Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Anesthesiology Reports 1/2017

01.03.2017 | Obstetric Anesthesia (LR Leffert, Section Editor)

Maternal Critical Illness

verfasst von: Sharon Einav, Ruben Bromiker, Hen Y. Sela

Erschienen in: Current Anesthesiology Reports | Ausgabe 1/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this study was to define maternal critical illness (MCI) and outline its causes, the tools used to identify it, and current treatment recommendations.

Recent Findings

Although MCI is uncommon, it comprises >10% of intensive care (ICU) admissions in women aged <50 years. Of critically ill mothers, 1:20 die. Almost half these deaths are preventable. Monitoring should follow convention, yet MCI is often treated outside ICUs. Patient youth and the relative rarity of MCI often lead to underestimation of risk and delays in care. Imaging is underutilized. There is no information regarding mechanical ventilation targets. Data regarding drug safety is derived from non-critically ill pregnant women and from retrospective case-control studies which often overestimate risk.

Summary

MCI is accompanied by significant excess mortality. Imaging studies, treatments, or medication should not be withheld from cases of MCI solely due to concerns regarding fetal outcome. There remain important knowledge gaps in both diagnosis and treatment of MCI.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat • Van Parys AS, Verstraelen H, Roelens K, Temmerman M. Maternal intensive care: a systematic literature review. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2010;2(3):161–7. There is no standard definition for maternal intensive care. PubMedPubMedCentral • Van Parys AS, Verstraelen H, Roelens K, Temmerman M. Maternal intensive care: a systematic literature review. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2010;2(3):161–7. There is no standard definition for maternal intensive care. PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat • Tunçalp O, Hindin MJ, Souza JP, Chou D, Say L. The prevalence of maternal near miss: a systematic review. BJOG. 2012;119(6):653–61. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03294.x. Maternal death constitutes the tip of the iceberg. The real issue is maternal critical illness which occurs at much higher rates and is often missed. CrossRefPubMed • Tunçalp O, Hindin MJ, Souza JP, Chou D, Say L. The prevalence of maternal near miss: a systematic review. BJOG. 2012;119(6):653–61. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1471-0528.​2012.​03294.​x. Maternal death constitutes the tip of the iceberg. The real issue is maternal critical illness which occurs at much higher rates and is often missed. CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Knight M, Kenyon S, Brocklehurst P, Neilson J, Shakespeare J, Kurinczuk JJ, editors. On behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving lives, improving mothers’ care—lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland confidential enquiries into maternal deaths and morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2014. Knight M, Kenyon S, Brocklehurst P, Neilson J, Shakespeare J, Kurinczuk JJ, editors. On behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving lives, improving mothers’ care—lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland confidential enquiries into maternal deaths and morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2014.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Lisonkova S, Liu S, Bartholomew S, Liston RM. Joseph KS; Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. Temporal trends in maternal mortality in Canada II: estimates based on hospitalization data. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011;33(10):1020–30.PubMed Lisonkova S, Liu S, Bartholomew S, Liston RM. Joseph KS; Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. Temporal trends in maternal mortality in Canada II: estimates based on hospitalization data. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011;33(10):1020–30.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat • Mhyre JM, Tsen LC, Einav S, Kuklina EV, Leffert LR, Bateman BT. Cardiac arrest during hospitalization for delivery in the United States, 1998-2011. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(4):810–8. The main causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, heart disease (primary and secondary), sepsis, thromboembolism, and hypertensive disease complications PubMed • Mhyre JM, Tsen LC, Einav S, Kuklina EV, Leffert LR, Bateman BT. Cardiac arrest during hospitalization for delivery in the United States, 1998-2011. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(4):810–8. The main causes of maternal death are hemorrhage, heart disease (primary and secondary), sepsis, thromboembolism, and hypertensive disease complications PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Pearson GD, Veille JC, Rahimtoola S, Hsia J, Oakley CM, Hosenpud JD, Ansari A, Baughman KL. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review. JAMA. 2000;283:1183–8.PubMed Pearson GD, Veille JC, Rahimtoola S, Hsia J, Oakley CM, Hosenpud JD, Ansari A, Baughman KL. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases (National Institutes of Health) workshop recommendations and review. JAMA. 2000;283:1183–8.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Sliwa K, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Petrie MC, Mebazaa A, Pieske B, Buchmann E, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Schaufelberger M, Tavazzi L, van Veldhuisen DJ, Watkins H, Shah AJ, Seferovic PM, Elkayam U, Pankuweit S, Papp Z, Mouquet F, McMurray JJ, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:767–78.PubMed Sliwa K, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Petrie MC, Mebazaa A, Pieske B, Buchmann E, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Schaufelberger M, Tavazzi L, van Veldhuisen DJ, Watkins H, Shah AJ, Seferovic PM, Elkayam U, Pankuweit S, Papp Z, Mouquet F, McMurray JJ, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:767–78.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Berg CJ, Harper MA, Atkinson SM, Bell EA, Brown HL, Hage ML, Mitra AG, Moise Jr KJ, Callaghan WM. Preventability of pregnancy-related deaths: results of a state-wide review. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(6):1228–34. Forty percent of pregnancy-related deaths in California were potentially preventable PubMed •• Berg CJ, Harper MA, Atkinson SM, Bell EA, Brown HL, Hage ML, Mitra AG, Moise Jr KJ, Callaghan WM. Preventability of pregnancy-related deaths: results of a state-wide review. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(6):1228–34. Forty percent of pregnancy-related deaths in California were potentially preventable PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat • Pollock W, Rose L, Dennis CL. Pregnant and postpartum admissions to the intensive care unit: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(9):1465–74. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1951-0. The common causes of maternal ICU admission are similar to those of maternal ICU death but their relative proportions are slightly different CrossRefPubMed • Pollock W, Rose L, Dennis CL. Pregnant and postpartum admissions to the intensive care unit: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(9):1465–74. doi:10.​1007/​s00134-010-1951-0. The common causes of maternal ICU admission are similar to those of maternal ICU death but their relative proportions are slightly different CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Luke B, Brown MB. Elevated risks of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(5):1264–72.PubMed Luke B, Brown MB. Elevated risks of pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(5):1264–72.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Blomberg M, Birch Tyrberg R, Kjølhede P. Impact of maternal age on obstetric and neonatal outcome with emphasis on primiparous adolescents and older women: a Swedish Medical Birth Register Study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(11):e005840.PubMedPubMedCentral Blomberg M, Birch Tyrberg R, Kjølhede P. Impact of maternal age on obstetric and neonatal outcome with emphasis on primiparous adolescents and older women: a Swedish Medical Birth Register Study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(11):e005840.PubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin AS, Monsour M, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ, Callaghan WM, Boulet SL. Trends in severe maternal morbidity after assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2008-2012. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):59–66.PubMed Martin AS, Monsour M, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ, Callaghan WM, Boulet SL. Trends in severe maternal morbidity after assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2008-2012. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):59–66.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Qin J, Liu X, Sheng X, Wang H, Gao S. Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of pregnancy-related complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(1):73–85. e1-6PubMed Qin J, Liu X, Sheng X, Wang H, Gao S. Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of pregnancy-related complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Fertil Steril. 2016;105(1):73–85. e1-6PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Young OM, Twedt R, Catov JM. Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity and the risk of preterm preeclampsia in the American primigravida. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(6):1226–9. doi:10.1002/oby.21412.CrossRef Young OM, Twedt R, Catov JM. Pre-pregnancy maternal obesity and the risk of preterm preeclampsia in the American primigravida. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(6):1226–9. doi:10.​1002/​oby.​21412.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasegawa J, Sekizawa A, Tanaka H, Katsuragi S, Osato K, Murakoshi T, Nakata M, Nakamura M, Yoshimatsu J, Sadahiro T, Kanayama N, Ishiwata I, Kinoshita K, Ikeda T, Maternal Death Exploratory Committee in Japan; Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Current status of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in Japan: a report from the Maternal Death Exploratory Committee in Japan. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e010304. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010304.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hasegawa J, Sekizawa A, Tanaka H, Katsuragi S, Osato K, Murakoshi T, Nakata M, Nakamura M, Yoshimatsu J, Sadahiro T, Kanayama N, Ishiwata I, Kinoshita K, Ikeda T, Maternal Death Exploratory Committee in Japan; Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Current status of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in Japan: a report from the Maternal Death Exploratory Committee in Japan. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e010304. doi:10.​1136/​bmjopen-2015-010304.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Amaral E, Souza JP, Surita F, Luz AG, Sousa MH, Cecatti JG, Campbell O. A population-based surveillance study on severe acute maternal morbidity (near-miss) and adverse perinatal outcomes in Campinas, Brazil: the Vigimoma project. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:9. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Amaral E, Souza JP, Surita F, Luz AG, Sousa MH, Cecatti JG, Campbell O. A population-based surveillance study on severe acute maternal morbidity (near-miss) and adverse perinatal outcomes in Campinas, Brazil: the Vigimoma project. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:9. doi:10.​1186/​1471-2393-11-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernández-Pérez ER, Salman S, Pendem S, Farmer JC. Sepsis during pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10 Suppl):S286–93.PubMed Fernández-Pérez ER, Salman S, Pendem S, Farmer JC. Sepsis during pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10 Suppl):S286–93.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer ME, Bateman BT, Bauer ST, Shanks AM, Mhyre JM. Maternal sepsis mortality and morbidity during hospitalization for delivery: temporal trends and independent associations for severe sepsis. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(4):944–50.PubMed Bauer ME, Bateman BT, Bauer ST, Shanks AM, Mhyre JM. Maternal sepsis mortality and morbidity during hospitalization for delivery: temporal trends and independent associations for severe sepsis. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(4):944–50.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Acosta CD, Knight M, Lee HC, Kurinczuk JJ, Gould JB, Lyndon A. The continuum of maternal sepsis severity: incidence and risk factors in a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67175.PubMedPubMedCentral Acosta CD, Knight M, Lee HC, Kurinczuk JJ, Gould JB, Lyndon A. The continuum of maternal sepsis severity: incidence and risk factors in a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67175.