The ins and outs of APC and beta-catenin nuclear transport. EMBO Rep 3:834–839CrossRefPubMed Henderson BR, Fagotto F (2002) The ins and outs of APC and beta-catenin nuclear transport. EMBO Rep 3:834–839CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hernegger GS, Moore HG, Guillem JG (2002) Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis: an evolving and poorly understood entity. Dis Colon Rectum 45:127–134PubMed Hernegger GS, Moore HG, Guillem JG (2002) Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis: an evolving and poorly understood entity. Dis Colon Rectum 45:127–134PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hiltunen MO, Alhonen L, Koistinaho J, Myohanen S, Paakkonen M, Marin S, Kosma VM, Janne J (1997) Hypermethylation of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene promoter region in human colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 70:644–648PubMed Hiltunen MO, Alhonen L, Koistinaho J, Myohanen S, Paakkonen M, Marin S, Kosma VM, Janne J (1997) Hypermethylation of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene promoter region in human colorectal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 70:644–648PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hlubek F, Jung A, Kotzor N, Kirchner T, Brabletz T (2001) Expression of the invasion factor laminin gamma2 in colorectal carcinomas is regulated by beta-catenin. Cancer Res 61:8089–8093PubMed Hlubek F, Jung A, Kotzor N, Kirchner T, Brabletz T (2001) Expression of the invasion factor laminin gamma2 in colorectal carcinomas is regulated by beta-catenin. Cancer Res 61:8089–8093PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hommura F, Furuuchi K, Yamazaki K, Ogura S, Kinoshita I, Shimizu M, Moriuchi T, Katoh H, Nishimura M, Dosaka-Akita H (2002) Increased expression of beta-catenin predicts better prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. Cancer 94:752–758CrossRefPubMed Hommura F, Furuuchi K, Yamazaki K, Ogura S, Kinoshita I, Shimizu M, Moriuchi T, Katoh H, Nishimura M, Dosaka-Akita H (2002) Increased expression of beta-catenin predicts better prognosis in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. Cancer 94:752–758CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hoshida Y, Hongyo T, Nakatsuka S, Nishiu M, Takakuwa T, Tomita Y, Nomura T, Aozasa K (2002) Gene mutations in lymphoproliferative disorders of T and NK/T cell phenotypes developing in renal transplant patients. Lab Invest 82:257–264PubMed Hoshida Y, Hongyo T, Nakatsuka S, Nishiu M, Takakuwa T, Tomita Y, Nomura T, Aozasa K (2002) Gene mutations in lymphoproliferative disorders of T and NK/T cell phenotypes developing in renal transplant patients. Lab Invest 82:257–264PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hovanes K, Li TW, Munguia JE, Truong T, Milovanovic T, Lawrence Marsh J, Holcombe RF, Waterman ML (2001) Beta-catenin-sensitive isoforms of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 are selectively expressed in colon cancer. Nat Genet 28:53–57CrossRefPubMed Hovanes K, Li TW, Munguia JE, Truong T, Milovanovic T, Lawrence Marsh J, Holcombe RF, Waterman ML (2001) Beta-catenin-sensitive isoforms of lymphoid enhancer factor-1 are selectively expressed in colon cancer. Nat Genet 28:53–57CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Howe LR, Subbaramaiah K, Chung WJ, Dannenberg AJ, Brown AM (1999) Transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 in Wnt-1-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 59:1572–1577PubMed Howe LR, Subbaramaiah K, Chung WJ, Dannenberg AJ, Brown AM (1999) Transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 in Wnt-1-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 59:1572–1577PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Howe LR, Crawford HC, Subbaramaiah K, Hassell JA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown AM (2001) PEA3 is up-regulated in response to Wnt1 and activates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 276:20108–20115CrossRefPubMed Howe LR, Crawford HC, Subbaramaiah K, Hassell JA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown AM (2001) PEA3 is up-regulated in response to Wnt1 and activates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 276:20108–20115CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu SC, Galceran J, Grosschedl R (1998) Modulation of transcriptional regulation by LEF-1 in response to Wnt-1 signaling and association with beta-catenin. Mol Cell Biol 18:4807–4818PubMed Hsu SC, Galceran J, Grosschedl R (1998) Modulation of transcriptional regulation by LEF-1 in response to Wnt-1 signaling and association with beta-catenin. Mol Cell Biol 18:4807–4818PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu W, Shakya R, Costantini F (2001) Impaired mammary gland and lymphoid development caused by inducible expression of Axin in transgenic mice. J Cell Biol 155:1055–1064CrossRefPubMed Hsu W, Shakya R, Costantini F (2001) Impaired mammary gland and lymphoid development caused by inducible expression of Axin in transgenic mice. J Cell Biol 155:1055–1064CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Huang H, Fujii H, Sankila A, Mahler-Araujo BM, Matsuda M, Cathomas G, Ohgaki H (1999) Beta-catenin mutations are frequent in human hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Pathol 155:1795–1801PubMed Huang H, Fujii H, Sankila A, Mahler-Araujo BM, Matsuda M, Cathomas G, Ohgaki H (1999) Beta-catenin mutations are frequent in human hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Pathol 155:1795–1801PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, Chimelli L, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2000) APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol 156:433–437PubMed Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, Chimelli L, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2000) APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol 156:433–437PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Huber AH, Weis WI (2001) The structure of the beta-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the molecular basis of diverse ligand recognition by beta-catenin. Cell 105:391–402PubMed Huber AH, Weis WI (2001) The structure of the beta-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the molecular basis of diverse ligand recognition by beta-catenin. Cell 105:391–402PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Huelsken J, Vogel R, Erdmann B, Cotsarelis G, Birchmeier W (2001) Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 105:533–545CrossRefPubMed Huelsken J, Vogel R, Erdmann B, Cotsarelis G, Birchmeier W (2001) Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 105:533–545CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hulsken J, Birchmeier W, Behrens J (1994) E-cadherin and APC compete for the interaction with beta-catenin and the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 127:2061–2069 Hulsken J, Birchmeier W, Behrens J (1994) E-cadherin and APC compete for the interaction with beta-catenin and the cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 127:2061–2069
Zurück zum Zitat Ikeda S, Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Murai H, Koyama S, Kikuchi A (1998) Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3beta and beta-catenin and promotes GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin. Embo J 17:1371–1384PubMed Ikeda S, Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Murai H, Koyama S, Kikuchi A (1998) Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3beta and beta-catenin and promotes GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of beta-catenin. Embo J 17:1371–1384PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ikeda S, Kishida M, Matsuura Y, Usui H, Kikuchi A (2000) GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of adenomatous polyposis coli gene product can be modulated by beta-catenin and protein phosphatase 2A complexed with Axin. Oncogene 19:537–545CrossRefPubMed Ikeda S, Kishida M, Matsuura Y, Usui H, Kikuchi A (2000) GSK-3beta-dependent phosphorylation of adenomatous polyposis coli gene product can be modulated by beta-catenin and protein phosphatase 2A complexed with Axin. Oncogene 19:537–545CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ilyas M, Tomlinson IP, Rowan A, Pignatelli M, Bodmer WF (1997) Beta-catenin mutations in cell lines established from human colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:10330–10334CrossRefPubMed Ilyas M, Tomlinson IP, Rowan A, Pignatelli M, Bodmer WF (1997) Beta-catenin mutations in cell lines established from human colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:10330–10334CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Imbert A, Eelkema R, Jordan S, Feiner H, Cowin P (2001) Delta N89 beta-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J Cell Biol 153:555–568CrossRefPubMed Imbert A, Eelkema R, Jordan S, Feiner H, Cowin P (2001) Delta N89 beta-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J Cell Biol 153:555–568CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Inomata M, Ochiai A, Akimoto S, Kitano S, Hirohashi S (1996) Alteration of beta-catenin expression in colonic epithelial cells of familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Cancer Res 56:2213–2217PubMed Inomata M, Ochiai A, Akimoto S, Kitano S, Hirohashi S (1996) Alteration of beta-catenin expression in colonic epithelial cells of familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Cancer Res 56:2213–2217PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jho EH, Zhang T, Domon C, Joo CK, Freund JN, Costantini F (2002) Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2, a negative regulator of the signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 22:1172–1183CrossRefPubMed Jho EH, Zhang T, Domon C, Joo CK, Freund JN, Costantini F (2002) Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2, a negative regulator of the signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol 22:1172–1183CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jimbo T, Kawasaki Y, Koyama R, Sato R, Takada S, Haraguchi K, Akiyama T (2002) Identification of a link between the tumour suppressor APC and the kinesin superfamily. Nat Cell Biol 4:323–327 Jimbo T, Kawasaki Y, Koyama R, Sato R, Takada S, Haraguchi K, Akiyama T (2002) Identification of a link between the tumour suppressor APC and the kinesin superfamily. Nat Cell Biol 4:323–327
