nach oben

NeuroMolecular Medicine

Erschienen in:

01.12.2011 | Review Paper

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Alzheimer’s Disease: Physiopathology and Beyond

verfasst von: Breno Satler Diniz, Antonio Lucio Teixeira

Erschienen in: NeuroMolecular Medicine | Ausgabe 4/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most widely distributed neurotrophin in the central nervous system where it plays several pivotal roles in synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. As a consequence, BDNF became a key target in the physiopathology of several neurological and psychiatric diseases. Recent studies have reported altered levels of BDNF in the circulation, i.e. serum or plasma, of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and low BDNF levels in the CSF as predictor of future cognitive decline in healthy older subjects. Altered BDNF circulating levels have also been reported in other neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, hampering its use as a specific biomarker for AD. Therefore, BDNF seems to be an unspecific biomarker of neuropsychiatric disorders marked by neurodegenerative changes.

Akatsu, H., Yamagata, H. D., Kawamata, J., Kamino, K., Takeda, M., Yamamoto, T., et al. (2006). Variations in the BDNF gene in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies in Japan. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22(3), 216–222.PubMedCrossRef

Albert, M. S., Dekosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., et al. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers and Dementia, 7(3), 270–279.CrossRef

Aliaga, E., Silhol, M., Bonneau, N., Maurice, T., Arancibia, S., & Tapia-Arancibia, L. (2010). Dual response of BDNF to sublethal concentrations of beta-amyloid peptides in cultured cortical neurons”. Neurobiology of Disease, 37, 208–217.PubMedCrossRef

Angelucci, F., Spalletta, G., di Lulio, F., Ciaramella, A., Salani, F., Colantoni, L., et al. (2010). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients are characterized by increased BDNF serum levels. Current Alzheimer Research, 7(1), 15–20.PubMedCrossRef

Arancibia, S., Silhol, M., Moulivre, F., Meffre, J., Höllinger, I., Maurice, T., et al. (2008). Protective effect of BDNF against beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in rats. Neurobiology of Disease, 31, 316–326.PubMedCrossRef

Bodner, S. M., Berrettini, W., van Deerlin, V., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Trojanowski, J. Q., et al. (2005). Genetic variation in the brain derived neurotrophic factor gene in Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 134B(1), 1–5.CrossRef

Bramham, C. R., Worley, P. F., Moore, M. J., & Guzowski, J. F. (2008). The immediate early gene arc/arg3.1: Regulation, mechanisms, and function. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 11760–11767.PubMedCrossRef

Burbach, G. J., Hellweg, R., Haas, C. A., Del Turco, D., Deicke, U., Abramowski, D., et al. (2004). Induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in plaque-associated glial cells of aged APP23 transgenic mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 2421–2430.PubMedCrossRef

Chao, M. V. (2003). Neurotrophins and their receptors: A converge point for many signaling pathways. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(4), 199–209.CrossRef

Chen, Q., Nakajima, A., Choi, S. H., Xiong, X., Sisodia, S. S., & Tang, Y. P. (2008). Adult neurogenesis is functionally associated with AD-like neurodegeneration. Neurobiology of Disease, 29(2), 316–326.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, T. J., Wang, D. C., & Chen, S. S. (2009). Amyloid-beta interrupts the PI3 K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway that could be involved in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced Arc expression in rat cortical neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 87, 2297–2307.PubMedCrossRef

Cunha, A. B., Frey, B. N., Andreazza, A. C., et al. (2006). Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is decreased in bipolar disorder during depressive and manic episodes. Neuroscience Letters, 398(3), 215–219.PubMedCrossRef

Diniz, B. S., Pinto, J. A., Gonzaga, M. L., Guimarães, F. M., Gattaz, W. F., & Forlenza, O. V. (2009). To treat or not to treat? A meta-analysis of the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment for delaying progression to Alzheimer’s disease. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259(4), 248–256.PubMedCrossRef

Diniz, B. S., Pinto Junior, J. A., & Forlenza, O. V. (2008). Do CSF total tau, phosphorylated tau, and beta-amyloid 42 help to predict progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 9(3), 172–182.PubMedCrossRef

Diniz, B. S., Teixeira, A. L., Ojopi, E. B., Talib, L. L., Mendonça, V. A., Gattaz, W. F., et al. (2010a). Higher serum stnfr1 level predicts conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal Alzheimers Disease, 22(4), 1305–1311.

