Indication for Stroke Prevention in Elderly Patients
Anticoagulation or Antiplatelet Therapy for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation in Elderly Patients
RE-LY [15] | ROCKET-AF [16] | ARISTOTLE [17] | ENGAGE-AF [14] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Comparator to VKA | Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | Apixaban | Edoxaban |
Standard dose | 150 mg twice daily 110 mg twice daily | 20 mg once daily | 5 mg twice daily | 60 mg once daily |
Reduced dose | – | 15 mg once daily | 2.5 mg twice daily | 30 mg once daily |
Dose reduction criteria | 1:1:1 randomised to either dose or VKA | Creatinine clearance 30–49 ml/min | At least two criteria: • Age ≥ 80 years • Body weight < 60 kg • Serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL | at least one criterion: • Estimated creatinine clearance 30–50 ml/min • Body weight ≤ 60 kg • Concomitant use: ciclosporine, dronedarone, erythromycin, or ketoconazole |
Patients (n) | 18,113 | 14,264 | 18,201 | 14,071 |
Patients with dose reduction criteria | N/A | 2950 (21%) | 831 (5%) | 5356/21,105 (25%) |
Average age (years) | 72 | 73 | 70 | 72 |
≥ 75 years | 7258 (40%) | 6229 (44%) | 5678 (31%) | 5668 (40%) |
Patients with dose reduction criteria ≥ 75 years | N/A | 2272 (36%) | Patients with dose reduction ≥ 75 years | N/A |
CHADS2 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.8 ± 1.0 |
≥ 75 years | N/A | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.1 |
Predicted stroke rate for patients ≥ 75 years based on CHADS2 (%/year) | ~ 4 | 6–8 | 4–6 | ~ 6 |
Overall relative risk vs. VKA for stroke/systemic embolism, RR (95% CI) | 110 mg, 0.91 (0.74–1.11) 150 mg, 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) |
Overall relative risk vs. VKA for primary safety, RR (95% CI) | 110 mg, 0.80 (0.69–0.93) 150 mg, 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | 0.80 (0.71–0.91) |
Presence of stroke risk factors in patients ≥ 75 years at baseline | Data not reported | C:58.6% H:92.7% A:100% D:33.8% S:41.6% | C: 24.3% H: 83.0% A: 100% D: 21.1% S: 21.8% | C: 45% H: 93% A: 100% D: 28% S: 25% |
Renal function in patients ≥ 75 years at baseline | Creatinine clearance • ≥ 80 ml/min: 12% • 50–79 ml/min: 57% • < 50 ml/min: 26% | Creatinine clearance, median 55 ml/min (IQR 44, 68) | Creatinine clearance • > 80 ml/min: 10.5% • 51–80 ml/min: 51.5% • 31–50 ml/min: 33.6% • ≤ 30 ml/min: 3.9% | Creatinine clearance • > 80 ml/min: 12% • 51–80 ml/min: 52% • ≤ 50 ml/min: 37% |
Definition of primary safety endpoint | Major bleeding defined as a reduction in the haemoglobin level of at least 2 g/dL, transfusion of at least 2 units of blood or requiring inotropic agents, symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ | Composite of major and non-major clinically relevant (NMCR) bleeding: • Major bleeding was defined as clinically overt bleeding associated with any of the following: fatal outcome, involvement of a critical anatomic site (intracranial, spinal, ocular, pericardial, articular, retroperitoneal, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome), fall in haemoglobin concentration > 2 g/dL, transfusion of > 2 units of whole blood or packed red blood cells, or permanent disability • NMCR bleeding was defined as overt bleeding not meeting criteria for major bleeding but requiring medical intervention, unscheduled contact (visit or telephone) with a physician, temporary interruption of study drug (i.e. delayed dosing), pain, or impairment of daily activities | Major bleeding defined by ISTH criteria: • Fatal bleeding • Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ such as intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intra-articular or pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome • Bleeding causing a fall in haemoglobin level ≥ 2 g/dL or leading to transfusion ≥ 2 units of whole blood or red cells | Major bleeding defined by ISTH criteria: • Fatal bleeding • Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ such as intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intra-articular or pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome • Bleeding causing a fall in haemoglobin level ≥ 2 g/dL or leading to transfusion ≥ 2 units of whole blood or red cells |
NOACs for Stroke Prevention in AF in the Elderly: Approval Trials
Dabigatran in RE-LY
Rivaroxaban in ROCKET-AF
Apixaban in ARISTOTLE
Edoxaban in ENGAGE-AF
Gastrointestinal Bleedings on NOACs in the Elderly
Intracranial Bleedings on NOACs in the Elderly
NOAC Dose Reduction in the Elderly
NOACs in Dual Antithrombotic Therapy Following Coronary Interventions in the Elderly
WOEST [31] | PIONEER-AF [32] | RE-DUAL PCI [33] | AUGUSTUS [34] | ENTRUST-AF [35] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Triple antithrombotic treatment | VKA INR 2–3 + clopidogrel + acetylsalicylic acid | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor + acetylsalicylic acid | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor + acetylsalicylic acid | VKA INR 2–3 + P2Y12 inhibitor | VKA INR 2–3 +P2Y12 inhibitor +acetylsalicylic acid |
Dual antithrombotic treatment | VKA INR 2–3 + clopidogrel | Rivaroxaban 15 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | Dabigatran 150 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | Apixaban 5 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor | Edoxaban 60 mg + P2Y12 inhibitor |
Additional arm | – | Rivaroxaban 2*2.5 mg + acetylsalicylic acid + P2Y12 inhibitor | Dabigatran 110 mg* + P2Y12 inhibitor | Second randomisation ± acetylsalicylic acid | – |
Patients (n) | 563 | 2124 | 2725 | 4614 | 1506 |
Mean age (years) | 70.3 | 70 | 69/72* | 71 | 70 |
≥ 75 years (≥ 80 years#) | 394 (70%) | 717 (34%) | 450 (17%)# | 689 (14%)# | 506 (34%) |
Definition of primary bleeding endpoint | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
• Any intracranial bleeding • Spontaneous gross haematuria or hematemesis (> 120 ml), even if the haemoglobin or haematocrit drop was less than 3 g/dL or less than 10% • Unobserved loss ≥ 4 g/dl in haemoglobin or ≥ 12% in haematocrit | • Fatal bleeding • Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ such as intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intra-articular or pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome • Bleeding causing a fall in haemoglobin level ≥ 2 g/dL or leading to transfusion ≥ 2 units of whole blood or red cells • Any sign or symptom of haemorrhage (e.g. more bleeding than would be expected for a clinical circumstance, including bleeding found by imaging alone) that does not fit the criteria above but does meet at least one of the following criteria: - Requiring medical intervention by a healthcare professional - Leading to hospitalisation or increased level of care - Prompting a face to face (i.e. not just a telephone or electronic communication) evaluation |