nach oben

Journal of Neuro-Oncology

Erschienen in:

01.05.2013 | Topic Review

Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies

verfasst von: Johnny C. Akers, David Gonda, Ryan Kim, Bob S. Carter, Clark C. Chen

Erschienen in: Journal of Neuro-Oncology | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Recent studies suggest both normal and cancerous cells secrete vesicles into the extracellular space. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain materials that mirror the genetic and proteomic content of the secreting cell. The identification of cancer-specific material in EVs isolated from the biofluids (e.g., serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine) of cancer patients suggests EVs as an attractive platform for biomarker development. It is important to recognize that the EVs derived from clinical samples are likely highly heterogeneous in make-up and arose from diverse sets of biologic processes. This article aims to review the biologic processes that give rise to various types of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus like particles, and apoptotic bodies. Clinical pertinence of these EVs to neuro-oncology will also be discussed.

Skog J et al (2008) Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 10(12):1470–1476PubMed

Raposo G et al (1996) B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 183(3):1161–1172PubMed

Blanchard N et al (2002) TCR activation of human T cells induces the production of exosomes bearing the TCR/CD3/zeta complex. J Immunol 168(7):3235–3241PubMed

Andre F et al (2004) Exosomes as potent cell-free peptide-based vaccine. I. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes transfer functional MHC class I/peptide complexes to dendritic cells. J Immunol 172(4):2126–2136PubMed

Taylor DD, Akyol S, Gercel-Taylor C (2006) Pregnancy-associated exosomes and their modulation of t cell signaling. J Immunol 176(3):1534–1542PubMed

Miyanishi M et al (2007) Identification of Tim4 as a phosphatidylserine receptor. Nature 450(7168):435–439PubMed

Denzer K et al (2000) Follicular dendritic cells carry MHC class II-expressing microvesicles at their surface. J Immunol 165(3):1259–1265PubMed

Clayton A et al (2004) Adhesion and signaling by B cell-derived exosomes: the role of integrins. FASEB J 18(9):977–979PubMed

Valadi H et al (2007) Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9(6):654–659PubMed

10.

Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C (2008) MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 110(1):13–21PubMed

11.

Rabinowits G et al (2009) Exosomal microRNA: a diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 10(1):42–46PubMed

12.

Al-Nedawi K, Meehan B, Rak J (2009) Microvesicles: messengers and mediators of tumor progression. Cell Cycle 8(13):2014–2018PubMed

13.

Balaj L et al (2011) Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat Commun 2:180PubMed

14.

Shen B et al (2011) Protein targeting to exosomes/microvesicles by plasma membrane anchors. J Biol Chem 286(16):14383–14395PubMed

15.

Heijnen HF et al (1999) Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules. Blood 94(11):3791–3799PubMed

16.

Denzer K et al (2000) Exosome: from internal vesicle of the multivesicular body to intercellular signaling device. J Cell Sci 113(Pt 19):3365–3374PubMed

17.

Thery C et al (2006) Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids. Curr Protoc Cell Biol. Chapter 3: Unit 3.22

18.

Lamparski HG et al (2002) Production and characterization of clinical grade exosomes derived from dendritic cells. J Immunol Methods 270(2):211–226PubMed

19.

Clayton A et al (2001) Analysis of antigen presenting cell derived exosomes, based on immuno-magnetic isolation and flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 247(1–2):163–174PubMed

20.

Koga K et al (2005) Purification, characterization and biological significance of tumor-derived exosomes. Anticancer Res 25(6A):3703–3707PubMed

21.

Dragovic RA et al (2011) Sizing and phenotyping of cellular vesicles using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Nanomedicine 7(6):780–788PubMed

22.

Escola JM et al (1998) Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 273(32):20121–20127PubMed

23.

Thery C et al (1999) Molecular characterization of dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Selective accumulation of the heat shock protein hsc73. J Cell Biol 147(3):599–610PubMed

24.

Johnstone RM et al (1987) Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes). J Biol Chem 262(19):9412–9420PubMed

25.

Pan BT et al (1985) Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes. J Cell Biol 101(3):942–948PubMed

26.

Mitchell P et al (1997) The exosome: a conserved eukaryotic RNA processing complex containing multiple 3′ → 5′ exoribonucleases. Cell 91(4):457–466PubMed

27.

