Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Extraction
Inclusion criteria
Results
Search results and study characteristics
Author | Year | Age | Body mass index (kg/m2) | Male | Female | Country | Design | Population sample size (RSD cases, n) | Intervention | Cardiac disease | Comparator arm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steinberg [30] | 2020 | Median 59 (IQR) (54–65) | NR | 91 | 63 | Russian Federation, Poland, and Germany | RCT | 154 | PVI + RSD | Paroxysmal AF and HTN | PVI only |
Ukena [33] | 2019 | 63.5 ± 10 | NR | 70 | 35 | Germany | Prospective cohort study | 105 | RSD | Resistant HTN, premature atrial (PAC) and ventricular captions (PVC) | N/A |
Feyz [31] | 2018 | 64 ± 7 | 30.7 ± 5.6 | 9 | 11 | Netherlands | Prospective cohort study | 20 | RSD | Paroxysmal and persistent AF, primary HTN | N/A |
Kiuchi [26] | 2018 | 56.8 ± 6.5 | 27.1 ± 1.9 | 25 (76%) | 8 | Brazil | RCT | 33 | PVI + RSD in CKD patients | Paroxysmal and drug refractory AF, HTN in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients | PVI + spironolactone |
Jiang [37] | 2018 | 51.4 ± 14.3 | NR | 7 | 1 | China | Prospective cohort study | 8 | RSD | Electrical storm and recurrent ventricular arrhythmia | N/A |
Romanov [32] | 2016 (made available 2017) | 56 ± 6 | NR | 29 | 10 | Russia, New York, NY, USA | RCT | 39 | PVI + RSD | Persistent and paroxysmal AF, drug-resistant HTN | PVI only |
Kiuchi [25] | 2016 | 60 ± 14 | 24.9 ± 4.4 | 24 | 15 | Brazil | Prospective cohort study | 39 | PVI + RSD | Controlled HTN and paroxysmal AF in CKD patients | PVI only |
Kiuchi [24] | 2016 | 52.3 ± 11.4 | 26.3 ± 2.6 | 15 | 5 | Brazil | Prospective cohort study | 20 | RSD | Basic or polymorphic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) | Sham trial (Control) |
Qiu [34] | 2016 | 57.5 ± 10.2 (subgroups 51.9 ± 10.7; 58.4 ± 10.1; 62.1 ± 8.4) | 27.1 ± 1.4, 24.9 ± 2.9, 25.3 ± 2.7 | 16 | 5 | China | Prospective cohort study | 21 | RSD | Symptomatic, persistent AF and HTN | N/A |
Evranos [38] | 2016 | 47–81 (range) | NR | 12 | 4 | Turkey | Retrospective cohort study | 16 (see results, table last page) | RSD in adjunct to catheter ablation | Ventricular Arrhythmia (VA), in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy | N/A |
Ukena [39] | 2016 | 59.2 ± 14.4 | 30.2 ± 7.7 | 13 | 0 | 5 centres in Australia and Europe | Retrospective cohort study | 13 | PVI + RSD (catheter-based) | Ventricular arrhythmias in heart failure (HF) patients | N/A |
Kiuchi [27] | 2016 | 68 ± 9 | 27 ± 3 | 13 | 8 | Brazil | RCT | 21 | PVI + RSD | Paroxysmal and persistent AF, HTN, in CKD patients | PVI only |
Schirmer [41] | 2015 | 63.5 ± 1.2 | 29.4 ± 0.6 | 36 | 30 | Germany | Prospective cohort study | 66 | RSD | PAC, resistant HTN | N/A |
Armaganijan [40] | 2015 | 64.5 ± 6.3 | NR | 5 | 5 | Brazil | Prospective cohort study | 10 | RSD | Refractory ventricular arrhythmia (VT and VF) | N/A |
McLellan [35] | 2015 | 64 ± 9 | 31 ± 3 | 10 | 4 | Australia | Prospective cohort study | 14 | RSD | HTN; atrial and ventricular arrhythmias | N/A |
Tsioufis [36] | 2014 | 55.4 ± 8.9 | 33.7 ± 5.7 | 9 | 5 | USA | Prospective cohort study | 14 | RSD | Drug-resistant HTN; atrial and ventricular arrhythmias | N/A |
Pokushalo[29] | 2014 | 56 ± 6 | NR | 31 | 10 | USA | RCT | 41 | PVI + RSD | AF and HTN | PVI only |
Ukena [42] | 2013 | 62.2 ± 0.8 years | 31.4 ± 0.4 | 79 | 57 | Germany | Prospective cohort study | 136 | RSD | Resistant HTN, atrioventricular (AV) conduction | N/A |