Zurück zum Zitat Jonkers J, Korswagen HC, Acton D, Breuer M, Berns A (1997) Activation of a novel proto-oncogene, Frat1, contributes to progression of mouse T-cell lymphomas. Embo J 16:441–450CrossRefPubMed Jonkers J, Korswagen HC, Acton D, Breuer M, Berns A (1997) Activation of a novel proto-oncogene, Frat1, contributes to progression of mouse T-cell lymphomas. Embo J 16:441–450CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kang DE, Soriano S, Xia X, Eberhart CG, De Strooper B, Zheng H, Koo EH (2002) Presenilin couples the paired phosphorylation of beta-catenin independent of axin: implications for beta-catenin activation in tumorigenesis. Cell 110:751–762PubMed Kang DE, Soriano S, Xia X, Eberhart CG, De Strooper B, Zheng H, Koo EH (2002) Presenilin couples the paired phosphorylation of beta-catenin independent of axin: implications for beta-catenin activation in tumorigenesis. Cell 110:751–762PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Nathke IS (2001) A role for the adenomatous polyposis coli protein in chromosome segregation. Nat Cell Biol 3:429–432CrossRefPubMed Kaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Nathke IS (2001) A role for the adenomatous polyposis coli protein in chromosome segregation. Nat Cell Biol 3:429–432CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kawakami M, Kimura Y, Furuhata T, Zenbutsu H, Yanai Y, Mukaiya M, Satoh Y, Murata S, Hirata K (2002) Beta-catenin alteration in cancer of the ampulla of Vater. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 21:23–27 Kawakami M, Kimura Y, Furuhata T, Zenbutsu H, Yanai Y, Mukaiya M, Satoh Y, Murata S, Hirata K (2002) Beta-catenin alteration in cancer of the ampulla of Vater. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 21:23–27
Zurück zum Zitat Kawasaki Y, Senda T, Ishidate T, Koyama R, Morishita T, Iwayama Y, Higuchi O, Akiyama T (2000) Asef, a link between the tumor suppressor APC and G-protein signaling. Science 289:1194–1197CrossRefPubMed Kawasaki Y, Senda T, Ishidate T, Koyama R, Morishita T, Iwayama Y, Higuchi O, Akiyama T (2000) Asef, a link between the tumor suppressor APC and G-protein signaling. Science 289:1194–1197CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kerr NJ, Fukuzawa R, Reeve AE, Sullivan MJ, Fukazawa R (2002) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, pancreatoblastoma, and the wnt signaling pathway. Am J Pathol 160:1541–1542PubMed Kerr NJ, Fukuzawa R, Reeve AE, Sullivan MJ, Fukazawa R (2002) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, pancreatoblastoma, and the wnt signaling pathway. Am J Pathol 160:1541–1542PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kielhorn E, Provost E, Olsen D, D'Aquila TG, Smith BL, Camp RL, Rimm DL (2003) Tissue microarray-based analysis shows phospho-beta-catenin expression in malignant melanoma is associated with poor outcome. Int J Cancer 103:652–656CrossRefPubMed Kielhorn E, Provost E, Olsen D, D'Aquila TG, Smith BL, Camp RL, Rimm DL (2003) Tissue microarray-based analysis shows phospho-beta-catenin expression in malignant melanoma is associated with poor outcome. Int J Cancer 103:652–656CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kielman MF, Rindapaa M, Gaspar C, van Poppel N, Breukel C, van Leeuwen S, Taketo MM, Roberts S, Smits R, Fodde R (2002) Apc modulates embryonic stem-cell differentiation by controlling the dosage of beta-catenin signaling. Nat Genet 32:594–605CrossRefPubMed Kielman MF, Rindapaa M, Gaspar C, van Poppel N, Breukel C, van Leeuwen S, Taketo MM, Roberts S, Smits R, Fodde R (2002) Apc modulates embryonic stem-cell differentiation by controlling the dosage of beta-catenin signaling. Nat Genet 32:594–605CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kim JS, Crooks H, Dracheva T, Nishanian TG, Singh B, Jen J, Waldman T (2002) Oncogenic beta-catenin is required for bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 62:2744–2748PubMed Kim JS, Crooks H, Dracheva T, Nishanian TG, Singh B, Jen J, Waldman T (2002) Oncogenic beta-catenin is required for bone morphogenetic protein 4 expression in human cancer cells. Cancer Res 62:2744–2748PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kim K, Pang KM, Evans M, Hay ED (2000) Overexpression of beta-catenin induces apoptosis independent of its transactivation function with LEF-1 or the involvement of major G1 cell cycle regulators. Mol Biol Cell 11:3509–3523PubMed Kim K, Pang KM, Evans M, Hay ED (2000) Overexpression of beta-catenin induces apoptosis independent of its transactivation function with LEF-1 or the involvement of major G1 cell cycle regulators. Mol Biol Cell 11:3509–3523PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Su LK, Vogelstein B, Bryan TM, Levy DB, Smith KJ, Preisinger AC, Hedge P, McKechnie D, et al (1991) Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253:661–665PubMed Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Su LK, Vogelstein B, Bryan TM, Levy DB, Smith KJ, Preisinger AC, Hedge P, McKechnie D, et al (1991) Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253:661–665PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87:159–170PubMed Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87:159–170PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Ikeda S, Kishida M, Sakamoto I, Koyama S, Kikuchi A (1998) Axin, a negative regulator of the wnt signaling pathway, directly interacts with adenomatous polyposis coli and regulates the stabilization of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem 273:10823–10826PubMed Kishida S, Yamamoto H, Ikeda S, Kishida M, Sakamoto I, Koyama S, Kikuchi A (1998) Axin, a negative regulator of the wnt signaling pathway, directly interacts with adenomatous polyposis coli and regulates the stabilization of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem 273:10823–10826PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kitaeva MN, Grogan L, Williams JP, Dimond E, Nakahara K, Hausner P, DeNobile JW, Soballe PW, Kirsch IR (1997) Mutations in beta-catenin are uncommon in colorectal cancer occurring in occasional replication error-positive tumors. Cancer Res 57:4478–4481PubMed Kitaeva MN, Grogan L, Williams JP, Dimond E, Nakahara K, Hausner P, DeNobile JW, Soballe PW, Kirsch IR (1997) Mutations in beta-catenin are uncommon in colorectal cancer occurring in occasional replication error-positive tumors. Cancer Res 57:4478–4481PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kitagawa M, Hatakeyama S, Shirane M, Matsumoto M, Ishida N, Hattori K, Nakamichi I, Kikuchi A, Nakayama K (1999) An F-box protein, FWD1, mediates ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of beta-catenin. Embo J 18:2401–2410PubMed Kitagawa M, Hatakeyama S, Shirane M, Matsumoto M, Ishida N, Hattori K, Nakamichi I, Kikuchi A, Nakayama K (1999) An F-box protein, FWD1, mediates ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of beta-catenin. Embo J 18:2401–2410PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koch A, Denkhaus D, Albrecht S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D, Pietsch T (1999) Childhood hepatoblastomas frequently carry a mutated degradation targeting box of the beta-catenin gene. Cancer Res 59:269–273PubMed Koch A, Denkhaus D, Albrecht S, Leuschner I, von Schweinitz D, Pietsch T (1999) Childhood hepatoblastomas frequently carry a mutated degradation targeting box of the beta-catenin gene. Cancer Res 59:269–273PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koch A, Waha A, Tonn JC, Sorensen N, Berthold F, Wolter M, Reifenberger J, Hartmann W, Friedl W, Reifenberger G, Wiestler OD, Pietsch T (2001) Somatic mutations of WNT/wingless signaling pathway components in primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Int J Cancer 93:445–449CrossRefPubMed Koch A, Waha A, Tonn JC, Sorensen N, Berthold F, Wolter M, Reifenberger J, Hartmann W, Friedl W, Reifenberger G, Wiestler OD, Pietsch T (2001) Somatic mutations of WNT/wingless signaling pathway components in primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Int J Cancer 93:445–449CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koesters R, Ridder R, Kopp-Schneider A, Betts D, Adams V, Niggli F, Briner J von Knebel, Doeberitz M (1999) Mutational activation of the beta-catenin proto-oncogene is a common event in the development of Wilms' tumors. Cancer Res 59:3880–3882PubMed Koesters R, Ridder R, Kopp-Schneider A, Betts D, Adams V, Niggli F, Briner J von Knebel, Doeberitz M (1999) Mutational activation of the beta-catenin proto-oncogene is a common event in the development of Wilms' tumors. Cancer Res 59:3880–3882PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koh TJ, Bulitta CJ, Fleming JV, Dockray GJ, Varro A, Wang TC (2000) Gastrin is a target of the beta-catenin/TCF-4 growth-signaling pathway in a model of intestinal polyposis. J Clin Invest 106:533–539PubMed Koh TJ, Bulitta CJ, Fleming JV, Dockray GJ, Varro A, Wang TC (2000) Gastrin is a target of the beta-catenin/TCF-4 growth-signaling pathway in a model of intestinal polyposis. J Clin Invest 106:533–539PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kolligs FT, Nieman MT, Winer I, Hu G, Van Mater D, Feng Y, Smith IM, Wu R, Zhai Y, Cho KR, Fearon ER (2002) ITF-2, a downstream target of the Wnt/TCF pathway, is activated in human cancers with beta-catenin defects and promotes neoplastic transformation. Cancer Cell 1:145–155CrossRefPubMed Kolligs FT, Nieman MT, Winer I, Hu G, Van Mater D, Feng Y, Smith IM, Wu R, Zhai Y, Cho KR, Fearon ER (2002) ITF-2, a downstream target of the Wnt/TCF pathway, is activated in human cancers with beta-catenin defects and promotes neoplastic transformation. Cancer Cell 1:145–155CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Korinek V, Barker N, Morin PJ, van Wichen D, de Weger R, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Clevers H (1997) Constitutive transcriptional activation by a beta-catenin-Tcf complex in APC-/- colon carcinoma. Science 275:1784–1787PubMed Korinek V, Barker N, Morin PJ, van Wichen D, de Weger R, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Clevers H (1997) Constitutive transcriptional activation by a beta-catenin-Tcf complex in APC-/- colon carcinoma. Science 275:1784–1787PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kramps T, Peter O, Brunner E, Nellen D, Froesch B, Chatterjee S, Murone M, Zullig S, Basler K (2002) Wnt/wingless signaling requires BCL9/legless-mediated recruitment of pygopus to the nuclear beta-catenin-TCF complex. Cell 109:47–60PubMed Kramps T, Peter O, Brunner E, Nellen D, Froesch B, Chatterjee S, Murone M, Zullig S, Basler K (2002) Wnt/wingless signaling requires BCL9/legless-mediated recruitment of pygopus to the nuclear beta-catenin-TCF complex. Cell 109:47–60PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kratochwil K, Dull M, Farinas I, Galceran J, Grosschedl R (1996) Lef1 expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development. Genes Dev 10:1382–1394PubMed Kratochwil K, Dull M, Farinas I, Galceran J, Grosschedl R (1996) Lef1 expression is activated by BMP-4 and regulates inductive tissue interactions in tooth and hair development. Genes Dev 10:1382–1394PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kuhnen C, Herter P, Muller O, Muehlberger T, Krause L, Homann H, Steinau HU, Muller KM (2000) Beta-catenin in soft tissue sarcomas: expression is related to proliferative activity in high-grade sarcomas. Mod Pathol 13:1005–1013PubMed Kuhnen C, Herter