Sotelo JR, Porter KR (1959) An electron microscope study of the rat ovum. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 5(2):327–342PubMed

28.

Odorizzi G, Babst M, Emr SD (1998) Fab1p PtdIns(3)P 5-kinase function essential for protein sorting in the multivesicular body. Cell 95(6):847–858PubMed

29.

Reggiori F, Pelham HRB (2001) Sorting of proteins into multivesicular bodies: ubiquitin-dependent and -independent targeting. EMBO J 20(18):5176–5186PubMed

30.

Nickerson DP et al (2010) Regulators of Vps4 ATPase activity at endosomes differentially influence the size and rate of formation of intralumenal vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 21(6):1023–1032PubMed

31.

Babst M (2005) A protein’s final ESCRT. Traffic 6(1):2–9PubMed

32.

Hurley JH, Emr SD (2006) The ESCRT complexes: structure and mechanism of a membrane-trafficking network. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 35:277–298PubMed

33.

Katzmann DJ, Odorizzi G, Emr SD (2002) Receptor downregulation and multivesicular-body sorting. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3(12):893–905PubMed

34.

Slagsvold T et al (2006) Endosomal and non-endosomal functions of ESCRT proteins. Trends Cell Biol 16(6):317–326PubMed

35.

Pols MS, Klumperman J (2009) Trafficking and function of the tetraspanin CD63. Exp Cell Res 315(9):1584–1592PubMed

36.

Hemler ME (2005) Tetraspanin functions and associated microdomains. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6(10):801–811PubMed

37.

Jansen FH et al (2009) Exosomal secretion of cytoplasmic prostate cancer xenograft-derived proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 8(6):1192–1205PubMed

38.

Kosaka N et al (2010) Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells. J Biol Chem 285(23):17442–17452PubMed

39.

Wollert T, Hurley JH (2010) Molecular mechanism of multivesicular body biogenesis by ESCRT complexes. Nature 464(7290):864–869PubMed

40.

Hurley JH, Hanson PI (2010) Membrane budding and scission by the ESCRT machinery: it’s all in the neck. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(8):556–566PubMed

41.

Babst M et al (2002) Escrt-III: an endosome-associated heterooligomeric protein complex required for mvb sorting. Dev Cell 3(2):271–282PubMed

42.

Babst M (2011) MVB vesicle formation: ESCRT-dependent, ESCRT-independent and everything in between. Curr Opin Cell Biol 23(4):452–457PubMed

43.

McCullough J et al (2008) ALIX-CHMP4 interactions in the human ESCRT pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(22):7687–7691PubMed

44.

Katoh K et al (2003) The ALG-2-interacting protein Alix associates with CHMP4b, a human homologue of yeast Snf7 that is involved in multivesicular body sorting. J Biol Chem 278(40):39104–39113PubMed

45.

Strack B et al (2003) AIP1/ALIX is a binding partner for HIV-1 p6 and EIAV p9 functioning in virus budding. Cell 114(6):689–699PubMed

46.

Lasser C, Eldh M, Lotvall J (2012) Isolation and characterization of RNA-containing exosomes. J Vis Exp 59:e3037PubMed

47.

Fernandez-Llama P et al (2012) Tamm-Horsfall protein and urinary exosome isolation. Kidney Int 77(8):736–742

48.

Trajkovic K et al (2008) Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science 319(5867):1244–1247PubMed

49.

Fang Y et al (2007) Higher-order oligomerization targets plasma membrane proteins and HIV gag to exosomes. PLoS Biol 5(6):e158PubMed

50.

Schroder J et al (2009) Deficiency of the tetraspanin CD63 associated with kidney pathology but normal lysosomal function. Mol Cell Biol 29(4):1083–1094PubMed

51.

Beinert T et al (2000) Increased expression of the tetraspanins CD53 and CD63 on apoptotic human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 67(3):369–373PubMed

52.

Nishibori M et al (1993) The protein CD63 is in platelet dense granules, is deficient in a patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, and appears identical to granulophysin. J Clin Invest 91(4):1775–1782PubMed

53.

Kobayashi T et al (2000) The tetraspanin CD63/lamp3 cycles between endocytic and secretory compartments in human endothelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 11(5):1829–1843PubMed

54.