Pokushalov [28] | 2012 | 57 ± 8 | 28 ± 6 | 11 | 2 | Russia | RCT | 13 | PVI + RSD | AF (paroxysmal or persistent AF), drug-resistant HTN | PVI only |
Recurrence of atrial arrhythmias
Recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias
Author | Year | Atrial arrhythmia outcomes | Ventricular arrhythmia outcomes |
---|---|---|---|
Steinberg [30] | 2020 | The study reported freedom from AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia at 12 months in 111 of 154 patients who underwent RSD + PVI (72.1%) with a p value of 0.006 compared to the control group, which used PVI only (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI 0.38–0.85; p = 0.006) | NR |
Ukena [33] | 2019 | The study found that in a subgroup of patients, n = 20 who had ≥ 6 premature atrial contraction (PAC) per hour at baseline, there was a significant decrease in PAC burden at 6 months [median change − 12.4 (− 37.4 to − 2.3)], p = 0.002. On the whole in n = 77, with a baseline PAC/h 1.2 (0.3–6.2), there was no change in PACs, in 6 months, with a reading of 1.2 (0.2–4.2), p = 0.201 | Premature ventricular contractions (PVC)/h were reported to be 1.2 (0.1–13.9) at baseline in n = 77 and were 0.9 (0.1–10.5) at 6 months. It was reported to have remained unchanged at 6 months, p = 0.619 |
Feyz [31] | 2018 | Total AF episodes (min) decreased from 125 (2–978) at pre-RSD to 44 (0–2833) at 6 months (p = 0.64) and 84 (0–544) at 12 months (p = 0.03). It was reported that AF burden (min/day) decreased from pre-RSD at a median (IQR) of 1.39 (0–11) to 0.67 (0–31.6) at 6 months with p = 0.64. AF burden further decreased to 0.94 (0–6.0) at 12 months (p = 0.03, when pre-RSD is compared with 12 months). There was a numerical decrease in supraventricular ectopic beats (SVEs) at 6- and 12-month follow-up, with p values of 0.57 and 0.73, respectively | Ventricular ectopic beats remained unchanged from a baseline of 35 (3–153) to 22 (3–86) at 6 months and 42 (5–134) at 12 months with p values 0.57 and 0.73, respectively. The highest ventricular rate response (VRR) during AF was said to decrease at 6 and 12 months with a p value of p = 0.09 and p = 0.01, respectively |
Kiuchi [26] | 2018 | There was a significantly higher number (n = 20) of patients who were AF free at 12 months in the RSD + PVI group (61%), in comparison to the comparison group, p = 0.0242. Mean AF burden was significantly lower in the PVI + RSD group as compared to comparison group, after 9 months: Δ = − 10%, and after 12 months: Δ = − 12%, with p < 0.0001 for both. However, it is reported that no changes were noted in the mean AF burden from the 3rd month to 6, 9, and 12 months in the PVI + RSD group | NR |
Jiang [37] | 2018 | NR | Median ventricular arrhythmia (VA) episodes per month were reported to have significantly decreased from 3.17 (range 0.33–15.33) to 0.10 (range 0–5.83), p < 0.05. In the first 3 months post-RSD, n = 2 patients had an episode of electrical storm with 30 episodes and 60 episodes of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. 3 months after RSD, all patients were free from electrical storm |
Romanov [32] | 2016 | RSD + PVI was reported to have significantly decreased AF recurrences burden. Freedom from AF recurrence was 0.61 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.51–0.81) in the RSD group at 12 months | NR |