Diniz, B. S., Teixeira, A. L., Talib, L. L., Mendonça, V. A., Gattaz, W. F., & Forlenza, O. V. (2010b). Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor level is reduced in antidepressant-free patients with late-life depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11(3), 550–555.PubMedCrossRef

Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., Dekosky, S. T., Barberger-Gateau, P., Cummings, J., et al. (2007). Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurology, 6, 734–746.PubMedCrossRef

Echeverria, V., Berman, D. E., & Arancio, O. (2007). Oligomers of beta-amyloid peptide inhibit BDNF-induced arc expression in cultured cortical Neurons. Current Alzheimer Research, 4(5), 518–521.PubMedCrossRef

Forlenza, O. V., Diniz, B. S., & Gattaz, W. F. (2010a). Diagnosis and biomarkers of predementia in Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Medicine, 8, 89. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-89.PubMedCrossRef

Forlenza, O. V., Diniz, B. S., Radanovic, M., Santos, F. S., Talib, L. L., & Gattaz, W. F. (2011a). Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(5), 351–356.PubMedCrossRef

Forlenza, O. V., Diniz, B. S., Talib, L. L., Mendonça, V. A., Ojopi, E. B., Gattaz, W. F., et al. (2009). Increased serum IL-1beta level in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 28(6), 507–512.CrossRef

Forlenza, O. V., Diniz, B. S., Talib, L. L., Radanovic, M., Yassuda, M. S., Ojopi, E. B., et al. (2010b). Clinical and biological predictors of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 32(3), 216–222.PubMedCrossRef

Forlenza, O. V., Diniz, B. S., Teixeira, A. L., Ojopi, E. B., Talib, L. L., Mendonça, V. A., et al. (2010c). Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and serum levels on the progression of mild cognitive impairment. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11(6), 774–780.PubMedCrossRef

Forlenza, O. V., Torres, C. A., Talib, L. L., de Paula, V. J., Joaquim, H. P., Diniz, B. S., et al. (2011b). Increased platelet GSK3B activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(2), 220–224.PubMedCrossRef

Fu, W., Lu, C., & Mattson, M. P. (2002). Telomerase mediates the cell survival-promoting actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and secreted amyloid precursor protein in developing hippocampal neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(24), 10710–10719.PubMed

Fujimura, H., Altar, C. A., Chen, R., Nakamura, T., Nakahashi, T., Kambayashi, J., et al. (2002). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is stored in human platelets and released by agonist stimulation. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 87(4), 728–734.PubMed

Fukumoto, N., Fujii, T., Combarros, O., Kamboh, M. I., Tsai, S. J., Matsushita, S., et al. (2010). Sexually dimorphic effect of the Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF on susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease: New data and meta-analysis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 153B(1), 224–235.

Gunstad, J., Benitez, A., Smith, J., Glickman, E., Spitznagel, M. B., Alexander, T., et al. (2008). Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with cognitive function in healthy older adults. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 21(3), 166–170.PubMedCrossRef

Hooper, C., Killick, R., & Lovestone, S. (2008). The GSK3 hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 104, 1433–1439.PubMedCrossRef

Hu, Y., & Russek, S. J. (2008). BDNF and the diseased nervous system: A delicate balance between adaptive and pathological processes of gene regulation. Journal of Neurochemistry, 105, 1–17.PubMedCrossRef

Hwang, J. P., Tsai, S. J., Hong, C. J., Yang, C. H., Lirng, J. F., & Yang, Y. M. (2006). The Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic-factor gene is associated with geriatric depression. Neurobiology of Aging, 27(12), 1834–1837.PubMedCrossRef