P, Muller O, Muehlberger T, Krause L, Homann H, Steinau HU, Muller KM (2000) Beta-catenin in soft tissue sarcomas: expression is related to proliferative activity in high-grade sarcomas. Mod Pathol 13:1005–1013PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kusafuka T, Miao J, Kuroda S, Udatsu Y, Yoneda A (2002) Codon 45 of the beta-catenin gene, a specific mutational target site of Wilms' tumor. Int J Mol Med 10:395–399PubMed Kusafuka T, Miao J, Kuroda S, Udatsu Y, Yoneda A (2002) Codon 45 of the beta-catenin gene, a specific mutational target site of Wilms' tumor. Int J Mol Med 10:395–399PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lamlum H, Ilyas M, Rowan A, Clark S, Johnson V, Bell J, Frayling I, Efstathiou J, Pack K, Payne S, Roylance R, Gorman P, Sheer D, Neale K, Phillips R, Talbot I, Bodmer W, Tomlinson I (1999) The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson's 'two-hit' hypothesis. Nat Med 5:1071–1075PubMed Lamlum H, Ilyas M, Rowan A, Clark S, Johnson V, Bell J, Frayling I, Efstathiou J, Pack K, Payne S, Roylance R, Gorman P, Sheer D, Neale K, Phillips R, Talbot I, Bodmer W, Tomlinson I (1999) The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson's 'two-hit' hypothesis. Nat Med 5:1071–1075PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lamlum H, Al Tassan N, Jaeger E, Frayling I, Sieber O, Reza FB, Eckert M, Rowan A, Barclay E, Atkin W, Williams C, Gilbert J, Cheadle J, Bell J, Houlston R, Bodmer W, Sampson J, Tomlinson I (2000) Germline APC variants in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas, with evidence for the particular importance of E1317Q. Hum Mol Genet 9:2215–2221PubMed Lamlum H, Al Tassan N, Jaeger E, Frayling I, Sieber O, Reza FB, Eckert M, Rowan A, Barclay E, Atkin W, Williams C, Gilbert J, Cheadle J, Bell J, Houlston R, Bodmer W, Sampson J, Tomlinson I (2000) Germline APC variants in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas, with evidence for the particular importance of E1317Q. Hum Mol Genet 9:2215–2221PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JH, Abraham SC, Kim HS, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Rashid A, Hamilton SR, Wu TT (2002) Inverse relationship between APC gene mutation in gastric adenomas and development of adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 161:611–618PubMed Lee JH, Abraham SC, Kim HS, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Rashid A, Hamilton SR, Wu TT (2002) Inverse relationship between APC gene mutation in gastric adenomas and development of adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol 161:611–618PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leung JY, Kolligs FT, Wu R, Zhai Y, Kuick R, Hanash S, Cho KR, Fearon ER (2002) Activation of AXIN2 expression by beta-catenin-T cell factor. A feedback repressor pathway regulating Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 277:21657–21665CrossRefPubMed Leung JY, Kolligs FT, Wu R, Zhai Y, Kuick R, Hanash S, Cho KR, Fearon ER (2002) Activation of AXIN2 expression by beta-catenin-T cell factor. A feedback repressor pathway regulating Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 277:21657–21665CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Li C, Bapat B, Alman BA (1998) Adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutation alters proliferation through its beta-catenin-regulatory function in aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor). Am J Pathol 153:709–714PubMed Li C, Bapat B, Alman BA (1998) Adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutation alters proliferation through its beta-catenin-regulatory function in aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor). Am J Pathol 153:709–714PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Li L, Yuan H, Weaver CD, Mao J, Farr GH 3rd, Sussman DJ, Jonkers J, Kimelman D, Wu D (1999) Axin and Frat1 interact with dvl and GSK, bridging Dvl to GSK in Wnt-mediated regulation of LEF-1. Embo J 18:4233–4240CrossRefPubMed Li L, Yuan H, Weaver CD, Mao J, Farr GH 3rd, Sussman DJ, Jonkers J, Kimelman D, Wu D (1999) Axin and Frat1 interact with dvl and GSK, bridging Dvl to GSK in Wnt-mediated regulation of LEF-1. Embo J 18:4233–4240CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lijam N, Paylor R, McDonald MP, Crawley JN, Deng CX, Herrup K, Stevens KE, Maccaferri G, McBain CJ, Sussman DJ, Wynshaw-Boris A (1997) Social interaction and sensorimotor gating abnormalities in mice lacking Dvl1. Cell 90:895–905PubMed Lijam N, Paylor R, McDonald MP, Crawley JN, Deng CX, Herrup K, Stevens KE, Maccaferri G, McBain CJ, Sussman DJ, Wynshaw-Boris A (1997) Social interaction and sensorimotor gating abnormalities in mice lacking Dvl1. Cell 90:895–905PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lin YM, Ono K, Satoh S, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Miwa N, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Yang KC, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y (2001) Identification of AF17 as a downstream gene of the beta-catenin/T-cell factor pathway and its involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 61:6345–6349PubMed Lin YM, Ono K, Satoh S, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Miwa N, Tanaka T, Tsunoda T, Yang KC, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y (2001) Identification of AF17 as a downstream gene of the beta-catenin/T-cell factor pathway and its involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 61:6345–6349PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu C, Li Y, Semenov M, Han C, Baeg GH, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Lin X, He X (2002) Control of beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation by a dual-kinase mechanism. Cell 108:837–847PubMed Liu C, Li Y, Semenov M, Han C, Baeg GH, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Lin X, He X (2002) Control of beta-catenin phosphorylation/degradation by a dual-kinase mechanism. Cell 108:837–847PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu J, Stevens J, Rote CA, Yost HJ, Hu Y, Neufeld KL, White RL, Matsunami N (2001a) Siah-1 mediates a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol Cell 7:927–936CrossRefPubMed Liu J, Stevens J, Rote CA, Yost HJ, Hu Y, Neufeld KL, White RL, Matsunami N (2001a) Siah-1 mediates a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol Cell 7:927–936CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu T, DeCostanzo AJ, Liu X, Wang H, Hallagan S, Moon RT, Malbon CC (2001b) G protein signaling from activated rat frizzled-1 to the beta-catenin-Lef-Tcf pathway. Science 292:1718–1722PubMed Liu T, DeCostanzo AJ, Liu X, Wang H, Hallagan S, Moon RT, Malbon CC (2001b) G protein signaling from activated rat frizzled-1 to the beta-catenin-Lef-Tcf pathway. Science 292:1718–1722PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Liu W, Dong X, Mai M, Seelan RS, Taniguchi K, Krishnadath KK, Halling KC, Cunningham JM, Boardman LA, Qian C, Christensen E, Schmidt SS, Roche PC, Smith DI, Thibodeau SN (2000) Mutations in AXIN2 cause colorectal cancer with defective mismatch repair by activating beta-catenin/TCF signalling. Nat Genet 26:146–147CrossRefPubMed Liu W, Dong X, Mai M, Seelan RS, Taniguchi K, Krishnadath KK, Halling KC, Cunningham JM, Boardman LA, Qian C, Christensen E, Schmidt SS, Roche PC, Smith DI, Thibodeau SN (2000) Mutations in AXIN2 cause colorectal cancer with defective mismatch repair by activating beta-catenin/TCF signalling. Nat Genet 26:146–147CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lockhart-Mummery A (1925) Cancer and Heredity. Lancet 1:427–429 Lockhart-Mummery A (1925) Cancer and Heredity. Lancet 1:427–429
Zurück zum Zitat Lovig T, Meling GI, Diep CB, Thorstensen L, Norheim Andersen S, Lothe RA, Rognum TO (2002) APC and CTNNB1 mutations in a large series of sporadic colorectal carcinomas stratified by the microsatellite instability status. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:1184–1193CrossRefPubMed Lovig T, Meling GI, Diep CB, Thorstensen L, Norheim Andersen S, Lothe RA, Rognum TO (2002) APC and CTNNB1 mutations in a large series of sporadic colorectal carcinomas stratified by the microsatellite instability status. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:1184–1193CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Schlag PM, Birchmeier W, Behrens J (2002) Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol 22:1184–1193CrossRefPubMed Lustig B, Jerchow B, Sachs M, Weiler S, Pietsch T, Karsten U, van de Wetering M, Clevers H, Schlag PM, Birchmeier W, Behrens J (2002) Negative feedback loop of Wnt signaling through upregulation of conductin/axin2 in colorectal and liver tumors. Mol Cell Biol 22:1184–1193CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Maiti S, Alam R, Amos CI, Huff V (2000) Frequent association of beta-catenin and WT1 mutations in Wilms tumors. Cancer Res 60:6288–6292PubMed Maiti S, Alam R, Amos CI, Huff V (2000) Frequent association of beta-catenin and WT1 mutations in Wilms tumors. Cancer Res 60:6288–6292PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Malbon CC, Wang H, Moon RT (2001) Wnt signaling and heterotrimeric G-proteins: strange bedfellows or a classic romance? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287:589–593CrossRefPubMed Malbon CC, Wang H, Moon RT (2001) Wnt signaling and heterotrimeric G-proteins: strange bedfellows or a classic romance? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287:589–593CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Glinka A, Niehrs C (2001a) LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Nature 411:321–325CrossRefPubMed Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Glinka A, Niehrs C (2001a) LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Nature 411:321–325CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mao J, Wang J, Liu B, Pan W, Farr GH 3rd, Flynn C, Yuan H, Takada S, Kimelman D, Li L, Wu D (2001b) Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 binds to Axin and regulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Mol Cell 7:801–809CrossRefPubMed Mao J, Wang J, Liu B, Pan W, Farr GH 3rd, Flynn C, Yuan H, Takada S, Kimelman D, Li L, Wu D (2001b) Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 binds to Axin and regulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Mol Cell 7:801–809CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mao B, Wu W, Davidson G, Marhold J, Li M, Mechler BM, Delius H, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Walter C, Glinka A, Niehrs C (2002) Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. Nature 417:664–667CrossRefPubMed Mao B, Wu W, Davidson G, Marhold J, Li M, Mechler BM, Delius H, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Walter C, Glinka A, Niehrs C (2002) Kremen proteins are Dickkopf receptors that regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. Nature 417:664–667CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Marchenko GN, Marchenko ND, Leng J, Strongin AY (2002) Promoter characterization of the novel human matrix metalloproteinase-26 gene: regulation by the T-cell factor-4 implies specific expression of the gene in cancer cells of epithelial origin. Biochem J 363:253–262CrossRefPubMed Marchenko GN, Marchenko ND, Leng J, Strongin AY (2002) Promoter characterization of the novel human matrix metalloproteinase-26 gene: regulation by the T-cell factor-4 implies specific expression of the gene in cancer cells of epithelial origin. Biochem J 363:253–262CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Martin B, Schneider R, Janetzky S, Waibler Z, Pandur P, Kuhl M, Behrens J, von der Mark K, Starzinski-Powitz A, Wixler V (2002) The LIM-only protein FHL2 interacts with beta-catenin and promotes differentiation of mouse myoblasts. J Cell Biol 159:113–122CrossRefPubMed Martin B, Schneider R, Janetzky S, Waibler Z, Pandur P, Kuhl M, Behrens J, von der Mark K, Starzinski-Powitz A, Wixler V (2002) The LIM-only protein FHL2 interacts with beta-catenin and promotes differentiation of mouse myoblasts. J Cell Biol 159:113–122CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Matsumine A, Ogai A, Senda T, Okumura N, Satoh K, Baeg GH, Kawahara T, Kobayashi S, Okada M, Toyoshima K, Akiyama T (1996) Binding of APC to the human homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Science 272:1020–1023PubMed Matsumine A, Ogai A, Senda T, Okumura N, Satoh K, Baeg GH, Kawahara T, Kobayashi S, Okada M, Toyoshima K, Akiyama T (1996) Binding of APC to the human homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Science 272:1020–1023PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC (2001) Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell 7:915–926CrossRefPubMed Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC (2001) Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell 7:915–926CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat McCrea PD, Turck CW, Gumbiner B (1991) A homolog of the armadillo protein in Drosophila (plakoglobin) associated with E-cadherin. Science 254:1359–1361PubMed McCrea PD, Turck CW, Gumbiner B (1991) A homolog of the armadillo protein in Drosophila (plakoglobin) associated with E-cadherin. Science 254:1359–1361PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Miller JR (2002) The Wnts. Genome Biol 3[Review]:S3001 Miller JR (2002) The Wnts. Genome Biol 3[Review]:S3001
Zurück zum Zitat Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Shiina N, Tsukita S (2000) The dynamic behavior of the APC-binding protein EB1 on the distal ends of microtubules. Curr Biol 10:865–868CrossRefPubMed Mimori-Kiyosue Y, Shiina N, Tsukita S (2000) The dynamic behavior of the APC-binding protein EB1 on the distal ends of microtubules. Curr Biol 10:865–868CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mirabelli-Primdahl L, Gryfe R, Kim H, Millar A, Luceri C, Dale D, Holowaty E, Bapat B, Gallinger S, Redston M (1999) Beta-catenin mutations are specific for colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability but occur in endometrial carcinomas irrespective of mutator pathway. Cancer Res 59:3346–3351PubMed Mirabelli-Primdahl L, Gryfe R, Kim H, Millar A, Luceri C, Dale D, Holowaty E, Bapat B, Gallinger S, Redston M (1999) Beta-catenin mutations are specific for colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability but occur in endometrial carcinomas irrespective of mutator pathway. Cancer Res 59:3346–3351PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Miyaki M, Iijima T, Kimura J, Yasuno M, Mori T, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Shitara N, Iwama T, Kuroki T (1999) Frequent mutation of beta-catenin and APC genes in primary colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 59:4506–4509PubMed Miyaki M, Iijima T, Kimura J, Yasuno M, Mori T, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Shitara N, Iwama T, Kuroki T (1999) Frequent mutation of beta-catenin and APC genes in primary colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 59:4506–4509PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Miyoshi Y, Iwao K, Nawa G, Yoshikawa H, Ochi T, Nakamura Y (1998) Frequent mutations in the beta-catenin gene in desmoid tumors from patients without familial adenomatous polyposis. Oncol Res 10:591–594PubMed Miyoshi Y, Iwao K, Nawa G, Yoshikawa H, Ochi T, Nakamura Y (1998) Frequent mutations in the beta-catenin gene in desmoid tumors from patients without familial adenomatous polyposis. Oncol Res 10:591–594PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mogensen MM, Tucker JB, Mackie JB, Prescott AR, Nathke IS (2002) The adenomatous polyposis coli protein unambiguously localizes to microtubule plus ends and is involved in establishing parallel arrays of microtubule bundles in highly polarized epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 157:1041–1048CrossRefPubMed Mogensen MM, Tucker JB, Mackie JB, Prescott AR, Nathke IS (2002) The adenomatous polyposis coli protein unambiguously localizes to microtubule plus ends and is involved in establishing parallel arrays of microtubule bundles in highly polarized epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 157:1041–1048CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Molenaar M, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Peterson-Maduro J, Godsave S, Korinek V, Roose J, Destree O, Clevers H (1996) XTcf-3 transcription factor mediates beta-catenin-induced axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 86:391–399PubMed Molenaar M, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Peterson-Maduro J, Godsave S, Korinek V, Roose J, Destree O, Clevers H (1996) XTcf-3 transcription factor mediates beta-catenin-induced axis formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 86:391–399PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Sanchez C, Sarrio D, Cassia R, Garcia-Rostan G, Prat J, Guo M, Herman JG, Matias-Guiu X, Esteller M, Palacios J (2002) Abnormalities of the APC/beta-catenin pathway in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 21:7981–7990CrossRefPubMed Moreno-Bueno G, Hardisson D, Sanchez C, Sarrio D, Cassia R, Garcia-Rostan G, Prat J, Guo M, Herman JG, Matias-Guiu X, Esteller M, Palacios J (2002) Abnormalities of the APC/beta-catenin pathway in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 21:7981–7990CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, Barker N, Clevers H, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1997) Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science 275:1787–1790PubMed Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, Barker N, Clevers H, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1997) Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science 275:1787–1790PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mukhopadhyay M, Shtrom S, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Chen L, Tsukui T, Gomer L, Dorward DW, Glinka A, Grinberg A, Huang SP, Niehrs C, Belmonte JC, Westphal H (2001) Dickkopf1 is required for embryonic head induction and limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Cell 1:423–434PubMed Mukhopadhyay M, Shtrom S, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Chen L, Tsukui T, Gomer L, Dorward DW, Glinka A, Grinberg A, Huang SP, Niehrs C, Belmonte JC, Westphal H (2001) Dickkopf1 is required for embryonic head induction and limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev Cell 1:423–434PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mulholland DJ, Cheng H, Reid K, Rennie PS, Nelson CC (2002) The androgen receptor can promote beta-catenin nuclear translocation independently of adenomatous polyposis coli. J Biol Chem 277:17933–17943CrossRefPubMed Mulholland DJ, Cheng H, Reid K, Rennie PS, Nelson CC (2002) The androgen receptor can promote beta-catenin nuclear translocation independently of adenomatous polyposis coli. J Biol Chem 277:17933–17943CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Munemitsu S, Albert I, Souza B, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P (1995) Regulation of intracellular beta-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3046–3050PubMed Munemitsu S, Albert I, Souza B, Rubinfeld B, Polakis P (1995) Regulation of intracellular beta-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3046–3050PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura M, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (2001) Critical role for the EB1 and APC interaction in the regulation of microtubule polymerization. Curr Biol 11:1062–1067CrossRefPubMed Nakamura M, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (2001) Critical role for the EB1 and APC interaction in the regulation of microtubule polymerization. Curr Biol 11:1062–1067CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nathke IS, Adams CL, Polakis P, Sellin JH, Nelson WJ (1996) The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein localizes to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration. J Cell Biol 134:165–179PubMed Nathke IS, Adams CL, Polakis P, Sellin JH, Nelson WJ (1996) The adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein localizes to plasma membrane sites involved in active cell migration. J Cell Biol 134:165–179PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Niemann C, Owens DM, Hulsken J, Birchmeier W, Watt FM (2002) Expression of DeltaNLef1 in mouse epidermis results in differentiation of hair follicles into squamous epidermal cysts and formation of skin tumours. Development 129:95–109PubMed Niemann C, Owens DM, Hulsken J, Birchmeier W, Watt FM (2002) Expression of DeltaNLef1 in mouse epidermis results in differentiation of hair follicles into squamous epidermal cysts and formation of skin tumours. Development 129:95–109PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Omholt K, Platz A, Ringborg U, Hansson J (2001) Cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin is rarely caused by CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 92:839–842CrossRefPubMed Omholt K, Platz A, Ringborg U, Hansson J (2001) Cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin is rarely caused by CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 92:839–842CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Oshima M, Oshima H, Kitagawa K, Kobayashi M, Itakura C, Taketo M (1995) Loss of Apc heterozygosity and abnormal tissue building in nascent intestinal polyps in mice carrying a truncated Apc gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4482–4486PubMed Oshima M, Oshima H, Kitagawa K, Kobayashi M, Itakura C, Taketo M (1995) Loss of Apc heterozygosity and abnormal tissue building in nascent intestinal polyps in mice carrying a truncated Apc gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4482–4486PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E, Trzaskos JM, Evans JF, Taketo MM (1996) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 87:803–809PubMed Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E, Trzaskos JM, Evans JF, Taketo MM (1996) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell 87:803–809PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ougolkov AV, Yamashita K, Mai M, Minamoto T (2002) Oncogenic beta-catenin and MMP-7 (matrilysin) cosegregate in late-stage clinical colon cancer. Gastroenterology 122:60–71 Ougolkov AV, Yamashita K, Mai M, Minamoto T (2002) Oncogenic beta-catenin and MMP-7 (matrilysin) cosegregate in late-stage clinical colon cancer. Gastroenterology 122:60–71