Kiuchi [25] | 2016 | AF recurrence was lower in the RSD + PVI group compared to the control (PVI only) group in the 22.4 ± 12.1-month follow-up of CKD patients, p = 0.0251. RSD + PVI significantly reduced AF recurrence in CKD stage 4 patients | NR |
Kiuchi [24] | 2016 | Polymorphic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) in the RSD group were reported to have significantly decreased from baseline to 3, 6, 7 and 12 months, with readings of 36,091 ± 3327, 31,009 ± 3251, 20,411 ± 3820, 7701 ± 1549, and 1274 ± 749, respectively. p < 0.0001 for all. There was a significant difference in the decline of PVCs in the RSD vs control group at 7 and 12 months, p < 0.001 | |
Qiu [34] | 2016 | RSD improved rate control in patients with persistent AF at 7 days, p > 0.001 | NR |
Evranos [38] | 2016 | NR | The study reported a significant decline in the burden of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF), anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) and shock therapies delivered from ICDs in the RSD group, p < 0.05, during the follow-up (3, 6, 12 and 18 months) |
Ukena [39] | 2016 | NR | Episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF) decreased to 2 (0–7) and 0, at 1 and 3 months post-RSD with p values of 0.004 and 0.006, respectively. The number of ICD intervention also declined. ATP reduced from 2 (0–7) (p = 0.004) and 0 (p = 0.006), and ICD shocks from 14 (9–30) to 1 (0–7) at 1 month (p = 0.004). 1 month post-RSD, n = 11 (85%) patients were completely free from VT and VF |
Kiuchi [27] | 2016 | The RSD + PVI group had significantly more patients (n = 16, 76%) that were free from AF at 12 months compared to the control group, p = 0.0007. At 12 months, only n = 5 (24%) of patients in RSD group had AF recurrence | NR |
Schirmer [41] | 2015 | Premature atrial contractions (PAC) of median of > 153 PAC/24 h was reduced at 6 months to 68 PAC/24 h post-RSD, p = 0.032 | NR |
Armaganijan [40] | 2015 | NR | Median number of VT/VF episodes, anti-tachycardia pacing, shocks was reduced from baseline to 1 (range 0–17)/0 (range 0–7)/0 (range 0–3) at 1 month and 0 (range 0–9)/0 (range 0–7)/0 (range 0–3) at 6 months post-RSD. Two patients sustained VT with the first week but no further cases after that during the follow-up |
McLellan [35] | 2015 | There was no change in burden of atrial premature complexes/24 h (p = 0.79), no sustained (or sustained) atrial tachyarrhythmias at 7 days post-RSD | There was no change in burden of ventricular premature/24 h(p = 0.22) complexes, non-sustained (or sustained) ventricular tachyarrhythmias(p = 1.0) at 7 days post-RSD |
Tsioufis [36] | 2014 | Premature supraventricular contractions significantly decreased 1 month (p = 0.039) and 6 months (p = 0.044) post-RSD | Ventricular contractions significantly decreased. Complex ventricular arrhythmias were present in n = 5 at baseline and reduced to n = 2 at 1 month post-RSD, and n = 1 at 6 months. The number of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) significantly decreased at 1 month and 6 months (p = 0.001) post-RSD |
Pokushalov [29] | 2014 | There was a significantly higher number, n = 26 (63%) of patients that were AF free in the RSD + PVI group compared to the control group, at 12 months, p = 0.014 | NR |
Ukena [42] | 2013 | The study reported an increase in PR interval at 3 and 6 months that was significant. 57% of the patients (n = 72) had a PR prolongation of ≥ 10 ms. Initially, 15% of patients met the criteria of 1st-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) but this increased significantly to 32% at 3 months and 26% at 6 months(p > 0.001). ECG parameters such as QRS or QTc were reported to have not been affected | NR |