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Maguire PJ, Power KA, Downey AF, O'Higgins AC, Sheehan SR, Turner MJ. Evaluation of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria for the diagnosis of sepsis due to maternal bacteremia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;133(1):116–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.09.017.CrossRefPubMed Maguire PJ, Power KA, Downey AF, O'Higgins AC, Sheehan SR, Turner MJ. Evaluation of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria for the diagnosis of sepsis due to maternal bacteremia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;133(1):116–9. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijgo.​2015.​09.​017.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Bauer ME, Bauer ST, Rajala B, MacEachern MP, Polley LS, Childers D, Aronoff DM. Maternal physiologic parameters in relationship to systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(3):535–41. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000423. SIRS criteria for diagnosis of sepsis overlap with the normal range of the same parameters during pregnancy, limiting our ability to diagnose sepsis in this population. CrossRefPubMed •• Bauer ME, Bauer ST, Rajala B, MacEachern MP, Polley LS, Childers D, Aronoff DM. Maternal physiologic parameters in relationship to systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(3):535–41. doi:10.​1097/​AOG.​0000000000000423​. SIRS criteria for diagnosis of sepsis overlap with the normal range of the same parameters during pregnancy, limiting our ability to diagnose sepsis in this population. CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.PubMedPubMedCentral Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat • Carle C, Alexander P, Columb M, Johal J. Design and internal validation of an obstetric early warning score: secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(4):354–67. doi:10.1111/anae.12180. Development and validation of a modified early warning score intended for the maternal population. CrossRefPubMed • Carle C, Alexander P, Columb M, Johal J. Design and internal validation of an obstetric early warning score: secondary analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme database. Anaesthesia. 2013;68(4):354–67. doi:10.​1111/​anae.​12180. Development and validation of a modified early warning score intended for the maternal population. CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Shields LE, Wiesner S, Klein C, Pelletreau B, Hedriana HL. Use of maternal early warning trigger tool reduces maternal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(4):527.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.154. External validation of the modified early warning score. Use of this score may improve maternal outcomes. CrossRef •• Shields LE, Wiesner S, Klein C, Pelletreau B, Hedriana HL. Use of maternal early warning trigger tool reduces maternal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(4):527.e1–6. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ajog.​2016.​01.​154. External validation of the modified early warning score. Use of this score may improve maternal outcomes. CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Sentilhes L, Vayssière C, Deneux-Tharaux C, Aya AG, Bayoumeu F, Bonnet MP, Djoudi R, Dolley P, Dreyfus M, Ducroux-Schouwey C, Dupont C, François A, Gallot D, Haumonté JB, Huissoud C, Kayem G, Keita H, Langer B, Mignon A, Morel O, Parant O, Pelage JP, Phan E, Rossignol M, Tessier V, Mercier FJ, Goffinet F. Postpartum hemorrhage: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF): in collaboration with the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;198:12–21.PubMed Sentilhes L, Vayssière C, Deneux-Tharaux C, Aya AG, Bayoumeu F, Bonnet MP, Djoudi R, Dolley P, Dreyfus M, Ducroux-Schouwey C, Dupont C, François A, Gallot D, Haumonté JB, Huissoud C, Kayem G, Keita H, Langer B, Mignon A, Morel O, Parant O, Pelage JP, Phan E, Rossignol M, Tessier V, Mercier FJ, Goffinet F. Postpartum hemorrhage: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF): in collaboration with the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;198:12–21.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat • Dahlke JD, Mendez-Figueroa H, Maggio L, Hauspurg A, Sperling JD, Chauhan SP, Rouse DJ. Prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage: a comparison of 4 national guidelines. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(1):76.e1–10. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.02.023. Although the need to follow protocol during maternal massive transfusion in maternal hemorrhage has been recognized, considerable variability still exists between protocols. CrossRef • Dahlke JD, Mendez-Figueroa H, Maggio L, Hauspurg A, Sperling JD, Chauhan SP, Rouse DJ. Prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage: a comparison of 4 national guidelines. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(1):76.e1–10. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ajog.​2015.​02.​023. Although the need to follow protocol during maternal massive transfusion in maternal hemorrhage has been recognized, considerable variability still exists between protocols. CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy, Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1122–31. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy, Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1122–31.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Vidaeff AC, Carroll MA, Ramin SM. Acute hypertensive emergencies in pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10):S307–12.PubMed Vidaeff AC, Carroll MA, Ramin SM. Acute hypertensive emergencies in pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(10):S307–12.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Berhan Y, Berhan A. Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41:831–42.PubMed Berhan Y, Berhan A. Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41:831–42.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG. A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:201–5.PubMed Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG. A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:201–5.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat [No authors listed]. Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet 1995;345(8963):1455–63. [No authors listed]. Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet 1995;345(8963):1455–63.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O’Brien K, Tibbles CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:175–85.PubMed Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O’Brien K, Tibbles CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:175–85.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Knight M, Acosta C, Brocklehurst P, Cheshire A, Fitzpatrick K, Hinton L, Jokinen M, Kemp B, Kurinczuk JJ, Lewis G, Lindquist A, Locock L, Nair M, Patel N,Quigley M, Ridge D, Rivero-Arias O, Sellers S, Shah A. Beyond maternal death: improving the quality of maternal care through national studies of ‘near-miss’ maternal morbidity. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Jun. Programme Grants for Applied Research. Knight M, Acosta C, Brocklehurst P, Cheshire A, Fitzpatrick K, Hinton L, Jokinen M, Kemp B, Kurinczuk JJ, Lewis G, Lindquist A, Locock L, Nair M, Patel N,Quigley M, Ridge D, Rivero-Arias O, Sellers S, Shah A. Beyond maternal death: improving the quality of maternal care through national studies of ‘near-miss’ maternal morbidity. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Jun. Programme Grants for Applied Research.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat McNamara DM, Elkayam U, Alharethi R, Damp J, Hsich E, Ewald G, Modi K, Alexis JD, Ramani GV, Semigran MJ, Haythe J, Markham DW, Marek J, Gorcsan 3rd J, Wu WC, Lin Y, Halder I, Pisarcik J, Cooper LT, Fett JD, IPAC Investigators. Clinical outcomes for peripartum cardiomyopathy in North America: results of the IPAC study (Investigations of Pregnancy-Associated Cardiomyopathy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(8):905–14. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1309.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral McNamara DM, Elkayam U, Alharethi R, Damp J, Hsich E, Ewald G, Modi K, Alexis JD, Ramani GV, Semigran MJ, Haythe J, Markham DW, Marek J, Gorcsan 3rd J, Wu WC, Lin Y, Halder I, Pisarcik J, Cooper LT, Fett JD, IPAC Investigators. Clinical outcomes for peripartum cardiomyopathy in North America: results of the IPAC study (Investigations of Pregnancy-Associated Cardiomyopathy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(8):905–14. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2015.​06.​1309.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Friedman AM, D'Alton ME. Venous thromboembolism bundle: risk assessment and prophylaxis for obstetric patients. Semin Perinatol. 2016;40(2):87–92. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.11.012. Prophylaxis of thromboembolism reduces maternal death rate. Recommendations for such prophylaxis are presented. CrossRefPubMed •• Friedman AM, D'Alton ME. Venous thromboembolism bundle: risk assessment and prophylaxis for obstetric patients. Semin Perinatol. 2016;40(2):87–92. doi:10.​1053/​j.​semperi.​2015.​11.​012. Prophylaxis of thromboembolism reduces maternal death rate. Recommendations for such prophylaxis are presented. CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest. 2008;134(1):172–8.PubMed Marik PE, Baram M, Vahid B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systematic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest. 2008;134(1):172–8.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolte AC, Dekker GA, van Eyck J, van Schijndel RS, van Geijn HP. Lack of agreement between central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2000;19(3):261–71.PubMed Bolte AC, Dekker GA, van Eyck J, van Schijndel RS, van Geijn HP. Lack of agreement between central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2000;19(3):261–71.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Tellez R, Curiel R. Relationship between central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in severely toxemic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165(2):487.PubMed Tellez R, Curiel R. Relationship between central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in severely toxemic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165(2):487.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat • Rucklidge MW, Hughes RD. Central venous pressure monitoring in severe preeclampsia: a survey of UK practice. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011;20(3):274. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2011.04.001. Most standard operating procedures recommend insertion of a CVP for guiding fluid management in pre-eclampsia, but professionals treating this population do not consider this tool useful. CrossRefPubMed • Rucklidge MW, Hughes RD. Central venous pressure monitoring in severe preeclampsia: a survey of UK practice. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011;20(3):274. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijoa.​2011.​04.​001. Most standard operating procedures recommend insertion of a CVP for guiding fluid management in pre-eclampsia, but professionals treating this population do not consider this tool useful. CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert WM, Towner DR, Field NT, Anthony J. The safety and utility of pulmonary artery catheterization in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(6):1397–403.PubMed Gilbert WM, Towner DR, Field NT, Anthony J. The safety and utility of pulmonary artery catheterization in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(6):1397–403.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, Wang T. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41:1547–55.PubMed Xiao W, Duan Q, Zhao L, Chi X, Wang F, Ma D, Wang T. Goal-directed fluid therapy may improve hemodynamic stability in parturient women under combined spinal epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and newborn well-being. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015;41:1547–55.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Burlingame J, Ohana P, Aaronoff M, Seto T. Noninvasive cardiac monitoring in pregnancy: impedance cardiography versus echocardiography. J Perinatol. 2013;33(9):675–80.PubMedPubMedCentral Burlingame J, Ohana P, Aaronoff M, Seto T. Noninvasive cardiac monitoring in pregnancy: impedance cardiography versus echocardiography. J Perinatol. 2013;33(9):675–80.PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Masaki DI, Greenspoon JS, Ouzounian JG. Measurement of cardiac output in pregnancy by thoracic electrical bioimpedance and thermodilution. A preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:680–4.PubMed Masaki DI, Greenspoon JS, Ouzounian JG. Measurement of cardiac output in pregnancy by thoracic electrical bioimpedance and thermodilution. A preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:680–4.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat McIntyre JP, Ellyett KM, Mitchell EA, Quill GM, Thompson JM, Stewart AW, Doughty RN, Stone PR, Maternal Sleep in Pregnancy Study Group. Validation of thoracic impedance cardiography by echocardiography in healthy late pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:70.PubMedPubMedCentral McIntyre JP, Ellyett KM, Mitchell EA, Quill GM, Thompson JM, Stewart AW, Doughty RN, Stone PR, Maternal Sleep in Pregnancy Study Group. Validation of thoracic impedance cardiography by echocardiography in healthy late pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:70.