Zurück zum Zitat Park WS, Oh RR, Park JY, Lee SH, Shin MS, Kim YS, Kim SY, Lee HK, Kim PJ, Oh ST, Yoo NJ, Lee JY (1999) Frequent somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene in intestinal-type gastric cancer. Cancer Res 59:4257–4260PubMed Park WS, Oh RR, Park JY, Lee SH, Shin MS, Kim YS, Kim SY, Lee HK, Kim PJ, Oh ST, Yoo NJ, Lee JY (1999) Frequent somatic mutations of the beta-catenin gene in intestinal-type gastric cancer. Cancer Res 59:4257–4260PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Park WS, Oh RR, Park JY, Kim PJ, Shin MS, Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee SH, Kim SY, Park YG, An WG, Jang JJ, Yoo NJ, Lee JY (2001) Nuclear localization of beta-catenin is an important prognostic factor in hepatoblastoma. J Pathol 193:483–490PubMed Park WS, Oh RR, Park JY, Kim PJ, Shin MS, Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee SH, Kim SY, Park YG, An WG, Jang JJ, Yoo NJ, Lee JY (2001) Nuclear localization of beta-catenin is an important prognostic factor in hepatoblastoma. J Pathol 193:483–490PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Peifer M (1993) Cancer, catenins, and cuticle pattern: a complex connection. Science 262:1667–1668PubMed Peifer M (1993) Cancer, catenins, and cuticle pattern: a complex connection. Science 262:1667–1668PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Peifer M, Berg S, Reynolds AB (1994) A repeating amino acid motif shared by proteins with diverse cellular roles. Cell 76:789–791PubMed Peifer M, Berg S, Reynolds AB (1994) A repeating amino acid motif shared by proteins with diverse cellular roles. Cell 76:789–791PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pennica D, Swanson TA, Welsh JW, Roy MA, Lawrence DA, Lee J, Brush J, Taneyhill LA, Deuel B, Lew M, Watanabe C, Cohen RL, Melhem MF, Finley GG, Quirke P, Goddard AD, Hillan KJ, Gurney AL, Botstein D, Levine AJ (1998) WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are up-regulated in wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14717–14722PubMed Pennica D, Swanson TA, Welsh JW, Roy MA, Lawrence DA, Lee J, Brush J, Taneyhill LA, Deuel B, Lew M, Watanabe C, Cohen RL, Melhem MF, Finley GG, Quirke P, Goddard AD, Hillan KJ, Gurney AL, Botstein D, Levine AJ (1998) WISP genes are members of the connective tissue growth factor family that are up-regulated in wnt-1-transformed cells and aberrantly expressed in human colon tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:14717–14722PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Polakis P (2000) Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev 14:1837–1851PubMed Polakis P (2000) Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev 14:1837–1851PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pollock PM, Hayward N (2002) Mutations in exon 3 of the beta-catenin gene are rare in melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 12:183–186CrossRefPubMed Pollock PM, Hayward N (2002) Mutations in exon 3 of the beta-catenin gene are rare in melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 12:183–186CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Reifenberger J, Knobbe CB, Wolter M, Blaschke B, Schulte KW, Pietsch T, Ruzicka T, Reifenberger G (2002) Molecular genetic analysis of malignant melanomas for aberrations of the WNT signaling pathway genes CTNNB1, APC, ICAT and BTRC. Int J Cancer 100:549–556CrossRefPubMed Reifenberger J, Knobbe CB, Wolter M, Blaschke B, Schulte KW, Pietsch T, Ruzicka T, Reifenberger G (2002) Molecular genetic analysis of malignant melanomas for aberrations of the WNT signaling pathway genes CTNNB1, APC, ICAT and BTRC. Int J Cancer 100:549–556CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rimm DL, Caca K, Hu G, Harrison FB, Fearon ER (1999) Frequent nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin without exon 3 mutations in malignant melanoma. Am J Pathol 154:325–329PubMed Rimm DL, Caca K, Hu G, Harrison FB, Fearon ER (1999) Frequent nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin without exon 3 mutations in malignant melanoma. Am J Pathol 154:325–329PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rockman SP, Currie SA, Ciavarella M, Vincan E, Dow C, Thomas RJ, Phillips WA (2001) Id2 is a target of the beta-catenin/T cell factor pathway in colon carcinoma. J Biol Chem 276:45113–45119CrossRefPubMed Rockman SP, Currie SA, Ciavarella M, Vincan E, Dow C, Thomas RJ, Phillips WA (2001) Id2 is a target of the beta-catenin/T cell factor pathway in colon carcinoma. J Biol Chem 276:45113–45119CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Romagnolo B, Berrebi D, Saadi-Keddoucci S, Porteu A, Pichard AL, Peuchmaur M, Vandewalle A, Kahn A, Perret C (1999) Intestinal dysplasia and adenoma in transgenic mice after overexpression of an activated beta-catenin. Cancer Res 59:3875–3879PubMed Romagnolo B, Berrebi D, Saadi-Keddoucci S, Porteu A, Pichard AL, Peuchmaur M, Vandewalle A, Kahn A, Perret C (1999) Intestinal dysplasia and adenoma in transgenic mice after overexpression of an activated beta-catenin. Cancer Res 59:3875–3879PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Roose J, Molenaar M, Peterson J, Hurenkamp J, Brantjes H, Moerer P, van de Wetering M, Destree O, Clevers H (1998) The Xenopus Wnt effector XTcf-3 interacts with Groucho-related transcriptional repressors. Nature 395:608–612PubMed Roose J, Molenaar M, Peterson J, Hurenkamp J, Brantjes H, Moerer P, van de Wetering M, Destree O, Clevers H (1998) The Xenopus Wnt effector XTcf-3 interacts with Groucho-related transcriptional repressors. Nature 395:608–612PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Roose J, Clevers H (1999) TCF transcription factors: molecular switches in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1424:M23–37CrossRefPubMed Roose J, Clevers H (1999) TCF transcription factors: molecular switches in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1424:M23–37CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Roose J, Huls G, van Beest M, Moerer P, van der Horn K, Goldschmeding R, Logtenberg T, Clevers H (1999) Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science 285:1923–1926CrossRefPubMed Roose J, Huls G, van Beest M, Moerer P, van der Horn K, Goldschmeding R, Logtenberg T, Clevers H (1999) Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science 285:1923–1926CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Ihrke G, Bienz M (2001) Actin-dependent membrane association of the APC tumour suppressor in polarized mammalian epithelial cells. Embo J 20:5929–5939CrossRefPubMed Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Ihrke G, Bienz M (2001) Actin-dependent membrane association of the APC tumour suppressor in polarized mammalian epithelial cells. Embo J 20:5929–5939CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rousset R, Mack JA, Wharton KA Jr, Axelrod JD, Cadigan KM, Fish MP, Nusse R, Scott MP (2001) Naked cuticle targets dishevelled to antagonize Wnt signal transduction. Genes Dev 15:658–6571CrossRefPubMed Rousset R, Mack JA, Wharton KA Jr, Axelrod JD, Cadigan KM, Fish MP, Nusse R, Scott MP (2001) Naked cuticle targets dishevelled to antagonize Wnt signal transduction. Genes Dev 15:658–6571CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rubinfeld B, Albert I, Porfiri E, Fiol C, Munemitsu S, Polakis P (1996) Binding of GSK3beta to the APC-beta-catenin complex and regulation of complex assembly. Science 272:1023–1026PubMed Rubinfeld B, Albert I, Porfiri E, Fiol C, Munemitsu S, Polakis P (1996) Binding of GSK3beta to the APC-beta-catenin complex and regulation of complex assembly. Science 272:1023–1026PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rubinfeld B, Robbins P, El-Gamil M, Albert I, Porfiri E, Polakis P (1997) Stabilization of beta-catenin by genetic defects in melanoma cell lines. Science 275:1790–1792PubMed Rubinfeld B, Robbins P, El-Gamil M, Albert I, Porfiri E, Polakis P (1997) Stabilization of beta-catenin by genetic defects in melanoma cell lines. Science 275:1790–1792PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rubinfeld B, Tice DA, Polakis P (2001) Axin-dependent phosphorylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein mediated by casein kinase 1epsilon. J Biol Chem 276:39037–39045CrossRefPubMed Rubinfeld B, Tice DA, Polakis P (2001) Axin-dependent phosphorylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein mediated by casein kinase 1epsilon. J Biol Chem 276:39037–39045CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ruckert S, Hiendlmeyer E, Brueckl WM, Oswald U, Beyser K, Dietmaier W, Haynl A, Koch C, Ruschoff J, Brabletz T, Kirchner T, Jung A (2002) T-cell factor-4 frameshift mutations occur frequently in human microsatellite instability-high colorectal carcinomas but do not contribute to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 62:3009–3013PubMed Ruckert S, Hiendlmeyer E, Brueckl WM, Oswald U, Beyser K, Dietmaier W, Haynl A, Koch C, Ruschoff J, Brabletz T, Kirchner T, Jung A (2002) T-cell factor-4 frameshift mutations occur frequently in human microsatellite instability-high colorectal carcinomas but do not contribute to carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 62:3009–3013PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sadot E, Geiger B, Oren M, Ben-Ze'ev A (2001) Down-regulation of beta-catenin by activated p53. Mol Cell Biol 21:6768–6781CrossRefPubMed Sadot E, Geiger B, Oren M, Ben-Ze'ev A (2001) Down-regulation of beta-catenin by activated p53. Mol Cell Biol 21:6768–6781CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Adachi T, Saito T, Tamiya S, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M (2002) Beta-catenin accumulation and gene mutation in exon 3 in dedifferentiated liposarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 126:1071–1078PubMed Sakamoto A, Oda Y, Adachi T, Saito T, Tamiya S, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M (2002) Beta-catenin accumulation and gene mutation in exon 3 in dedifferentiated liposarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 126:1071–1078PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sakanaka C, Weiss JB, Williams LT (1998) Bridging of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by axin and inhibition of beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3020–3023CrossRefPubMed Sakanaka C, Weiss JB, Williams