Pokushalov [28] | 2012 | It is reported that n = 9 patients (69%) in the RSD + PVI group were AF free at 12 months in contrast to only n = 4 (29%) in the control group, p = 0.033 | NR |
Changes in heart rate
Author | Year | Heart rate (HR) outcomes (bpm) | Blood pressure (BP) outcomes (mmHg) |
---|---|---|---|
Steinberg [30] | 2020 | NR | Patients in the PVI + RSD group experienced a significant decrease in both mean SBP and mean DBP at 12 months. The decrease in SBP was from 150 mmHg (95% CI 149–152 mmHg) to 135 mmHg (95% CI 133–136 mmHg), for a mean reduction of 16 mmHg (95% CI 14–18 mmHg; p < 0.001), and the decrease in DBP was from 150 mmHg (95% CI 149–152 mmHg) to 135 mmHg (95% CI 133–136 mmHg), for a mean reduction of 16 mmHg (95% CI 14–18 mmHg; p < 0.001) |
Ukena [33] | 2019 | Average HR did not change significantly. Baseline mean 24-h HR was 65.7 ± 9.9 bpm and 65.3 ± 10 at 6 months (p = 0.772). However, there were a subgroup of patients who had a baseline 24-h HR of > 72 bpm that exhibited a significant reduction by 2.31 ± 7.1 bpm at 6 months (p = 0.042) | 24-h and Office BP both significantly reduced at 6 months from a mean BP of 171.1 ± 24.6/91.5 ± 15 mmHg at baseline. 24-h SBP was reduced by 7.8 ± 18.6 (p < 0.001) and 24-h DBP by 3.7 ± 11.1 (p = 0.001) mmHg. Office SBP decreased by 21.8 ± 25.2 mmHg and office DBP by 8 ± 18.7 mmHg (p < 0.001) |
Feyz [31] | 2018 | Mean 24-h HR remained unchanged through follow-up with a mean of 66 ± 8 bpm at 6 months (− 5 ± 14 bpm; p = 0.15) and mean of 70 ± 12 bpm at 12 months (− 1 ± 14 bpm; p = 0.63) from a baseline mean of 71 ± 15 bpm | Office SBP was reported to have significantly decreased at 12 months (p < 0.01) to 133 ± 16 mmHg from a baseline of 153 ± 17 mmHg. Other measurements of BP showed a numerical decrease in BP. Office SBP at 6 months was reported to be 148 ± 17 mmHg (p = 0.13). Office DBP reduced from 89 ± 10 mmHg to 81 ± 1 mmHg (p = 0.006) and 81 ± 10(p = 0.007) mmHg at 6 and 12 months, respectively. 24-h BP (SBP/DBP) decreased from a baseline of 131 ± 16/78 ± 9 mmHg to 121 ± 9 (p = 0.007)/72 ± 6 (p = 0.006) and 124 ± 11 (p = 0.07)/74 ± 9 (p = 0.16) mmHg at 6 and 12 months, respectively |
Kiuchi [26] | 2018 | NR | The baseline 24-h SBP of 142 ± 6 mmHg decreased significantly to 132 ± 5 (p < 0.0001) and 123 ± 4 (p < 0.0001) mmHg at 6 and 12 months, respectively. The 24-h DBP decreased significantly from a baseline of 103 ± 8 mmHg to 95 ± 8 (p < 0.0001) at 6 months and 82 ± 4 (p < 0.0001) mmHg at 12 months |
Jiang [37] | 2018 | Pre-RSD HR of 69.3 ± 13.9 unchanged at 6 months and recorded as 70.6 ± 14 bpm (p = 0.395) | Baseline BP (SBP/DBP) of 111.5 ± 8.9/70.6 ± 7.7 mmHg remained unchanged at 6 months and was recorded as 103.8 ± 12.4/67.9 ± 7.1, p = 0.262/p = 0.482 |
Romanov [32] | 2016 | NR | A baseline BP (SBP/DBP) of 163 ± 20/88 ± 13 mmHg was reduced to a mean BP 104 (95% CI: 103–106) mmHg at 12 months. A substantially lower mean BP was achieved in the RSD group as opposed to the control group (PV1-only) at 12 months (no p value). 46% (n = 18) of the RSD patients achieved a target BP of < 140/90 mmHg as opposed to 0% in the control group |