Heijnen HF et al (1998) Multivesicular bodies are an intermediate stage in the formation of platelet alpha-granules. Blood 91(7):2313–2325PubMed

55.

Peters PJ et al (1991) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte granules are secretory lysosomes, containing both perforin and granzymes. J Exp Med 173(5):1099–1109PubMed

56.

Mahmudi-Azer S, Downey GP, Moqbel R (2002) Translocation of the tetraspanin CD63 in association with human eosinophil mediator release. Blood 99(11):4039–4047PubMed

57.

Escribano L et al (1998) Human bone marrow mast cells from indolent systemic mast cell disease constitutively express increased amounts of the CD63 protein on their surface. Cytometry 34(5):223–228PubMed

58.

Nishikata H et al (1992) The rat mast cell antigen AD1 (homologue to human CD63 or melanoma antigen ME491) is expressed in other cells in culture. J Immunol 149(3):862–870PubMed

59.

Cocucci E, Racchetti G, Meldolesi J (2009) Shedding microvesicles: artefacts no more. Trends Cell Biol 19(2):43–51PubMed

60.

Hess C et al (1999) Ectosomes released by human neutrophils are specialized functional units. J Immunol 163(8):4564–4573PubMed

61.

Stein JM, Luzio JP (1991) Ectocytosis caused by sublytic autologous complement attack on human neutrophils. The sorting of endogenous plasma-membrane proteins and lipids into shed vesicles. Biochem J 274(Pt 2):381–386PubMed

62.

Zwaal RF, Schroit AJ (1997) Pathophysiologic implications of membrane phospholipid asymmetry in blood cells. Blood 89(4):1121–1132PubMed

63.

Bevers EM et al (1999) Lipid translocation across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1439(3):317–330PubMed

64.

Leventis PA, Grinstein S (2010) The distribution and function of phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes. Annu Rev Biophys 39:407–427PubMed

65.

Hugel B et al (2005) Membrane microparticles: two sides of the coin. Physiology (Bethesda) 20:22–27

66.

Muralidharan-Chari V et al (2009) ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr Biol 19(22):1875–1885PubMed

67.

McConnell RE et al (2009) The enterocyte microvillus is a vesicle-generating organelle. J Cell Biol 185(7):1285–1298PubMed

68.

Muralidharan-Chari V et al (2010) Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression. J Cell Sci 123(Pt 10):1603–1611PubMed

69.

Bronson DL et al (1979) Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 63(2):337–339PubMed

70.

Boller K et al (1993) Evidence that HERV-K is the endogenous retrovirus sequence that codes for the human teratocarcinoma-derived retrovirus HTDV. Virology 196(1):349–353PubMed

71.

Mueller-Lantzsch N et al (1993) Human endogenous retroviral element K10 (HERV-K10) encodes a full-length gag homologous 73-kDa protein and a functional protease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9(4):343–350PubMed

72.

Dewannieux M, Blaise S, Heidmann T (2005) Identification of a functional envelope protein from the HERV-K family of human endogenous retroviruses. J Virol 79(24):15573–15577PubMed

73.

Barbulescu M et al (1999) Many human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) proviruses are unique to humans. Curr Biol 9(16):861–868PubMed

74.

Bock M, Stoye JP (2000) Endogenous retroviruses and the human germline. Curr Opin Genet Dev 10(6):651–655PubMed

75.

Florl AR et al (1999) DNA methylation and expression of LINE-1 and HERV-K provirus sequences in urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 80(9):1312–1321PubMed

76.

Gotzinger N et al (1996) Regulation of human endogenous retrovirus-K Gag expression in teratocarcinoma cell lines and human tumours. J Gen Virol 77(Pt 12):2983–2990PubMed

77.

Yoder JA, Walsh CP, Bestor TH (1997) Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites. Trends Genet 13(8):335–340PubMed

78.

Depil S et al (2002) Expression of a human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-K, in the blood cells of leukemia patients. Leukemia 16(2):254–259PubMed

79.

Reiche J, Pauli G, Ellerbrok H (2010) Differential expression of human endogenous retrovirus K transcripts in primary human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines after UV irradiation. Melanoma Res 20(5):435–440PubMed

80.