Jack, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P. S., Weiner, M. W., et al. (2009). Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurology, 9(1), 119–128.CrossRef

Karege, F., Bondolfi, G., Gervasoni, N., Schwald, M., Aubry, J. M., & Bertschy, G. (2005). Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in serum of depressed patients probably results from lowered platelet BDNF release unrelated to platelet reactivity. Biological Psychiatry, 57(9), 1068–1072.PubMedCrossRef

Kimura, N., Takahashi, M., Tashiro, T., & Terao, K. (2006). Amyloid-beta up-regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor production from astrocytes: Rescue from amyloid beta-related neuritic degeneration. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 84, 782–789.PubMedCrossRef

Kunugi, H., Ueki, A., Otsuka, M., Isse, K., Hirasawa, H., Kato, N., et al. (2001). A novel polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(1), 83–86.PubMedCrossRef

Laske, C., Stransky, E., Leyhe, T., Eschweiler, G. W., Maetzler, W., Wittorf, A., et al. (2007). BDNF serum and CSF concentrations in Alzheimer’s disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus and healthy controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(5), 387–394.PubMedCrossRef

Laske, C., Stransky, E., Leyhe, T., Eschweiler, G. W., Wittorf, A., Richartz, E., et al. (2006). Stage-dependent BDNF serum concentrations in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 113, 1217–1224.PubMedCrossRef

Lee, J. G., Shin, B. S., You, Y. S., Kim, J. E., Yoon, S. W., Jeon, D. W., et al. (2009). Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in elderly Korean with dementia. Psychiatry Investigation, 6(4), 299–305.PubMedCrossRef

Leyhe, T., Eschweiler, G. W., Stransky, E., Gasser, T., Annas, P., Basun, H., et al. (2009). Increase of BDNF serum concentration in lithium treated patients with early Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 16, 649–656.

Leyhe, T., Stransky, E., Eschweiler, G. W., Buchkremer, G., & Laske, C. (2008). Increase of BDNF serum concentration during donepezil treatment of patients with early Alzheimer’s disease. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258(2), 124–128.PubMedCrossRef

Li, G., Peskind, E. R., Millard, S. P., Chi, P., Sokal, I., Yu, C. E., et al. (2009). Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive function in non-demented subjects. PloS One, 4(5), e5424. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005424.

Longo, F. M., Yang, T., Knowles, J. K., Xie, Y., Moore, L. A., & Massa, S. M. (2007). Small molecule neurotrophin receptor ligands: Novel strategies for targeting Alzheimer’s disease mechanisms. Current Alzheimer Research, 4(5), 503–506.PubMedCrossRef

Machado-Vieira, R., Dietrich, M. O., Leke, R., Cereser, V. H., Zanatto, V., Kapczinski, F., et al. (2007). Decreased plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in unmedicated bipolar patients during manic episode. Biological Psychiatry, 61(2), 142–144.PubMedCrossRef

Massa, S. M., Yang, T., Xie, Y., Shi, J., Bilgen, M., Joyce, J. N., et al. (2010). Small molecule BDNF mimetics activate TrkB signaling and prevent neuronal degeneration in rodents. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(5), 1774–1785. doi:10.1172/JCI41356.PubMedCrossRef

Mattson, M. P. (2004). Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer’s disease. Nature, 430(7000), 631–639.PubMedCrossRef

Mrak, R. E. (2009). Neuropathology and the neuroinflammation idea”. Journal Alzheimers Disease, 18(3), 473–481.