LT (1998) Bridging of beta-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by axin and inhibition of beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3020–3023CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Salic A, Lee E, Mayer L, Kirschner MW (2000) Control of beta-catenin stability: reconstitution of the cytoplasmic steps of the wnt pathway in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol Cell 5:523–532PubMed Salic A, Lee E, Mayer L, Kirschner MW (2000) Control of beta-catenin stability: reconstitution of the cytoplasmic steps of the wnt pathway in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol Cell 5:523–532PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sarris A, Ford R (1999) Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol 11:351–363CrossRefPubMed Sarris A, Ford R (1999) Recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol 11:351–363CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Satoh S, Daigo Y, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Miwa N, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Tokino T, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Murata M, Shimano T, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y (2000) AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1. Nat Genet 24:245–250PubMed Satoh S, Daigo Y, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Miwa N, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Tokino T, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Murata M, Shimano T, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y (2000) AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1. Nat Genet 24:245–250PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz-Romond T, Asbrand C, Bakkers J, Kuhl M, Schaeffer HJ, Huelsken J, Behrens J, Hammerschmidt M, Birchmeier W (2002) The ankyrin repeat protein Diversin recruits Casein kinase Iepsilon to the beta-catenin degradation complex and acts in both canonical Wnt and Wnt/JNK signaling. Genes Dev 16:2073–2084CrossRefPubMed Schwarz-Romond T, Asbrand C, Bakkers J, Kuhl M, Schaeffer HJ, Huelsken J, Behrens J, Hammerschmidt M, Birchmeier W (2002) The ankyrin repeat protein Diversin recruits Casein kinase Iepsilon to the beta-catenin degradation complex and acts in both canonical Wnt and Wnt/JNK signaling. Genes Dev 16:2073–2084CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Seeling JM, Miller JR, Gil R, Moon RT, White R, Virshup DM (1999) Regulation of beta-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. Science 283:2089–2091CrossRefPubMed Seeling JM, Miller JR, Gil R, Moon RT, White R, Virshup DM (1999) Regulation of beta-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A. Science 283:2089–2091CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sekine S, Shibata T, Kokubu A, Morishita Y, Noguchi M, Nakanishi Y, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S (2002) Craniopharyngiomas of adamantinomatous type harbor beta-catenin gene mutations. Am J Pathol 161:1997–2001PubMed Sekine S, Shibata T, Kokubu A, Morishita Y, Noguchi M, Nakanishi Y, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S (2002) Craniopharyngiomas of adamantinomatous type harbor beta-catenin gene mutations. Am J Pathol 161:1997–2001PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shibata H, Toyama K, Shioya H, Ito M, Hirota M, Hasegawa S, Matsumoto H, Takano H, Akiyama T, Toyoshima K, Kanamaru R, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Nakamura Y, Shiba K, Noda T (1997) Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene. Science 278:120–123PubMed Shibata H, Toyama K, Shioya H, Ito M, Hirota M, Hasegawa S, Matsumoto H, Takano H, Akiyama T, Toyoshima K, Kanamaru R, Kanegae Y, Saito I, Nakamura Y, Shiba K, Noda T (1997) Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene. Science 278:120–123PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shih IM, Wang TL, Traverso G, Romans K, Hamilton SR, Ben-Sasson S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2001) Top-down morphogenesis of colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2640–2645CrossRefPubMed Shih IM, Wang TL, Traverso G, Romans K, Hamilton SR, Ben-Sasson S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2001) Top-down morphogenesis of colorectal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2640–2645CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shou J, Ali-Osman F, Multani AS, Pathak S, Fedi P, Srivenugopal KS (2002) Human Dkk-1, a gene encoding a Wnt antagonist, responds to DNA damage and its overexpression sensitizes brain tumor cells to apoptosis following alkylation damage of DNA. Oncogene 21:878–889CrossRefPubMed Shou J, Ali-Osman F, Multani AS, Pathak S, Fedi P, Srivenugopal KS (2002) Human Dkk-1, a gene encoding a Wnt antagonist, responds to DNA damage and its overexpression sensitizes brain tumor cells to apoptosis following alkylation damage of DNA. Oncogene 21:878–889CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Simcha I, Albanese C, D'Amico M, Pestell R, Ben-Ze'ev A (1999) The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5522–5527CrossRefPubMed Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Simcha I, Albanese C, D'Amico M, Pestell R, Ben-Ze'ev A (1999) The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin/LEF-1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5522–5527CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Oren M, Levina E, Ben-Ze'ev A (2002) PML is a target gene of beta-catenin and plakoglobin, and coactivates beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Cancer Res 62:5947–5954PubMed Shtutman M, Zhurinsky J, Oren M, Levina E, Ben-Ze'ev A (2002) PML is a target gene of beta-catenin and plakoglobin, and coactivates beta-catenin-mediated transcription. Cancer Res 62:5947–5954PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sieber OM, Heinimann K, Gorman P, Lamlum H, Crabtree M, Simpson CA, Davies D, Neale K, Hodgson SV, Roylance RR, Phillips RK, Bodmer WF, Tomlinson IP (2002) Analysis of chromosomal instability in human colorectal adenomas with two mutational hits at APC. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16910–16915CrossRefPubMed Sieber OM, Heinimann K, Gorman P, Lamlum H, Crabtree M, Simpson CA, Davies D, Neale K, Hodgson SV, Roylance RR, Phillips RK, Bodmer WF, Tomlinson IP (2002) Analysis of chromosomal instability in human colorectal adenomas with two mutational hits at APC. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:16910–16915CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Smits R, Kielman MF, Breukel C, Zurcher C, Neufeld K, Jagmohan-Changur S, Hofland N, van Dijk J, White R, Edelmann W, Kucherlapati R, Khan PM, Fodde R (1999) Apc1638T: a mouse model delineating critical domains of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein involved in tumorigenesis and development. Genes Dev 13:1309–1321PubMed Smits R, Kielman MF, Breukel C, Zurcher C, Neufeld K, Jagmohan-Changur S, Hofland N, van Dijk J, White R, Edelmann W, Kucherlapati R, Khan PM, Fodde R (1999) Apc1638T: a mouse model delineating critical domains of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein involved in tumorigenesis and development. Genes Dev 13:1309–1321PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sokol SY (1999) Wnt signaling and dorso-ventral axis specification in vertebrates. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9:405–410CrossRefPubMed Sokol SY (1999) Wnt signaling and dorso-ventral axis specification in vertebrates. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9:405–410CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sparks AB, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1998) Mutational analysis of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58:1130–1134PubMed Sparks AB, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1998) Mutational analysis of the APC/beta-catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58:1130–1134PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Spiegelman VS, Slaga TJ, Pagano M, Minamoto T, Ronai Z, Fuchs SY (2000) Wnt/beta-catenin signaling induces the expression and activity of betaTrCP ubiquitin ligase receptor. Mol Cell 5:877–882CrossRefPubMed Spiegelman VS, Slaga TJ, Pagano M, Minamoto T, Ronai Z, Fuchs SY (2000) Wnt/beta-catenin signaling induces the expression and activity of betaTrCP ubiquitin ligase receptor. Mol Cell 5:877–882CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Staal FJ, Noort Mv M, Strous GJ, Clevers HC (2002) Wnt signals are transmitted through N-terminally dephosphorylated beta-catenin. EMBO Rep 3:63–68CrossRefPubMed Staal FJ, Noort Mv M, Strous GJ, Clevers HC (2002) Wnt signals are transmitted through N-terminally dephosphorylated beta-catenin. EMBO Rep 3:63–68CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK, Wallace MH, Hawk E, Gordon GB, Wakabayashi N, Saunders B, Shen Y, Fujimura T, Su LK, Levin B (2000) The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342:1946–1952PubMed Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK, Wallace MH, Hawk E, Gordon GB, Wakabayashi N, Saunders B, Shen Y, Fujimura T, Su LK, Levin B (2000) The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 342:1946–1952PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Su LK, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Preisinger AC, Moser AR, Luongo C, Gould KA, Dove WF (1992) Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. Science 256:668–670PubMed Su LK, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Preisinger AC, Moser AR, Luongo C, Gould KA, Dove WF (1992) Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. Science 256:668–670PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Su LK, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1993) Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins. Science 262:1734–1737PubMed Su LK, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1993) Association of the APC tumor suppressor protein with catenins. Science 262:1734–1737PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Su LK, Burrell M, Hill DE, Gyuris J, Brent R, Wiltshire R, Trent J, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1995) APC binds to the novel protein EB1. Cancer Res 55:2972–2977PubMed Su LK, Burrell M, Hill DE, Gyuris J, Brent R, Wiltshire R, Trent J, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (1995) APC binds to the novel protein EB1. Cancer Res 55:2972–2977PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sun TQ, Lu B, Feng JJ, Reinhard C, Jan YN, Fantl WJ, Williams LT (2001) PAR-1 is a Dishevelled-associated kinase and a positive regulator of Wnt signalling. Nat Cell Biol 3:628–636 Sun TQ, Lu B, Feng JJ, Reinhard C, Jan YN, Fantl WJ, Williams LT (2001) PAR-1 is a Dishevelled-associated kinase and a positive regulator of Wnt signalling. Nat Cell Biol 3:628–636