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Moertl MG, Schlembach D, Papousek I, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Weiss EM, Lang U, Lackner HK. Hemodynamic evaluation in pregnancy: limitations of impedance cardiography. Physiol Meas. 2012;33(6):1015–26.PubMed Moertl MG, Schlembach D, Papousek I, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Weiss EM, Lang U, Lackner HK. Hemodynamic evaluation in pregnancy: limitations of impedance cardiography. Physiol Meas. 2012;33(6):1015–26.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat • Dennis AT. Transthoracic echocardiography in obstetric anaesthesia and obstetric critical illness. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011;20(2):160–8. An excellent review of the uses of transthoracic echocardiography in management of MCI and barriers to implementation to such use. PubMed • Dennis AT. Transthoracic echocardiography in obstetric anaesthesia and obstetric critical illness. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011;20(2):160–8. An excellent review of the uses of transthoracic echocardiography in management of MCI and barriers to implementation to such use. PubMed
60.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Brun C, Zieleskiewicz L, Textoris J, Muller L, Bellefleur JP, Antonini F, Tourret M, Ortega D, Vellin A, Lefrant JY, Boubli L, Bretelle F, Martin C, Leone M. Prediction of fluid responsiveness in severe preeclamptic patients with oliguria. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(4):593–600. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2770-2.CrossRefPubMed Brun C, Zieleskiewicz L, Textoris J, Muller L, Bellefleur JP, Antonini F, Tourret M, Ortega D, Vellin A, Lefrant JY, Boubli L, Bretelle F, Martin C, Leone M. Prediction of fluid responsiveness in severe preeclamptic patients with oliguria. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(4):593–600. doi:10.​1007/​s00134-012-2770-2.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Cornette J, Laker S, Jeffery B, Lombaard H, Alberts A, Rizopoulos D, Roos-Hesselink JW, Pattinson RC. Validation of maternal cardiac output assessed by transthoracic echocardiography against pulmonary artery catheters in severely ill pregnant women. A prospective comparative study and systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016; doi:10.1002/uog.16015. CrossRefPubMed Cornette J, Laker S, Jeffery B, Lombaard H, Alberts A, Rizopoulos D, Roos-Hesselink JW, Pattinson RC. Validation of maternal cardiac output assessed by transthoracic echocardiography against pulmonary artery catheters in severely ill pregnant women. A prospective comparative study and systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016; doi:10.​1002/​uog.​16015.​ CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat • Shakerian R, Thomson BN, Judson R, Skandarajah AR. Radiation fear: impact on compliance with trauma imaging guidelines in the pregnant patient. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(1):88–93. Pregnant women do not undergo appropriate imaging workup after trauma. PubMed • Shakerian R, Thomson BN, Judson R, Skandarajah AR. Radiation fear: impact on compliance with trauma imaging guidelines in the pregnant patient. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(1):88–93. Pregnant women do not undergo appropriate imaging workup after trauma. PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR practice parameter for imaging pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women with ionizing radiation. Resolution 39. Reston (VA): ACR; 2014. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR practice parameter for imaging pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women with ionizing radiation. Resolution 39. Reston (VA): ACR; 2014.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Tremblay E, Thérasse E, Thomassin-Naggara I, Trop I. Quality initiatives: guidelines for use of medical imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Radiographics. 2012;32:897–911.PubMed Tremblay E, Thérasse E, Thomassin-Naggara I, Trop I. Quality initiatives: guidelines for use of medical imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Radiographics. 2012;32:897–911.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 158: critical care in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):e21–8. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 158: critical care in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):e21–8.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP. Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(10):940–3.PubMed McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP. Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(10):940–3.PubMed
68.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Leung NY, Lau AC, Chan KK, Yan WW. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a 10-year retrospective review. Hong Kong Med J. 2010;16:18–25.PubMed Leung NY, Lau AC, Chan KK, Yan WW. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of obstetric patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a 10-year retrospective review. Hong Kong Med J. 2010;16:18–25.PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:843–6. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:843–6.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat • McKeen DM, George RB, O'Connell CM, Allen VM, Yazer M, Wilson M, Phu TC. Difficult and failed intubation: incident rates and maternal, obstetrical, and anesthetic predictors. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:514–24. Difficult intubation may be encountered in 5–6% of pregnant women, justifying maternal airway management by experts in this field. PubMed • McKeen DM, George RB, O'Connell CM, Allen VM, Yazer M, Wilson M, Phu TC. Difficult and failed intubation: incident rates and maternal, obstetrical, and anesthetic predictors. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:514–24. Difficult intubation may be encountered in 5–6% of pregnant women, justifying maternal airway management by experts in this field. PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Quinn AC, Milne D, Columb M, Gorton H, Knight M. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(1):74–80. doi:10.1093/bja/aes320.CrossRefPubMed Quinn AC, Milne D, Columb M, Gorton H, Knight M. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(1):74–80. doi:10.​1093/​bja/​aes320.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsella SM, Winton AL, Mushambi MC, Ramaswamy K, Swales H, Quinn AC, Popat M. Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia: a literature review. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(4):356–74.PubMed Kinsella SM, Winton AL, Mushambi MC, Ramaswamy K, Swales H, Quinn AC, Popat M. Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia: a literature review. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(4):356–74.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Carter AM. Placental gas exchange and the oxygen supply to the fetus. Compr Physiol. 2015;5(3):1381–403.PubMed Carter AM. Placental gas exchange and the oxygen supply to the fetus. Compr Physiol. 2015;5(3):1381–403.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Minzter BH, Johnson RF, Paschall RL, Ramasubramanian R, Ayers GD, Downing JW. The diverse effects of vasopressors on the fetoplacental circulation of the dual perfused human placenta. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):857–62.PubMed Minzter BH, Johnson RF, Paschall RL, Ramasubramanian R, Ayers GD, Downing JW. The diverse effects of vasopressors on the fetoplacental circulation of the dual perfused human placenta. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):857–62.PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat • Veeser M, Hofmann T, Roth R, Klöhr S, Rossaint R, Heesen M. Vasopressors for the management of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section. Systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56(7):810–6. Ephedrine, but not phenylephrine, has been associated with fetal acidosis. Phenylephrine has been associated with more reflexive maternal bradycardia. PubMed • Veeser M, Hofmann T, Roth R, Klöhr S, Rossaint R, Heesen M. Vasopressors for the management of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section. Systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56(7):810–6. Ephedrine, but not phenylephrine, has been associated with fetal acidosis. Phenylephrine has been associated with more reflexive maternal bradycardia. PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirshon B, Lee W, Mauer MB, Cotton DB. Effects of low-dose dopamine therapy in the oliguric patient with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:604–7.PubMed Kirshon B, Lee W, Mauer MB, Cotton DB. Effects of low-dose dopamine therapy in the oliguric patient with preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:604–7.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat de Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL, SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):779–89.PubMed de Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL, SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):779–89.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Draisci G, Catarci S, Vollono C, Zanfini BA, Pazzaglia C, Cadeddu C, Virdis D, Valeriani M. Pregnancy-induced analgesia: a combined psychophysical and neurophysiological study. Eur J Pain. 2012;16(10):1389–97.PubMed Draisci G, Catarci S, Vollono C, Zanfini BA, Pazzaglia C, Cadeddu C, Virdis D, Valeriani M. Pregnancy-induced analgesia: a combined psychophysical and neurophysiological study. Eur J Pain. 2012;16(10):1389–97.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohel I, Walfisch A, Shitenberg D, Sheiner E, Hallak M. A rise in pain threshold during labor: a prospective clinical trial. Pain. 2007;132(Suppl 1):S104–8.PubMed Ohel I, Walfisch A, Shitenberg D, Sheiner E, Hallak M. A rise in pain threshold during labor: a prospective clinical trial. Pain. 2007;132(Suppl 1):S104–8.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Ouzounian JG, Elkayam U. Physiologic changes during normal pregnancy and delivery. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30(3):317–29.PubMed Ouzounian JG, Elkayam U. Physiologic changes during normal pregnancy and delivery. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30(3):317–29.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, Alhazzani W, Barr J, Dasta JF, Kress JP, Davidson JE, Spencer FA. Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(9 Suppl 1):S30–8. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a16898.CrossRefPubMed Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP, Alhazzani W, Barr J, Dasta JF, Kress JP, Davidson JE, Spencer FA. Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(9 Suppl 1):S30–8. doi:10.​1097/​CCM.​0b013e3182a16898​.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Wikner BN, Stiller CO, Bergman U, Asker C, Källén B. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(11):1203–10.PubMed Wikner BN, Stiller CO, Bergman U, Asker C, Källén B. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(11):1203–10.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Ragno G, Cicinelli E, Schonauer S, Vetuschi C. Propofol assay in biological fluids in pregnant women. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1997;15(11):1633–40.PubMed Ragno G, Cicinelli E, Schonauer S, Vetuschi C. Propofol assay in biological fluids in pregnant women. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1997;15(11):1633–40.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Jauniaux E, Gulbis B, Shannon C, Maes V, Bromley L, Rodeck C. Placental propofol transfer and fetal sedation during maternal general anaesthesia in early pregnancy. Lancet. 1998;352(9124):290–1.PubMed Jauniaux E, Gulbis B, Shannon C, Maes V, Bromley L, Rodeck C. Placental propofol transfer and fetal sedation during maternal general anaesthesia in early pregnancy. Lancet. 1998;352(9124):290–1.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloor M, Paech M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the initiation of lactation. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1063–75.PubMed Bloor M, Paech M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the initiation of lactation. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1063–75.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Pühringer FK, Sparr HJ, Mitterschiffthaler G, Agoston S, Benzer A. Extended duration of action of rocuronium in postpartum patients. Anesth Analg. 1997;84(2):352–4.PubMed Pühringer FK, Sparr HJ, Mitterschiffthaler G, Agoston S, Benzer A. Extended duration of action of rocuronium in postpartum patients. Anesth Analg. 1997;84(2):352–4.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Guay J, Grenier Y, Varin F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of neuromuscular relaxants in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34(6):483.PubMed Guay J, Grenier Y, Varin F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of neuromuscular relaxants in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34(6):483.PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R, Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):580–637.PubMed Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R, Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):580–637.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Cook D, Almenawer SA, Alqahtani Z, Perri D, Thabane L, Al-Omari A, Lewis K, Guyatt G, Alhazzani W. Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):120.PubMedPubMedCentral Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Cook D, Almenawer SA, Alqahtani Z, Perri D, Thabane L, Al-Omari A, Lewis K, Guyatt G, Alhazzani W. Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):120.PubMedPubMedCentral