Golan M et al (2008) Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K) reverse transcriptase as a breast cancer prognostic marker. Neoplasia 10(6):521–533PubMed

81.

Wang-Johanning F et al (2003) Quantitation of HERV-K env gene expression and splicing in human breast cancer. Oncogene 22(10):1528–1535PubMed

82.

Taruscio D, Mantovani A (2004) Factors regulating endogenous retroviral sequences in human and mouse. Cytogenet Genome Res 105(2–4):351–362PubMed

83.

Bieda K, Hoffmann A, Boller K (2001) Phenotypic heterogeneity of human endogenous retrovirus particles produced by teratocarcinoma cell lines. J Gen Virol 82(Pt 3):591–596PubMed

84.

Pincetic A, Leis J (2009) The mechanism of budding of retroviruses from cell membranes. Adv Virol 2009:6239691–6239699PubMed

85.

Gladnikoff M et al (2009) Retroviral assembly and budding occur through an actin-driven mechanism. Biophys J 97(9):2419–2428PubMed

86.

Muster T et al (2003) An endogenous retrovirus derived from human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 63(24):8735–8741PubMed

87.

Buscher K et al (2006) Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus-K transmembrane envelope, Rec and Np9 proteins in melanomas and melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 16(3):223–234PubMed

88.

Seifarth W et al (1995) Retrovirus-like particles released from the human breast cancer cell line T47-D display type B- and C-related endogenous retroviral sequences. J Virol 69(10):6408–6416PubMed

89.

Lai OY et al (2012) Protective effect of human endogenous retrovirus K dUTPase variants on psoriasis susceptibility. J Invest Dermatol 132(7):1833–1840PubMed

90.

Al-Sumidaie AM et al (1988) Particles with properties of retroviruses in monocytes from patients with breast cancer. Lancet 1(8575–6):5–9PubMed

91.

Contreras-Galindo R et al (2008) Human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) elements in the plasma of people with lymphoma and breast cancer. J Virol 82(19):9329–9336PubMed

92.

Graner MW et al (2009) Proteomic and immunologic analyses of brain tumor exosomes. FASEB J 23(5):1541–1557PubMed

93.

Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26(4):239–257PubMed

94.

Elmore S (2007) Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 35(4):495–516PubMed

95.

Ihara T et al (1998) The process of ultrastructural changes from nuclei to apoptotic body. Virchows Arch 433(5):443–447PubMed

96.

Hristov M et al (2004) Apoptotic bodies from endothelial cells enhance the number and initiate the differentiation of human endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. Blood 104(9):2761–2766PubMed

97.

Taylor RC, Cullen SP, Martin SJ (2008) Apoptosis: controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(3):231–241PubMed

98.

Simpson RJ, Mathivanan S (2012) Extracellular microvesicles: the need for internationally recognised nomenclature and stringent purification criteria. J Proteomics Bioinform 5:ii–ii

99.

Coleman ML et al (2001) Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I. Nat Cell Biol 3(4):339–345PubMed

100.

Sebbagh M et al (2001) Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing. Nat Cell Biol 3(4):346–352PubMed

101.

Erwig LP, Henson PM (2008) Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 15(2):243–250PubMed

102.

Takizawa F, Tsuji S, Nagasawa S (1996) Enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis upon iC3b deposition on apoptotic cells. FEBS Lett 397(2–3):269–272PubMed

103.

Fadok VA et al (1992) Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 148(7):2207–2216PubMed

104.

Martin SJ et al (1995) Early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimulus: inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. J Exp Med 182(5):1545–1556PubMed

105.

Vandivier RW et al (2002) Role of surfactant proteins A, D, and C1q in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo and in vitro: calreticulin and CD91 as a common collectin receptor complex. J Immunol 169(7):3978–3986PubMed

106.

Martinez MC, Freyssinet JM (2001) Deciphering the plasma membrane hallmarks of apoptotic cells: phosphatidylserine transverse redistribution and calcium entry. BMC Cell Biol 2:20PubMed

107.

Friedl P, Vischer P, Freyberg MA (2002) The role of thrombospondin-1 in apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 59(8):1347–1357PubMed

108.

Savill J (1997) Recognition and phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. Br Med Bull 53(3):491–508PubMed

109.