Zurück zum Zitat Takahashi M, Fujita M, Furukawa Y, Hamamoto R, Shimokawa T, Miwa N, Ogawa M, Nakamura Y (2002) Isolation of a novel human gene, APCDD1, as a direct target of the beta-Catenin/T-cell factor 4 complex with probable involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 62:5651–5656PubMed Takahashi M, Fujita M, Furukawa Y, Hamamoto R, Shimokawa T, Miwa N, Ogawa M, Nakamura Y (2002) Isolation of a novel human gene, APCDD1, as a direct target of the beta-Catenin/T-cell factor 4 complex with probable involvement in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 62:5651–5656PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Takaku K, Oshima M, Miyoshi H, Matsui M, Seldin MF, Taketo MM (1998) Intestinal tumorigenesis in compound mutant mice of both Dpc4 (Smad4) and Apc genes. Cell 92:645–656PubMed Takaku K, Oshima M, Miyoshi H, Matsui M, Seldin MF, Taketo MM (1998) Intestinal tumorigenesis in compound mutant mice of both Dpc4 (Smad4) and Apc genes. Cell 92:645–656PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tamai K, Semenov M, Kato Y, Spokony R, Liu C, Katsuyama Y, Hess F, Saint-Jeannet JP, He X (2000) LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction. Nature 407:530–535CrossRefPubMed Tamai K, Semenov M, Kato Y, Spokony R, Liu C, Katsuyama Y, Hess F, Saint-Jeannet JP, He X (2000) LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction. Nature 407:530–535CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Taniguchi K, Roberts LR, Aderca IN, Dong X, Qian C, Murphy LM, Nagorney DM, Burgart LJ, Roche PC, Smith DI, Ross JA, Liu W (2002) Mutational spectrum of beta-catenin, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Oncogene 21:4863–4871CrossRefPubMed Taniguchi K, Roberts LR, Aderca IN, Dong X, Qian C, Murphy LM, Nagorney DM, Burgart LJ, Roche PC, Smith DI, Ross JA, Liu W (2002) Mutational spectrum of beta-catenin, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Oncogene 21:4863–4871CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tejpar S, Nollet F, Li C, Wunder JS, Michils G, dal Cin P, Van Cutsem E, Bapat B, van Roy F, Cassiman JJ, Alman BA (1999) Predominance of beta-catenin mutations and beta-catenin dysregulation in sporadic aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor). Oncogene 18:6615–6620CrossRefPubMed Tejpar S, Nollet F, Li C, Wunder JS, Michils G, dal Cin P, Van Cutsem E, Bapat B, van Roy F, Cassiman JJ, Alman BA (1999) Predominance of beta-catenin mutations and beta-catenin dysregulation in sporadic aggressive fibromatosis (desmoid tumor). Oncogene 18:6615–6620CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tetsu O, McCormick F (1999) Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 398:422–426PubMed Tetsu O, McCormick F (1999) Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 398:422–426PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson B, Townsley F, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Musisi H, Bienz M (2002) A new nuclear component of the Wnt signalling pathway. Nat Cell Biol 4:367–373 Thompson B, Townsley F, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Musisi H, Bienz M (2002) A new nuclear component of the Wnt signalling pathway. Nat Cell Biol 4:367–373
Zurück zum Zitat Traverso G, Shuber A, Levin B, Johnson C, Olsson L, Schoetz DJ Jr, Hamilton SR, Boynton K, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2002) Detection of APC mutations in fecal DNA from patients with colorectal tumors. N Engl J Med 346:311–320CrossRefPubMed Traverso G, Shuber A, Levin B, Johnson C, Olsson L, Schoetz DJ Jr, Hamilton SR, Boynton K, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (2002) Detection of APC mutations in fecal DNA from patients with colorectal tumors. N Engl J Med 346:311–320CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Truica CI, Byers S, Gelmann EP (2000) Beta-catenin affects androgen receptor transcriptional activity and ligand specificity. Cancer Res 60:4709–4713PubMed Truica CI, Byers S, Gelmann EP (2000) Beta-catenin affects androgen receptor transcriptional activity and ligand specificity. Cancer Res 60:4709–4713PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van de Wetering M, Cavallo R, Dooijes D, van Beest M, van Es J, Loureiro J, Ypma A, Hursh D, Jones T, Bejsovec A, Peifer M, Mortin M, Clevers H (1997) Armadillo coactivates transcription driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF. Cell 88:789–799PubMed van de Wetering M, Cavallo R, Dooijes D, van Beest M, van Es J, Loureiro J, Ypma A, Hursh D, Jones T, Bejsovec A, Peifer M, Mortin M, Clevers H (1997) Armadillo coactivates transcription driven by the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dTCF. Cell 88:789–799PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van de Wetering M, de Lau W, Clevers H (2002a) WNT signaling and lymphocyte development. Cell 109 Suppl:S13–19 van de Wetering M, de Lau W, Clevers H (2002a) WNT signaling and lymphocyte development. Cell 109 Suppl:S13–19
Zurück zum Zitat van de Wetering M, Sancho E, Verweij C, de Lau W, Oving I, Hurlstone A, van der Horn K, Batlle E, Coudreuse D, Haramis AP, Tjon-Pon-Fong M, Moerer P, van den Born M, Soete G, Pals S, Eilers M, Medema R, Clevers H (2002b) The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell 111:241–250PubMed van de Wetering M, Sancho E, Verweij C, de Lau W, Oving I, Hurlstone A, van der Horn K, Batlle E, Coudreuse D, Haramis AP, Tjon-Pon-Fong M, Moerer P, van den Born M, Soete G, Pals S, Eilers M, Medema R, Clevers H (2002b) The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell 111:241–250PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van Noort M, Clevers H (2002) TCF transcription factors, mediators of Wnt-signaling in development and cancer. Dev Biol 244:1–248CrossRefPubMed van Noort M, Clevers H (2002) TCF transcription factors, mediators of Wnt-signaling in development and cancer. Dev Biol 244:1–248CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat van Noort M, Meeldijk J, van der Zee R, Destree O, Clevers H (2002) Wnt signaling controls the phosphorylation status of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem 277:17901–17905CrossRefPubMed van Noort M, Meeldijk J, van der Zee R, Destree O, Clevers H (2002) Wnt signaling controls the phosphorylation status of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem 277:17901–17905CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Verbeek S, Izon D, Hofhuis F, Robanus-Maandag E, te Riele H, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Wilson A, MacDonald HR, Clevers H (1995) An HMG-box-containing T-cell factor required for thymocyte differentiation. Nature 374:70–74PubMed Verbeek S, Izon D, Hofhuis F, Robanus-Maandag E, te Riele H, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Wilson A, MacDonald HR, Clevers H (1995) An HMG-box-containing T-cell factor required for thymocyte differentiation. Nature 374:70–74PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vleminckx K, Kemler R, Hecht A (1999) The C-terminal transactivation domain of beta-catenin is necessary and sufficient for signaling by the LEF-1/beta-catenin complex in Xenopus laevis. Mech Dev 81:65–74CrossRefPubMed Vleminckx K, Kemler R, Hecht A (1999) The C-terminal transactivation domain of beta-catenin is necessary and sufficient for signaling by the LEF-1/beta-catenin complex in Xenopus laevis. Mech Dev 81:65–74CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Voeller HJ, Truica CI, Gelmann EP (1998) Beta-catenin mutations in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 58:2520–2523PubMed Voeller HJ, Truica CI, Gelmann EP (1998) Beta-catenin mutations in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 58:2520–2523PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat von Kries JP, Winbeck G, Asbrand C, Schwarz-Romond T, Sochnikova N, Dell'Oro A, Behrens J, Birchmeier W (2000) Hot spots in beta-catenin for interactions with LEF-1, conductin and APC. Nat Struct Biol 7:800–807CrossRefPubMed von Kries JP, Winbeck G, Asbrand C, Schwarz-Romond T, Sochnikova N, Dell'Oro A, Behrens J, Birchmeier W (2000) Hot spots in beta-catenin for interactions with LEF-1, conductin and APC. Nat Struct Biol 7:800–807CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wakefield JG, Stephens DJ, Tavare JM (2003) A role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in mitotic spindle dynamics and chromosome alignment. J Cell Sci 116:637–646CrossRefPubMed Wakefield JG, Stephens DJ, Tavare JM (2003) A role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in mitotic spindle dynamics and chromosome alignment. J Cell Sci 116:637–646CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Watson SA, Smith AM (2001) Hypergastrinemia promotes adenoma progression in the APC(Min-/+) mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 61:625–631PubMed Watson SA, Smith AM (2001) Hypergastrinemia promotes adenoma progression in the APC(Min-/+) mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 61:625–631PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Weeraratna AT, Jiang Y, Hostetter G, Rosenblatt K, Duray P, Bittner M, Trent JM (2002) Wnt5a signaling directly affects cell motility and invasion of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Cell 1:279–288CrossRefPubMed Weeraratna AT, Jiang Y, Hostetter G, Rosenblatt K, Duray P, Bittner M, Trent JM (2002) Wnt5a signaling directly affects cell motility and invasion of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Cell 1:279–288CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wehrli M, Dougan ST, Caldwell K, O'Keefe L, Schwartz S, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Schejter E, Tomlinson A, DiNardo S (2000) arrow encodes an LDL-receptor-related protein essential for Wingless signalling. Nature 407:527–530CrossRefPubMed Wehrli M, Dougan ST, Caldwell K, O'Keefe L, Schwartz S, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Schejter E, Tomlinson A, DiNardo S (2000) arrow encodes an LDL-receptor-related protein essential for Wingless signalling. Nature 407:527–530CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wharton KA Jr (2003) Runnin' with the Dvl: proteins that associate with Dsh/Dvl and their significance to Wnt signal transduction. Dev Biol 253:1–17CrossRefPubMed Wharton KA Jr (2003) Runnin' with the Dvl: proteins that associate with Dsh/Dvl and their significance to Wnt signal transduction. Dev Biol 253:1–17CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Price ER, Cui J, Lessnick SL, Wu M, He X, Fisher DE (2002) Beta-catenin-induced melanoma growth requires the downstream target microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. J Cell Biol 158:1079–1087CrossRefPubMed Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Price ER, Cui J, Lessnick SL, Wu M, He X, Fisher DE (2002) Beta-catenin-induced melanoma growth requires the downstream target microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. J Cell Biol 158:1079–1087CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wiechens N, Fagotto F (2001) CRM1- and