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Gill SK, O'Brien L, Koren G. The safety of histamine 2 (H2) blockers in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(9):1835–8.PubMed Gill SK, O'Brien L, Koren G. The safety of histamine 2 (H2) blockers in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(9):1835–8.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Gill SK, O'Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(6):1541–5.PubMed Gill SK, O'Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(6):1541–5.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan WS, Rey E, Kent NE, VTE in Pregnancy Guideline Working Group, Chan WS, Kent NE, Rey E, Corbett T, David M, Douglas MJ, Gibson PS, Magee L, Rodger M, Smith RE, Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. Venous thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(6):527–53.PubMed Chan WS, Rey E, Kent NE, VTE in Pregnancy Guideline Working Group, Chan WS, Kent NE, Rey E, Corbett T, David M, Douglas MJ, Gibson PS, Magee L, Rodger M, Smith RE, Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. Venous thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(6):527–53.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO, American College of Chest Physicians. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e691S–736S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO, American College of Chest Physicians. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e691S–736S. doi:10.​1378/​chest.​11-2300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Zurück zum Zitat • Romualdi E, Dentali F, Rancan E, Squizzato A, Steidl L, Middeldorp S, Ageno W. Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism during pregnancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:270–81. Low molecular weight heparin is both safe and effective for thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy. PubMed • Romualdi E, Dentali F, Rancan E, Squizzato A, Steidl L, Middeldorp S, Ageno W. Anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism during pregnancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:270–81. Low molecular weight heparin is both safe and effective for thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy. PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Yefet E, Salim R, Chazan B, Akel H, Romano S, Nachum Z. The safety of quinolones in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2014;69(11):681–94.PubMed Yefet E, Salim R, Chazan B, Akel H, Romano S, Nachum Z. The safety of quinolones in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2014;69(11):681–94.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Sparks JW, Girard JR, Battaglia FC. An estimate of the caloric requirements of the human fetus. Biol Neonate. 1980;38(3–4):113–9.PubMed Sparks JW, Girard JR, Battaglia FC. An estimate of the caloric requirements of the human fetus. Biol Neonate. 1980;38(3–4):113–9.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Blackburn MW, Calloway DH. Energy expenditure and consumption of mature, pregnant and lactating women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1976;69(1):29–37.PubMed Blackburn MW, Calloway DH. Energy expenditure and consumption of mature, pregnant and lactating women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1976;69(1):29–37.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Schutz Y, Lechtig A, Bradfield RB. Energy expenditures and food intakes of lactating women in Guatemala. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(4):892–902.PubMed Schutz Y, Lechtig A, Bradfield RB. Energy expenditures and food intakes of lactating women in Guatemala. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(4):892–902.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Barks JD, Liu Y, Shangguan Y, Djuric Z, Ren J, Silverstein FS. Maternal high-fat diet influences outcomes after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rodents. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016. Barks JD, Liu Y, Shangguan Y, Djuric Z, Ren J, Silverstein FS. Maternal high-fat diet influences outcomes after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rodents. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016.
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Chu DM, Antony KM, Ma J, Prince AL, Showalter L, Moller M, Aagaard KM. The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):77.PubMedPubMedCentral Chu DM, Antony KM, Ma J, Prince AL, Showalter L, Moller M, Aagaard KM. The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):77.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Saad AF, Dickerson J, Kechichian TB, Yin H, Gamble P, Salazar A, Patrikeev I, Motamedi M, Saade GR, Costantine MM. High-fructose diet in pregnancy leads to fetal programming of hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity in adult offspring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.038.CrossRefPubMed Saad AF, Dickerson J, Kechichian TB, Yin H, Gamble P, Salazar A, Patrikeev I, Motamedi M, Saade GR, Costantine MM. High-fructose diet in pregnancy leads to fetal programming of hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity in adult offspring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; doi:10.​1016/​j.​ajog.​2016.​03.​038.CrossRefPubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Mangesi L, Zakarija-Grkovic I. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;28(6):CD006946. Mangesi L, Zakarija-Grkovic I. Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;28(6):CD006946.
109.
Zurück zum Zitat American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. ACOG obstetric care consensus no. 3: periviable birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(5):e82–94. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. ACOG obstetric care consensus no. 3: periviable birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(5):e82–94.
Metadaten
Titel
Maternal Critical Illness
verfasst von
Sharon Einav
Ruben Bromiker
Hen Y. Sela
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Anesthesiology Reports / Ausgabe 1/2017
Elektronische ISSN: 2167-6275
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140-017-0198-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2017