Kiuchi [25] | 2016 | Baseline average 24-h HR of 76 ± 16 was recorded as 73 ± 18 at 6 months. This was not a significant change in HR p = 0.0785 | Mean systolic 24-h SBP/DBP at baseline was recorded as 121 ± 9/79 ± 6 and was recorded at 118 ± 7/78 ± 3 at 6 months. It is reported that there is no significant change in BP with p values p = 0.1673/0.4110 |
Kiuchi [24] | 2016 | Baseline mean 24-h HR of 78.7 ± 3.8 was reported as 70.3 ± 3.6 bpm (p < 0.0001) at 3 months, 46.4 ± 3.2 bpm (p < 0.0001) at 6 months, 75.8 ± 3.4 bpm (p = 0.1756) at 7 months and 76.3 ± 2.1 bpm (p = 0.2894) at 12 months. The decrease in HR was significant at 3 and 6 months. The change at 7 and 12 months were not significant | After adjustment of antiarrhythmic dosage or RSD, there was no significant change on 24-h BP in the 12 months of follow-up from baseline. Baseline of 122.7 ± 5.9/79.6 ± 3.2 was recorded and 122.3 ± 6.3/79.6 ± 4.1 at 3 months, 121.5 ± 5.3/79.1 ± 3.6 at 6 months, 121.2 ± 4.6/78.7 ± 4.3 at 7 months and 120.2 ± 4.0/78.8 ± 3.9 at 12 months |
Qiu [34] | 2016 | Compared to baseline average HR, all 3 groups have a reduction of 22.6 ± 13.2 bpm (83.3 ± 4.9 vs 106.0 ± 14.6, p = 0.004), 9.7 ± 7.8 bpm (75.7 ± 7.6 vs 85.4 ± 3.7, p = 0.017) and 2.3 ± 2.9 bpm (71.4 ± 4.0 vs 73.7 ± 4.7, p = 0.089) at 7 days post-RSD. Maximum HR in 21 patients on Holter were all significantly reduced (76.8 ± 7.4 versus 88.4 ± 16.2, p < 0.001; 152.6 ± 24.7 versus 173.9 ± 37.7, p = 0.007) at 7 days post-RSD | No significant change was noted in 3 groups in office and 24-h BP when comparing baseline (Office SBP 125.1 ± 13.9, 118.0 ± 15.0, 127.8 ± 13.3; 24-h SBP 125.5 ± 18.7, 112.4 ± 17.9, 102.2 ± 12.81) (Office DBP 81.9 ± 9.8, 77.4 ± 9.1, 80.4 ± 7.8; 24-h DBP 81.3 ± 10.2, 77.2 ± 14.3, 65.6 ± 5.7) vs 7 days post-RSD (Office SBP 122.3 ± 9.9, 112.4 ± 12.2, 117.0 ± 14.5, Office DBP 79.1 ± 6.2, 67.6 ± 7.9, 77.8 ± 9.80 24-h SBP 115.5 ± 15.8, 110.6 ± 15.3, 100.6 ± 103 24-h DBP 77.3 ± 11.2, 75.0 ± 10.3, 62.4 ± 7.90) all p values > 0.01 |
Evranos [38] | 2016 | NR | Mean SBP was reported to be 120 ± 20 at baseline and 115 ± 15 at 15 months. This change was reported to be not significant, p > 0.05 |
Ukena [39] | 2016 | HR at baseline was 66.5 ± 13 and the change recorded at 1 month was not significant, p > 0.05 | Blood pressure at baseline (SBP/DBP) was 115.9 ± 18/73.2 ± 12.9 and the change in both SBP and DBP at 1 month was reported to be not significant (p > 0.05 for both) |
Kiuchi [27] | 2016 | NR | 24-h BP (SBP/DBP) was reported as 119 ± 8/80 ± 3 at baseline, 115 ± 7/79 ± 3 at 3 months, 114 ± 7/78 ± 3 at 6 months and 114 ± 7/77 ± 3 at 12 months. There was no significant change in BP at all time points |
Schirmer [41] | 2015 | HR of 67.7 ± 1.3 decreased significantly to 60.5 ± 1.2, an average decrease of 8.0 ± 1.3, p < 0.001 at 6 months | BP (SBP/DBP) significantly decreased from 172.9 ± 3.0/92.5 ± 2.3 mmHg to 151.3 ± 3.2/85.5 ± 1.6 mmHg (p < 0.001 for both) at 6 months |
Armaganijan [40] | 2015 | NR | No significant changes were observed in SBP at 6 months, (mean SBP) 109.42 ± 19.32 from 113.57 ± 21.74 at baseline |
McLellan [35] | 2015 | There was no significant change in 24-h HR from baseline 68 ± 11–7 days post-RSD 69 ± 8, p = 0.62 | Mean 24-h BP (SBP/DBP) significantly reduced from 152/84 at baseline to 141/80 at 6 months, p < 0.01. Maximum 24-h BP reduced from 192/112 to 178/107 mmHg at 6 months, p = 0.03 |