Ran-independent nuclear export of beta-catenin. Curr Biol 11:18–27PubMed Wiechens N, Fagotto F (2001) CRM1- and Ran-independent nuclear export of beta-catenin. Curr Biol 11:18–27PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wielenga VJ, Smits R, Korinek V, Smit L, Kielman M, Fodde R, Clevers H, Pals ST (1999) Expression of CD44 in Apc and Tcf mutant mice implies regulation by the WNT pathway. Am J Pathol 154:515–523PubMed Wielenga VJ, Smits R, Korinek V, Smit L, Kielman M, Fodde R, Clevers H, Pals ST (1999) Expression of CD44 in Apc and Tcf mutant mice implies regulation by the WNT pathway. Am J Pathol 154:515–523PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wilding J, Straub J, Bee J, Churchman M, Bodmer W, Dickson C, Tomlinson I, Ilyas M (2002) Cyclin D1 is not an essential target of beta-catenin signaling during intestinal tumorigenesis, but it may act as a modifier of disease severity in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice. Cancer Res 62:4562–4565PubMed Wilding J, Straub J, Bee J, Churchman M, Bodmer W, Dickson C, Tomlinson I, Ilyas M (2002) Cyclin D1 is not an essential target of beta-catenin signaling during intestinal tumorigenesis, but it may act as a modifier of disease severity in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice. Cancer Res 62:4562–4565PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Willert J, Epping M, Pollack JR, Brown PO, Nusse R (2002) A transcriptional response to Wnt protein in human embryonic carcinoma cells. BMC Dev Biol 2:8CrossRefPubMed Willert J, Epping M, Pollack JR, Brown PO, Nusse R (2002) A transcriptional response to Wnt protein in human embryonic carcinoma cells. BMC Dev Biol 2:8CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Willert K, Brink M, Wodarz A, Varmus H, Nusse R (1997) Casein kinase 2 associates with and phosphorylates dishevelled. Embo J 16:3089–3096CrossRefPubMed Willert K, Brink M, Wodarz A, Varmus H, Nusse R (1997) Casein kinase 2 associates with and phosphorylates dishevelled. Embo J 16:3089–3096CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Willert K, Shibamoto S, Nusse R (1999) Wnt-induced dephosphorylation of axin releases beta-catenin from the axin complex. Genes Dev 13:1768–1773PubMed Willert K, Shibamoto S, Nusse R (1999) Wnt-induced dephosphorylation of axin releases beta-catenin from the axin complex. Genes Dev 13:1768–1773PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Winston JT, Strack P, Beer-Romero P, Chu CY, Elledge SJ, Harper JW (1999) The SCFbeta-TRCP-ubiquitin ligase complex associates specifically with phosphorylated destruction motifs in IkappaBalpha and beta-catenin and stimulates IkappaBalpha ubiquitination in vitro. Genes Dev 13:270–283CrossRefPubMed Winston JT, Strack P, Beer-Romero P, Chu CY, Elledge SJ, Harper JW (1999) The SCFbeta-TRCP-ubiquitin ligase complex associates specifically with phosphorylated destruction motifs in IkappaBalpha and beta-catenin and stimulates IkappaBalpha ubiquitination in vitro. Genes Dev 13:270–283CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf D, Rodova M, Miska EA, Calvet JP, Kouzarides T (2002) Acetylation of beta-catenin by CREB-binding protein (CBP). J Biol Chem 277:25562–25567CrossRefPubMed Wolf D, Rodova M, Miska EA, Calvet JP, Kouzarides T (2002) Acetylation of beta-catenin by CREB-binding protein (CBP). J Biol Chem 277:25562–25567CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu R, Zhai Y, Fearon ER, Cho KR (2001) Diverse mechanisms of beta-catenin deregulation in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 61:8247–8255PubMed Wu R, Zhai Y, Fearon ER, Cho KR (2001) Diverse mechanisms of beta-catenin deregulation in ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 61:8247–8255PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xu L, Corcoran RB, Welsh JW, Pennica D, Levine AJ (2000) WISP-1 is a Wnt-1- and beta-catenin-responsive oncogene. Genes Dev 14:585–595PubMed Xu L, Corcoran RB, Welsh JW, Pennica D, Levine AJ (2000) WISP-1 is a Wnt-1- and beta-catenin-responsive oncogene. Genes Dev 14:585–595PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada T, Takaoka AS, Naishiro Y, Hayashi R, Maruyama K, Maesawa C, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S (2000) Transactivation of the multidrug resistance 1 gene by T-cell factor 4/beta-catenin complex in early colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 60:4761–4766PubMed Yamada T, Takaoka AS, Naishiro Y, Hayashi R, Maruyama K, Maesawa C, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S (2000) Transactivation of the multidrug resistance 1 gene by T-cell factor 4/beta-catenin complex in early colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 60:4761–4766PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada Y, Oyama T, Hirose Y, Hara A, Sugie S, Yoshida K, Yoshimi N, Mori H (2003) Beta-catenin mutation is selected during malignant transformation in colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 24:91–97CrossRefPubMed Yamada Y, Oyama T, Hirose Y, Hara A, Sugie S, Yoshida K, Yoshimi N, Mori H (2003) Beta-catenin mutation is selected during malignant transformation in colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 24:91–97CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto H, Kishida S, Kishida M, Ikeda S, Takada S, Kikuchi A (1999) Phosphorylation of axin, a Wnt signal negative regulator, by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates its stability. J Biol Chem 274:10681–10684CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto H, Kishida S, Kishida M, Ikeda S, Takada S, Kikuchi A (1999) Phosphorylation of axin, a Wnt signal negative regulator, by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates its stability. J Biol Chem 274:10681–10684CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yan D, Wiesmann M, Rohan M, Chan V, Jefferson AB, Guo L, Sakamoto D, Caothien RH, Fuller JH, Reinhard C, Garcia PD, Randazzo FM, Escobedo J, Fantl WJ, Williams LT (2001) Elevated expression of axin2 and hnkd mRNA provides evidence that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is activated in human colon tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14973–14978CrossRefPubMed Yan D, Wiesmann M, Rohan M, Chan V, Jefferson AB, Guo L, Sakamoto D, Caothien RH, Fuller JH, Reinhard C, Garcia PD, Randazzo FM, Escobedo J, Fantl WJ, Williams LT (2001) Elevated expression of axin2 and hnkd mRNA provides evidence that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is activated in human colon tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14973–14978CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yang F, Li X, Sharma M, Sasaki CY, Longo DL, Lim B, Sun Z (2002) Linking beta-catenin to androgen-signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 277:11336–11344CrossRefPubMed Yang F, Li X, Sharma M, Sasaki CY, Longo DL, Lim B, Sun Z (2002) Linking beta-catenin to androgen-signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 277:11336–11344CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng L, Fagotto F, Zhang T, Hsu W, Vasicek TJ, Perry WL 3rd, Lee JJ, Tilghman SM, Gumbiner BM, Costantini F (1997) The mouse Fused locus encodes Axin, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates embryonic axis formation. Cell 90:181–192PubMed Zeng L, Fagotto F, Zhang T, Hsu W, Vasicek TJ, Perry WL 3rd, Lee JJ, Tilghman SM, Gumbiner BM, Costantini F (1997) The mouse Fused locus encodes Axin, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates embryonic axis formation. Cell 90:181–192PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang T, Otevrel T, Gao Z, Ehrlich SM, Fields JZ, Boman BM (2001a) Evidence that APC regulates survivin expression: a possible mechanism contributing to the stem cell origin of colon cancer. Cancer Res 61:8664–8667PubMed Zhang T, Otevrel T, Gao Z, Ehrlich SM, Fields JZ, Boman BM (2001a) Evidence that APC regulates survivin expression: a possible mechanism contributing to the stem cell origin of colon cancer. Cancer Res 61:8664–8667PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang X, Gaspard JP, Chung DC (2001b) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by the Wnt and K-ras pathways in colonic neoplasia. Cancer Res 61:6050–6054PubMed Zhang X, Gaspard JP, Chung DC (2001b) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by the Wnt and K-ras pathways in colonic neoplasia. Cancer Res 61:6050–6054PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zumbrunn J, Kinoshita K, Hyman AA, Nathke IS (2001) Binding of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein to microtubules increases microtubule stability and is regulated by GSK3 beta phosphorylation. Curr Biol 11:44–49CrossRefPubMed Zumbrunn J, Kinoshita K, Hyman AA, Nathke IS (2001) Binding of the adenomatous polyposis coli protein to microtubules increases microtubule stability and is regulated by GSK3 beta phosphorylation. Curr Biol 11:44–49CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zurawel RH, Chiappa SA, Allen C, Raffel C (1998) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain oncogenic beta-catenin mutations. Cancer Res 58:896–899PubMed Zurawel RH, Chiappa SA, Allen C, Raffel C (1998) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain oncogenic beta-catenin mutations. Cancer Res 58:896–899PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
The Wnt signaling pathway and its role in tumor development
verfasst von
B. Lustig
J. Behrens
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2003
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology / Ausgabe 4/2003
Print ISSN: 0171-5216
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1335
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-003-0431-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2003

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 4/2003 Zur Ausgabe

Erhöhtes Risiko fürs Herz unter Checkpointhemmer-Therapie

28.05.2024 Nebenwirkungen der Krebstherapie Nachrichten

Kardiotoxische Nebenwirkungen einer Therapie mit Immuncheckpointhemmern mögen selten sein – wenn sie aber auftreten, wird es für Patienten oft lebensgefährlich. Voruntersuchung und Monitoring sind daher obligat.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Perioperative Checkpointhemmer-Therapie verbessert NSCLC-Prognose

28.05.2024 NSCLC Nachrichten

Eine perioperative Therapie mit Nivolumab reduziert das Risiko für Rezidive und Todesfälle bei operablem NSCLC im Vergleich zu einer alleinigen neoadjuvanten Chemotherapie um über 40%. Darauf deuten die Resultate der Phase-3-Studie CheckMate 77T.

Positiver FIT: Die Ursache liegt nicht immer im Dickdarm

27.05.2024 Blut im Stuhl Nachrichten

Immunchemischer Stuhltest positiv, Koloskopie negativ – in solchen Fällen kann die Blutungsquelle auch weiter proximal sitzen. Ein Forschungsteam hat nachgesehen, wie häufig und in welchen Lokalisationen das der Fall ist.

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.