Introduction
Methods
Study protocol
Echocardiography
Left atrial size and function
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient cohort
Baseline characteristics
All (n = 51) | HFpEF (n = 21) | Non-HF (n = 30) | SR (n = 35) | RAF (n = 16) | p HFpEF vs Non-HF | p SR vs RAF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70 (IQR 57–75) | 74 (IQR 71–78) | 59 (IQR 51–70) | 69 (IQR 54–76) | 71 (IQR 63–73) | < 0.0001 | 0.86 |
Female sex | 15/51 (29%) | 12/21 (57%) | 3/30 (10%) | 11/35 (31%) | 4/16 (25%) | < 0.0001 | 0.75 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28 ± 4 | 29 ± 4 | 27 ± 3 | 29 ± 3 | 27 ± 4 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
HFA-PEFF-score | 5 (IQR 3–6) | 6 (IQR 6–6) | 4 (IQR 3–5) | 4 (IQR 3–6) | 5.5 (IQR 4.25–6) | < 0.0001 | 0.22 |
CHADS2-VASc-Score | 2 (IQR 1–4) | 3 (IQR 2–4) | 1 (IQR 0–3) | 2 (IQR 1–4) | 2.5 (IQR 1–3) | < 0.0001 | 0.78 |
Symptom duration (days) | 10 (IQR 3–15) | 10 (IQR 6–21) | 6 (IQR 1–14) | 7 (IQR 2–14) | 21 (IQR 6–25) | 0.06 | 0.003 |
Heart failure | 21/51 (41%) | 21/21 (100%) | 0/30 (0%) | 12/35 (34%) | 9/16 (56%) | n.a | 0.14 |
Restored sinus rhythm at FU-1 | 35/51 (69%) | 12/21 (57%) | 23/30 (77%) | 35/35 (100%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0.22 | n.a |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 113 ± 23 | 115 ± 21 | 112 ± 25 | 115 ± 21 | 110 ± 28 | 0.73 | 0.51 |
NYHA II | 19/51 (37%) | 19/21 (90%) | 0/30 (0%) | 11/35 (31%) | 8/16 (50%) | < 0.0001 | 0.33 |
NYHA III | 2/51 (4%) | 2/21 (10%) | 0/30 (0%) | 1/35 (3%) | 1/16 (6%) | ||
NT-proBNP (ng/l) | 1204 (IQR 570–2278) | 1787 (IQR 1080–3181) | 932 (IQR 356–1758) | 1204 (IQR 547–2278) | 1315 (IQR 591–2303) | 0.004 | 0.96 |
Hypertension | 41/51 (80%) | 18/21 (86%) | 23/30 (77%) | 29/35 (83%) | 12/16 (75%) | 0.50 | 0.71 |
Diabetes mellitus | 11/51 (22%) | 5/21 (24%) | 6/30 (20%) | 8/35 (23%) | 3/16 (19%) | 0.75 | 1.0 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 11/51 (22%) | 6/21 (29%) | 5/30 (17%) | 6/35 (17%) | 5/16 (31%) | 0.33 | 0.29 |
Coronary artery disease | 3/51 (6%) | 3/21 (14%) | 0/30 (0%) | 1/35 (3%) | 2/16 (13%) | 0.06 | 0.23 |
Smoking | 11/51 (22%) | 5/21 (24%) | 6/30 (20%) | 8/35 (23%) | 3/16 (19%) | 0.74 | 1.0 |
ß-blockers | 32/51 (63%) | 16/21 (77%) | 16/30 (53%) | 14/35 (40%) | 5/16 (31%) | 0.14 | 0.76 |
ACE-inhibitors/ARB | 28/51 (55%) | 13/21 (62%) | 15/30 (50%) | 20/35 (57%) | 8/16 (50%) | 0.57 | 0.76 |
Other antihypertensive drugs | 22/51 (43%) | 6/21 (29%) | 16/30 (53%) | 16/35 (46%) | 6/16 (38%) | 0.09 | 0.76 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 2/51 (4%) | 2/21 (10%) | 0/30 (0%) | 2/35 (6%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0.17 | 1.0 |
Diuretics | 17/52 (33%) | 9/21 (43%) | 8/30 (27%) | 13/35 (37%) | 4/16 (25%) | 0.25 | 0.53 |
Left ventricular function
All (n = 51) | HFpEF (n = 21) | Non-HF (n = 30) | SR (n = 35) | RAF (n = 16) | p HFpEF vs Non-HF | p SR vs RAF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | |||||||
LVEDV (ml/m2) | 52 ± 16 | 48 ± 16 | 54 ± 16 | 55 ± 18 | 44 ± 10 | 0.21 | 0.03 |
LVESV (ml/m2) | 25 ± 16 | 23 ± 15 | 27 ± 18 | 28 ± 19 | 20 ± 8 | 0.41 | 0.13 |
LVSV (ml/m2) | 26 ± 8 | 25 ± 9 | 27 ± 7 | 27 ± 9 | 24 ± 5 | 0.37 | 0.12 |