Nagahara, A. H., Merrill, D. A., Coppola, G., Tsukada, S., Schroeder, B. E., Shaked, G. M., et al. (2009). Neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rodent and primate models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Medicine, 15, 331–337.PubMedCrossRef

Nakahashi, T., Fujimura, H., Altar, C. A., Li, J., Kambayashi, J., Tandon, N. N., et al. (2000). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize and secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor. FEBS Letters, 470(2), 113–117.PubMedCrossRef

Nishimura, A. L., Oliveira, J. R., Mitne-Neto, M., Guindalini, C., Nitrini, R., Bahia, V. S., et al. (2004). Lack of association between the brain-derived neurotrophin factor (C-270T) polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) in Brazilian patients. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 22(3), 257–260.PubMedCrossRef

Nishitomi, K., Sakaguchi, G., Horikoshi, Y., Gray, A. J., Maeda, M., Hirata-Fukae, C., et al. (2006). BACE1 inhibition reduces endogenous Abeta and alters APP processing in wild-type mice. Journal of Neurochemistry, 99(6), 1555–1563.PubMedCrossRef

Olin, D., MacMurray, J., & Comings, D. E. (2005). Risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease associated with BDNF C270T polymorphism. Neuroscience Letters, 381(3), 275–278.PubMedCrossRef

Peng, S., Garzon, D. J., Marchese, M., Klein, W., Ginsberg, S. D., Francis, B. M., et al. (2009). Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor depends on amyloid aggregation state in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 9321–9329.PubMedCrossRef

Poon, W. W., Blurton-Jones, M., Tu, C. H., Feinberg, L. M., Chabrier, M. A., Harris, J. W., et al. (2011). beta-Amyloid impairs axonal BDNF retrograde trafficking. Neurobiology of Aging, 32(5), 821–833.PubMedCrossRef

Price, R. D., Milne, S. A., Sharkey, J., & Matsuoka, N. (2007). Advances in small molecules promoting neurotrophic function. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 115(2), 292–306.PubMedCrossRef

Reichardt, L. F. (2006). Neurotrophin-regulated signaling pathways. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Part B, Biological Science, 361(1473), 1545–1564.CrossRef

Ribeiro, L., Busnello, J. V., Cantor, R. M., Whelan, F., Whittaker, P., Deloukas, P., et al. (2007). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor rs6265 (Val66Met) polymorphism and depression in Mexican-Americans. Neuroreport, 18(12), 1291–1293.PubMedCrossRef

Rohe, M., Synowitz, M., Glass, R., Paul, S. M., Nykjaer, A., & Willnow, T. E. (2009). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces amyloidogenic processing through control of SORLA gene expression. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(49), 15472–154782009.PubMedCrossRef

Scheuner, D., Eckman, C., Jensen, M., Song, X., Citron, M., Suzuki, N., et al. (1996). Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in senile plaques of Alzheimer’s disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Medicine, 2, 864–870.PubMedCrossRef

Shruster, A., Melamed, E., & Offen, D. (2010). Neurogenesis in the aged and neurodegenerative brain. Apoptosis, 15(11), 1415–1421.PubMedCrossRef

Sousa, R. T., van de Bilt, M. T., Diniz, B. S., Ladeira, R. B., Portela, L. V., Souza, D. O., et al. (2011). Lithium increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in acute bipolar mania: A preliminary 4-week study. Neuroscience Letters, 494(1), 54–56.PubMedCrossRef

Swerdlow, R. H. (2007). Is aging part of Alzheimer’s disease, or is Alzheimer’s disease part of aging? Neurobiology of Aging, 28(10), 1465–1480.PubMedCrossRef

Swerdlow, R. H., Burns, J. M., & Khan, S. M. (2010). The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis. Journal Alzheimers Disease, 20(Suppl 2), S265–S279.

