Introduction
Materials and methods
The bench test for dynamic intermittent strain [19]
Abbreviation | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
P | = | Porcine |
B | = | Bovine |
DR5 × 15 | = | Central Defect, rhombic, 5 × 15 cm |
DC5 | = | Central Defect, circular, 5 cm |
DC7.5 | = | Central Defect, circular, 7.5 cm |
DC10 | = | Central Defect, circular, 10 cm |
SSSB-u | = | Small-Stitch–Small-Bite suture, unstandardized |
SSSB-s | = | Small-Stitch–Small-Bite suture, standardized |
LSLB-u | = | Large-Stitch–Large-Bite-suture, unstandardized |
hT | = | Sutured tissue is under higher tension |
Repr.A | = | Reproduction of the SSSB-s suture by the same surgeon A |
Repr.B | = | Reproduction by a different surgeon B |
1 USP | = | Suture with USP 1 |
(no add.) | = | Suture with USP 2–0 |
(no add.) | = | Monomax® suture |
MX | = | Maxon® suture |
Series | Title | Tissue | Defect shape | Defect size (cm) | Suture USP | SSSB/LSLB suture | Standardization | LOSC until SS (%) | LOSC until ST (%) | Suturing technique | Defect shape | Suture diameter & material | Surgeon | Tissue elasticity | Failure progression | Defect size | Large-bite vs. small-bite | Tissue tension |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ES 1 | P: DR5 × 15 SSSB-u MX | Porcine | Rhomboid | 5 × 15 | 2–0 | SSSB | no | n.a | 90 | x | x | x | ||||||
ES 2 | P: DR5 × 15 SSSB-u 1USP MX | Porcine | Rhomboid | 5 × 15 | 1 | SSSB | no | n.a | 60 | x | x | x | ||||||
ES 3 | P: DR5 × 15 LSLB-u MX | Porcine | Rhomboid | 5 × 15 | 2–0 | LSLB | no | n.a | 100 | x | x | x | ||||||
ES 4 | P: DR5 × 15 LSLB-u 1USP MX | Porcine | Rhomboid | 5 × 15 | 1 | LSLB | no | n.a | 100 | x | x | |||||||
ES 5 | B: DC5 SSSB-u | Bovine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | no | 0 | 30 | x | x | x | x | |||||
ES 6 | P: DC5 SSSB-u | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | no | 0 | 0 | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
ES 7 | B: DC5 SSSB-u 1USP | Bovine | Circular | 5 | 1 | SSSB | no | 0 | 30 | x | x | |||||||
ES 8 | P: DC5 SSSB-u 1USP | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 1 | SSSB | no | 0 | 10 | x | x | x | ||||||
ES 9 | B: DC5 LSLB-u | Bovine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | LSLB | no | 0 | 10 | x | x | |||||||
ES 10 | P: DC5 LSLB-u | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | LSLB | no | 0 | 30 | x | x | |||||||
ES 11 | B: DC5 SSSB-s | Bovine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 70 | 100 | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
ES 12 | P: DC5 SSSB-s | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 90 | 100 | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
ES 13 | B: DC5 SSSB-s hT | Bovine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 70 | 80 | x | x | x | ||||||
ES 14 | P: DC5 SSSB-s hT | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 100 | 100 | x | x | x | ||||||
ES 15 | P: DC5 SSSB-s Repr.A | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 90 | 90 | x | x | |||||||
ES 16 | P: DC5 SSSB-s Repr.B | Porcine | Circular | 5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 50 | 100 | x | x | |||||||
ES 17 | B: DC7.5 SSSB-s | Bovine | Circular | 7.5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 80 | 100 | x | x | |||||||
ES 18 | P: DC7.5 SSSB-s | Porcine | Circular | 7.5 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 100 | 100 | x | x | |||||||
ES 19 | B: DC10 SSSB-s | Bovine | Circular | 10 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 90 | 90 | x | x | |||||||
ES 20 | P: DC10 SSSB-s | Porcine | Circular | 10 | 2–0 | SSSB | yes | 60 | 60 | x | x | |||||||
Significant influence | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Quantification of the influences on the suture line for a reliable defect closure
Statistical analysis
Results
Quantification of the influences on the suture line for a reliable defect closure
Significant influences
Influence of the suturing technique
Influence of the defect shape
Insignificant influences
Influence of the suture diameter and material
Influence of the surgeon
Influence of the tissue elasticity
Influence of the failure pattern and progression
Influence of the defect size
Author | Load delivering method | Load orientation | Disruptiv vs. repetitiv | Used max. load | Number of impacts | Tested components |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siassi et al. 2014 [28] | Hydraulic, cyclic pressure impacts (water) | Multiaxial | Repetitiv | 210 mmHg | 425 | Tissue and Mesh and Suture, staples and/or glue |
Sahoo et al. 2015 [29] | Ball-burst-test or traction test | Multiaxial or biaxial | Repetitiv or disruptiv | n.a | 1 | Mesh |
Lyons et al. 2015 [30] | Pressure by air filled balloon | Multiaxial | Disruptiv | Up to 150 mmHg | 1 | Fixed mesh |
Kroese et al. 2016 [31] | Pressure by air filled balloon | Multiaxial | Repetitiv | Average of 75 mmHg | Mesh and suture | |
Cooney et al. 2018 [32] | Pressure by air filled balloon | Multiaxial | Disruptiv | 150 mmHg | 1 | Tissue and suture |
Influence of the small-bite- vs. the large-bite-technique
Influence of the tissue tension
Discussion
Bench test
Quantification of the influences on the suture line for a reliable defect closure
Defect size (in cm) | Tissue | LOSC until SS (%) | LOSC until ST (%) | CRIP circular defect | GRIP | Suture factor | GRIP + suture factor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized suture | |||||||
5 | Bovine | 0 | 30 | 37.5 | 0 | 22.5 | 22.5 |
5 | Porcine | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 15 | 15 |
Standardized suture | |||||||
5 | Bovine | 70 | 100 | 37.5 | 0 | 63 | 63 |
5 | Porcine | 90 | 100 | 25 | 0 | 42 | 42 |
7.5 | Bovine | 80 | 100 | 56 | 0 | 63 | 63 |
7.5 | Porcine | 100 | 100 | 37 | 0 | 42 | 42 |
10 | Bovine | 90 | 90 | 81 | 0 | 63 | 63 |
10 | Porcine | 60 | 60 | 54 | 0 | 42 | 42 |