Tsioufis [36] | 2014 | Mean 24-h HR decreased significantly by 6.7 bpm, p = 0.005 at 1 month and by 5.3 bpm, p = 0.006 at 6 months after RDN. Office HR portrayed a numerical decrease in 1 month by 6.9 bpm, p = 0.096 and a significant decrease by 10 bpm, p = 0.005 at 6 months | Office BP was reduced by 38/14 and 44/17, at 1 and 6 months, respectively, p = 0.001 for both. 24-h BP was reduced by 18/8.3 (p = 0.001/0.004) and by 20/10.3 (p = 0.002/0.005) at 1 and 6 months. Both Office BP and 24-h BP were reported to have decreased significantly at both 1 and 6 months |
Pokushalov [29] | 2014 | NR | A significant decrease SBP and DBP was reported at time points 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. At 12 months, there was a significant decrease in BP –12.5 ± 7.8/7.8 ± 2.9 mmHg (p < 0.001 vs baseline) and –29.1 ± 14.6/–12.2 ± 7.7 mmHg (p < 0.001 vs baseline) in patients with moderate resistant HTN and severe resistant HTN, respectively |
Ukena [42] | 2013 | A mean HR at baseline of 66.1 ± 1 was reduced by 2.6 ± 1 bpm (p = 0.001) and 2.1 ± 1.1 bpm (p = 0.046), at 3 and 6 months, respectively | Blood pressure was reduced significantly at 3 and 6 months post-RSD, from baseline (SBP/DBP) 176.7 ± 1.8/93.2 ± 1.3. SBP was reduced by 25.5 ± 2.4 and 28.1 ± 3 after 3 and 6 months (p ≤ 0.0001 for both) and DBP by 8.5 ± 1.5 and 10.5 ± 1.6 (both p ≤ 0.0001), respectively |
Pokushalov [28] | 2012 | NR | A significant decrease in SBP/DBP was reported at time points 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. At 12 months, the SBP and DBP was significantly decreased compared to the control group (PVI only) |
Blood pressure (BP) changes
Renal outcomes
Author | Year | Renal outcomes | Echocardiographic findings |
---|---|---|---|
Steinberg [30] | 2020 | NR | In the RDN group, at 12 months, there was a significant decrease in atrial diameter (mm), resulting in a between group difference of − 0.5 (95% CI − 1.1 to − 0.1) (p < 0.01). The addition of renal denervation resulted in a significant decrease of intraventricular septal thickness (p < 0.001). There was no significant change in LVEF in both groups |
Ukena [33] | 2019 | NR | NR |
Feyz [31] | 2018 | Renal function remained unchanged at both 6- and 12-month follow-up, eGFR (ml/min) pre-RDN was 83 ± 20 vs. 86 ± 21 at 6 months (p = 0.23) and 86 ± 23 at 12 months (p = 0.14) | There were no significant increases or decreases in volumes and dimensions at 6 and 12 months, respectively |
Kiuchi [26] | 2018 | There was a significant decrease in Cr. from 1.11 ± 0.12 at baseline to 1.03 ± 0.12 (p < 0.05) at 6 months and 0.97 ± 0.09 (p < 0.0001) at 12 months. eGFR showed a significant increase from 69.2 ± 6.7 to 76.2 ± 7.2 (p < 0.05) at 6 months and 81.8 ± 6.8 (p < 0.0001) at 12 months. The ACR showed a significant decrease from 75.0 ± 23.4 to 62.1 ± 21.3 (p < 0.05) at 6 months and 39.5 ± 15.5 (p < 0.0001) | NR |
Jiang [37] | 2018 | Pre-RDN creatinine (µmol/L) 78.5 ± 23.2 decreased numerically to 69.5 ± 13.1 (p = 0.161) | NR |
Romanov [32] | 2016 (Made available in 2017) | NR | NR |