Tapia-Arancibia, L., Aliaga, E., Silhol, M., & Arancibia, S. (2008). New insights into brain BDNF function in normal aging and Alzheimer disease. Brain Research Reviews, 59(1), 201–220.PubMedCrossRef

Taylor, W. D., Zuchner, S., McQuoid, D. R., Steffens, D. C., Speer, M. C., & Krishnan, K. R. (2007). Allelic differences in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism in late-life depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(10), 850–857.PubMedCrossRef

Teixeira, A. L., Barbosa, I. G., Diniz, B. S., & Kummer, A. (2010). Circulating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Correlation with mood, cognition and motor function. Biomarkers in Medicine, 4(6), 871–887.PubMedCrossRef

Thornton, E., Vink, R., Blumbergs, P. C., & Van Den Heuvel, C. (2006). Soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha reduces neuronal injury and improves functional outcome following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Research, 1094(1), 38–46.PubMedCrossRef

Tsai, S. J., Hong, C. J., Liu, H. C., Liu, T. Y., Hsu, L. E., & Lin, C. H. (2004). Association analysis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphisms with Alzheimer’s disease and age of onset. Neuropsychobiology, 49(1), 10–12.PubMedCrossRef

Tsai, S. J., Hong, C. J., Liu, H. C., Liu, T. Y., & Liou, Y. J. (2006). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene as a possible susceptibility candidate for Alzheimer’s disease in a Chinese population. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21(3), 139–143.PubMedCrossRef

Vepsäläinen, S., Castren, E., Helisalmi, S., Iivonen, S., Mannermaa, A., Lehtovirta, M., et al. (2005). Genetic analysis of BDNF and TrkB gene polymorphisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 252(4), 423–428.PubMedCrossRef

Wang, D. C., Chen, S. S., Lee, Y. C., & Chen, T. J. (2006). Amyloid-beta at sublethal level impairs BDNF-induced arc expression in cortical neurons. Neuroscience Letters, 398, 78–82.PubMedCrossRef

Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L., et al. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment–beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the international working group on mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240–246.PubMedCrossRef

Yasutake, C., Kuroda, K., Yanagawa, T., Okamura, T., & Yoneda, H. (2006). Serum BDNF, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels in dementia patients: Comparison between Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(7), 402–406.PubMedCrossRef

Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Shi, Y., Bai, F., Xie, C., Qian, Y., et al. (2008). Association study of the decreased serum BDNF concentrations in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and the Val66Met polymorphism in Chinese Han. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1104–1111.PubMedCrossRef

Zhang, J., Sokal, I., Peskind, E. R., Quinn, J. F., Jankovic, J., Kenney, C., et al. (2008). CSF multianalyte profile distinguishes Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. American Journal of Clinical Pathololgy, 129(4), 526–529.CrossRef

Titel: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Alzheimer’s Disease: Physiopathology and Beyond
verfasst von: Breno Satler Diniz
Antonio Lucio Teixeira
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2011
Verlag: Humana Press Inc
Erschienen in: NeuroMolecular Medicine / Ausgabe 4/2011
Print ISSN: 1535-1084
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-1174
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-011-8154-x

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Demenz Nachrichten

Der Einsatz von Antipsychotika gegen psychische und Verhaltenssymptome in Zusammenhang mit Demenzerkrankungen erfordert eine sorgfältige Nutzen-Risiken-Abwägung. Neuen Erkenntnissen zufolge sind auf der Risikoseite weitere schwerwiegende Ereignisse zu berücksichtigen.

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Schutz der Synapsen bei Alzheimer

29.05.2024 Morbus Alzheimer Nachrichten

Mit einem Neurotrophin-Rezeptor-Modulator lässt sich möglicherweise eine bestehende Alzheimerdemenz etwas abschwächen: Erste Phase-2-Daten deuten auf einen verbesserten Synapsenschutz.

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Ein hohes soziales Niveau ist mit die beste Versicherung gegen eine Demenz. Noch geringer ist das Demenzrisiko für Menschen, die sozial aufsteigen: Sie gewinnen fast zwei demenzfreie Lebensjahre. Umgekehrt steigt die Demenzgefahr beim sozialen Abstieg.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2011

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Protects Against Neuronal Cell Death and Improves Cerebral Function After Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease

Association Study of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Polymorphisms and Body Weight Change in Schizophrenic Patients Under Long-Term Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment

Renalase Gene Polymorphisms in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension and Stroke

Chronic Dichlorvos Exposure: Microglial Activation, Proinflammatory Cytokines and Damage to Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System