Savill J et al (1992) Thrombospondin cooperates with CD36 and the vitronectin receptor in macrophage recognition of neutrophils undergoing apoptosis. J Clin Invest 90(4):1513–1522PubMed

110.

Mevorach D et al (1998) Complement-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages. J Exp Med 188(12):2313–2320PubMed

111.

van Engeland M et al (1998) Annexin V-affinity assay: a review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure. Cytometry 31(1):1–9PubMed

112.

Miranda KC et al (2010) Nucleic acids within urinary exosomes/microvesicles are potential biomarkers for renal disease. Kidney Int 78(2):191–199PubMed

113.

Samos J et al (2006) Circulating nucleic acids in plasma/serum and tumor progression: are apoptotic bodies involved? An experimental study in a rat cancer model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1075:165–173PubMed

114.

Bergsmedh A et al (2001) Horizontal transfer of oncogenes by uptake of apoptotic bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(11):6407–6411PubMed

115.

Piper RC, Katzmann DJ (2007) Biogenesis and function of multivesicular bodies. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23:519–547PubMed

116.

Thery C, Zitvogel L, Amigorena S (2002) Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2(8):569–579PubMed

117.

Bard MP et al (2004) Proteomic analysis of exosomes isolated from human malignant pleural effusions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31(1):114–121PubMed

118.

Noerholm M et al (2012) RNA expression patterns in serum microvesicles from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and controls. BMC Cancer 12(1):22PubMed

119.

Chen C et al (2010) Microfluidic isolation and transcriptome analysis of serum microvesicles. Lab Chip 10(4):505–511PubMed

120.

Gonda DD et al (2013) Neuro-oncologic applications of exosomes, microvesicles, and other nano-sized extra-cellular particles. Neurosurgery. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182846e63 (in press)

121.

Shao H et al (2012) Protein typing of circulating microvesicles allows real-time monitoring of glioblastoma therapy. Nat Med 18(12):1835–1840PubMed

122.

Alvarez-Erviti L et al (2011) Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 29(4):341–345PubMed

123.

Chalmin F et al (2010) Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 120(2):457–471PubMed

124.

Luciani F et al (2004) Effect of proton pump inhibitor pretreatment on resistance of solid tumors to cytotoxic drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(22):1702–1713PubMed

125.

Johnstone RM (2005) Revisiting the road to the discovery of exosomes. Blood Cells Mol Dis 34(3):214–219PubMed

Titel: Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies
verfasst von: Johnny C. Akers
David Gonda
Ryan Kim
Bob S. Carter
Clark C. Chen
Publikationsdatum: 01.05.2013
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Neuro-Oncology / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0167-594X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7373
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-013-1084-8

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Demenz Nachrichten

Der Einsatz von Antipsychotika gegen psychische und Verhaltenssymptome in Zusammenhang mit Demenzerkrankungen erfordert eine sorgfältige Nutzen-Risiken-Abwägung. Neuen Erkenntnissen zufolge sind auf der Risikoseite weitere schwerwiegende Ereignisse zu berücksichtigen.

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Schutz der Synapsen bei Alzheimer

29.05.2024 Morbus Alzheimer Nachrichten

Mit einem Neurotrophin-Rezeptor-Modulator lässt sich möglicherweise eine bestehende Alzheimerdemenz etwas abschwächen: Erste Phase-2-Daten deuten auf einen verbesserten Synapsenschutz.

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Ein hohes soziales Niveau ist mit die beste Versicherung gegen eine Demenz. Noch geringer ist das Demenzrisiko für Menschen, die sozial aufsteigen: Sie gewinnen fast zwei demenzfreie Lebensjahre. Umgekehrt steigt die Demenzgefahr beim sozialen Abstieg.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Surgical outcomes in choroid plexus papillomas: an institutional experience

Clinical outcomes for a novel 6 degrees of freedom image guided localization method for frameless radiosurgery for intracranial brain metastases

A phase II single-arm study of irinotecan in combination with temozolomide (TEMIRI) in children with newly diagnosed high grade glioma: a joint ITCC and SIOPE-brain tumour study

Erratum to: Phase I trial of verubulin (MPC-6827) plus carboplatin in patients with relapsed glioblastoma multiforme

GC/MS-based metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from glioma patients