Kiuchi [25] | 2016 | There was a significant decrease in Cr. from 1.3 ± 0.2 at baseline to 1.1 ± 0.2 (p = < 0.05) at 3 months, 1.1 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001) at 6 months and 12 months. For eGFR, there was a significant increase from 59.3 ± 13.3 at baseline to 62.5 ± 12.2 (p < 0.05) at 3 months, 64.9 ± 13.4 (p < 0.001) at 6 months and 65.7 ± 14 (p < 0.001) at 12 months. There was a significant decrease in the ACR from 85 (66–116.0) at baseline to 44.0 (31–74) (p < 0.05) at 3 months, 31.0 (21–53) (p < 0.001) at 6 months and 19.0 (11.5–32.5) (p < 0.001) at 12 months | In the PVI and RSD groups (n = 21), there was a significant increase in LVEF from 62.7 ± 6.6 at baseline to 65.8 ± 7.0 at 12 months (p = 0.0016). There was a significant decrease in LAD from 45.1 ± 3.2 at baseline to 42.9 ± 3.4 at 12 months (p = 0.0018). There was a significant decrease in LVIDd (mm) from 54.0 ± 3.0 at baseline to 51.6 ± 2.6 (p = 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in LVMI from 107.0 ± 13.5 at baseline to 97.9 ± 12.3 at 12 months (p = 0.0097) |
Kiuchi [24] | 2016 | There was a significant decrease in Cr. from 1.53 ± 0.15 at baseline to 1.31 ± 0.11 (p < 0.0001) at 6 months. There was a significant increase in eGFR from 47.9 ± 6.8 at baseline to 59.0 ± 5.0 at 6 months (p < 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in the ACR from 90.0 ± 16 at baseline to 58.9 ± 20 (p < 0.0001) | In the PVI and RSD groups (n = 39) for the indexed left atrial volume (ml/m2), there was a significant decrease from 39.8 ± 9.4 to 36.1 ± 5.0 (p = 0.0331). For intraventricular septum thickness (mm), there was a numerical decrease from 9.0 ± 2.3 to 8.9 ± 1.6 (p = 0.8242). For LVPWT, there was a numerical decrease from 9.5 ± 1.8 to 9.3 ± 1.4 (p = 0.5855). For LVEF, there was a significant increase from 65.8 ± 12.8 to 70.5 ± 7.2 (p = 0.0492). For LVEDD, there was a significant decrease from 47 ± 4.3 to 44.2 ± 4.9 (p = 0.0090). For LVESD, there was a numerical decrease from 31.0 ± 6.9 to 29.1 ± 3.6 (p = 0.1315). For LVMI, there was a significant decrease from 94.3 ± 19.4 to 82.1 ± 17.5 (p = 0.0047) |
Qiu [34] | 2016 | NR | NR |
Evranos [38] | 2016 | The eGFR remained unchanged at baseline and follow-up baseline and 15-month follow-up | NR |
Ukena [39] | 2016 | NR | NR |
Kiuchi [27] | 2016 | There was a numerical decrease in Cr. from 0.8 ± 0.2 at baseline to 0.8 ± 0.1 (p = 0.1626) at 12 months. There was also a numerical increase in eGFR from 96.7 ± 17.7 at baseline to 98.5 ± 16.8 (p = 0.2797) at 12 months. There was a numerical decrease in the ACR from 20.4 (14.8–28.6) at baseline to 19.6 (13.2–23.2) at 12 months (p = 0.2035) | In the RSD group, for LVEDVI, there was a significant decrease from 87.7 ± 5.2 at baseline to 83.3 ± 5.5 at 12 months (p < 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in the LVESI from 32.8 ± 2.7 to 29.7 ± 2.5 (p < 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in LVMI from 81.5 ± 8.2 at baseline to 76.1 ± 7.4 at 12 months (p < 0.0001). There was a significant increase in LVEF from 68.1 ± 5.6 at baseline to 71.1 ± 5.2 (p = 0.0010) at 12 months |
Schirmer [41] | 2015 | NR | LVMI showed a significant decrease from 61.5 ± 2.0 at baseline to 53.4 ± 1.5 (p < 0.001). LAVI showed a significant decrease from 34.4 ± 1.1 at baseline to 30.3 ± 0.9 at 6 months (p < 0.001). Emax (cm/s) showed a significant increase from 66.9 ± 2.6 at baseline to 72.9 ± 2.1 at 6 months (p = 0.013). Deceleration time (ms) showed a significant decrease from 252 ± 9 at baseline to 227 ± 6 at 6 months (p = 0.010). E' showed a significant increase from 6.6 ± 0.27 at baseline to 7.35 ± 0.28 (p = 0.011). E/A showed a significant increase from 0.89 ± 0.05 at baseline to 1.01 ± 0.06 at 6 months (p = 0.002) |
Armaganijan [40] | 2015 | NR | NR |