LVEF (%) | 53 ± 14 | 54 ± 13 | 53 ± 15 | 52 ± 16 | 55 ± 11 | 0.77 | 0.48 |
LAVmax (ml/m2) | 41 ± 11 | 45 ± 10 | 38 ± 10 | 41 ± 11 | 42 ± 11 | 0.02 | 0.69 |
LAVmin (ml/m2) | 30 ± 11 | 34 ± 10 | 27 ± 11 | 28 ± 10 | 33 ± 11 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
LA reservoir strain (%) | 11.5 ± 6.4 | 8.9 ± 3.9 | 13.3 ± 7.2 | 12.9 ± 6.8 | 8.3 ± 3.9 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
FU-1 | |||||||
Heart rate 1/min | 69 ± 19 | 73 ± 21 | 67 ± 16 | 61 ± 8 | 86 ± 17 | 0.20 | 0.0002 |
LVEDV (ml/m2) | 59 ± 15 * | 55 ± 17 * | 62 ± 13 # | 64 ± 15* | 47 ± 9 | 0.15 | < 0.0001 |
LVESV (ml/m2) | 24 ± 8 | 22 ± 10 | 25 ± 7 | 26 ± 8 | 19 ± 6 | 0.17 | 0.007 |
LVSV (ml/m2) | 35 ± 8* | 33 ± 9* | 36 ± 8* | 38 ± 7* | 28 ± 7# | 0.21 | < 0.0001 |
LV cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
LVEF (%) | 60 ± 7* | 61 ± 8* | 60 ± 5 # | 60 ± 5 | 59 ± 10 | 0.25 | 0.66 |
Transmitral E max (m/s) | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.70 ± 0.19 | 0.74 ± 0.21 | 0.89 ± 0.17 | 0.0002 | 0.02 |
e’ average (m/s) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
E/e’ | 10.4 ± 4.9 | 13.3 ± 4.2 | 8.7 ± 3.5 | 10.5 ± 4.4 | 11.0 ± 4.5 | 0.0001 | 0.73 |
Systolic transtricuspid gradient (mmHg) | 27.1 ± 7.0 | 32.4 ± 5.9 | 25.3 ± 4.8 | 28.3 ± 6.3 | 27.8 ± 6.4 | < 0.0001 | 0.46 |
LV mass index elevated (♀ > 95 g/m2, ♂ > 115 g/m2; n, %) | 9/51 (18%) | 7/21 (33%) | 2/30 (7%) | 7/35 (20%) | 2/16 (13%) | 0.03 | 0.70 |
LAVmax (ml/m2) | 41 ± 11 | 46 ± 10 | 38 ± 9 | 41 ± 11 | 42 ± 9 | 0.005 | 0.71 |
LAVmin (ml/m2) | 23 ± 11* | 30 ± 8 # | 19 ± 10* | 20 ± 10* | 28 ± 10 | 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
LA reservoir strain (%) | 19.6 ± 11.0* | 13.3 ± 7.0* | 23.9 ± 11.3* | 24.6 ± 9.4* | 8.5 ± 3.7 | 0.0004 | < 0.0001 |
BL vs PO *p < 0.01 #p < 0.05 |
Left atrial volume
Sinus rhythm and left atrial function
Importance of LA active function for LA reservoir function
Univariable | Multivariable | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation coefficient | Regression coefficient | Confidence interval | p | Regression coefficient | Confidence interval | p | |
LA active strain (%) | 0.89 | 1.4 | 1.2 to 1.6 | < 0.0001 | 1.22 | 1.04 to 1.40 | < 0.0001 |
LA conduit strain (%) | 0.84 | 1.6 | 1.3 to 1.9 | < 0.0001 | Not included | ||
Ongoing atrial fibrillation | − 0.68 | − 16 | − 21 to − 11 | < 0.0001 | – | ||
NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | − 0.65 | − 0.01 | − 0.1 to − 0.1 | < 0.0001 | – | ||
Age years | − 0.55 | − 0.48 | − 0.69 to − 0.27 | < 0.0001 | − 0.23 | − 0.33 to − 0.12 | 0.0001 |
Heart rate/min | − 0.5 | − 0.3 | − 0.4 to 0.1 | 0.0002 | - | ||
HFpEF | − 0.49 | − 10.7 | − 16.2 to − 5.2 | 0.0003 | – | ||
Symptom duration before cardioversion days | − 0.46 | − 0.6 | − 0.9 to − 0.3 | 0.001 | – | ||
E/e` | − 0.40 | − 1.0 | − 1.7 to − 0.3 | 0.004 | – | ||
BMI kg/m2 | − 0.34 | − 0.97 | − 1.8 to − 0.2 | 0.02 | – | ||
LA Volume max (ml/m2) | − 0.29 | − 0.3 | − 0.6 to 0 | 0.04 | – | ||
Female sex | 0.22 | – | – | 0.13 | – | ||
Baseline NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | − 0.17 | – | – | 0.17 | – | ||
LV mass index elevated (♀ > 95 g/m2, ♂ > 115 g/m2) | − 0.10 | 0.50 | |||||
LVEF (%) | − 0.06 | – | – | 0.69 | – | ||
ß-blocker therapy | − 0.06 | – | – | 0.11 | – |