Current Anesthesiology Reports 1/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Obstetric Anesthesia (LR Leffert, Section Editor)

Ultrasound and the Pregnant Patient

Global Health Anesthesia (MJ Harris, Section Editor)

Telemedicine, Anesthesia, and Global Health

Global Health Anesthesia (MJ Harris, Section Editor)

Pain in Low Resource Environments

Obstetric Anesthesia (LR Leffert, Section Editor)

UK National Reports: Lessons for Obstetric Anaesthesia

Global Health Anesthesia (MJ Harris, Section Editor)

Academic Collaborations: Do’s and Don’ts

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

17.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Sie sei „ethisch geboten“, meint Gesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach: mehr Transparenz über die Qualität von Klinikbehandlungen. Um sie abzubilden, lässt er gegen den Widerstand vieler Länder einen virtuellen Klinik-Atlas freischalten.

Delir bei kritisch Kranken – Antipsychotika versus Placebo

16.05.2024 Delir Nachrichten

Um die Langzeitfolgen eines Delirs bei kritisch Kranken zu mildern, wird vielerorts auf eine Akuttherapie mit Antipsychotika gesetzt. Eine US-amerikanische Forschungsgruppe äußert jetzt erhebliche Vorbehalte gegen dieses Vorgehen. Denn es gibt neue Daten zum Langzeiteffekt von Haloperidol bzw. Ziprasidon versus Placebo.

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

15.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Gesundheitsminister Lauterbach hat die vom Bundeskabinett beschlossene Klinikreform verteidigt. Kritik an den Plänen kommt vom Marburger Bund. Und in den Ländern wird über den Gang zum Vermittlungsausschuss spekuliert.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.