McLellan [35] | 2015 | NR | There was a numerical decrease in LVEDD from 48 ± 5 at baseline to 47 ± 4 at 6 months (p = 0.50). There was a numerical increase in LVESD from 29 ± 6 at baseline to 32 ± 6 at 6 months (p = 0.12). LVEF remained unchanged. LV mass showed a significant decrease from 215 ± 60 at baseline to 192 ± 50 (p = 0.05). The LVMI showed a numerical decrease from 106 ± 27 at baseline to 95 ± 24 (p = 0.06). There was a numerical decrease in intraventricular septum thickness (mm) from 13 ± 2 at baseline to 12 ± 2 at 6 months (p = 0.36). There was a significant decrease in posterior wall width from 11 ± 2 at baseline to 10 ± 2 at 6 months (p = 0.05). LA area showed a numerical increase from 22 ± 4 at baseline to 23 ± 5 at 6 months (p = 0.28). RA area showed a significant decrease from 18 ± 5 at baseline to 15 ± 5 (p < 0.01). E/e′ remained unchanged (p = 0.68). Deceleration time (ms) showed a numerical decrease from 253 ± 31 at baseline to 249 ± 61 (p = 0.84) |
Tsioufis [36] | 2014 | NR | NR |
Pokushalov [29] | 2014 | NR | NR |
Ukena [42] | 2013 | NR | NR |
Pokushalov [28] | 2012 | The eGFR at baseline and at 6-month follow-up remained unchanged at 78.0 ± 6.1 and 81 ± 4.6 (p = 0.42), respectively | Mean LV mass was reduced in the PVI and RDN groups (n = 13) by approximately 10%. The reduction in LV mass was due to the reduction of intraventricular septal, posterior wall and relative wall thickness. All results were statistically significant |
Complications, hospitalisation and quality of life
Author | Year | Complication | Hospitalisation | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Steinberg [30] | 2020 | 7—procedural complications | 8 patients (5.2%) (n = 5 for AF-related symptoms, n = 2 for cardiac or vascular surgery, n = 1 for myocardial infarction) (absolute risk reduction, 7.0%; 95% CI 1.6–12.5%; p = 0.03) (less than n = 18 from PVI only group) | 2(1.3%)—none related to ablation (n = 1 fatal myocardial infarction, n = 1 non-cardiac cause) |
Ukena [33] | 2019 | NR | NR | NR |
Feyz [31] | 2018 | 1—peri-procedural complication was reported involving a renal artery dissection that resolved after balloon dilatation | NR | 0 |
Kiuchi [26] | 2018 | 0—no procedural complications | All patients were hospitalised on the ward for 24 h | NR |
Jiang [37] | 2018 | 0 | NR | 0 |
Romanov [32] | 2016 (made available 2017) | NR | NR | NR |
Kiuchi [25] | 2016 | 0 | The patients remained hospitalised in the ward for 24 h after the procedure | 0 |
Kiuchi [24] | 2016 | 0 | After the procedure all patients remained hospitalised for a period of 24 h | NR |
Qiu [34] | 2016 | 0 | NR | NR |
Evranos [38] | 2016 | 0 | NR | 1—decompensated heart failure |
Ukena [39] | 2016 | 0 | NR | 3—progressive heart failure, septic shock |
Kiuchi [27] | 2016 | 0 | The patients remained hospitalised in the ward for 24 h after the procedure | NR |
Schirmer [41] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR |
Armaganijan [40] | 2015 | 1—no major procedure-related complication but n = 1 patient developed severe bradycardia during RSD | NR | 3—none were attributed to VA, n = 1 heart failure, n = 1 decompensated heart failure, n = 1 endocarditis |
McLellan [35] | 2015 | NR | NR | NR |
Tsioufis [36] | 2014 | NR | NR | NR |
Pokushalov [29] | 2014 | 0—no procedural complications | NR | NR |
Ukena [42] | 2013 | 10—n = 8 patients experienced a transient vagal reaction during RSD and n = 2 developed a pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery | NR | NR |
Pokushalov [28] | 2012 | 0—no procedure-related complications | NR | NR |