nach oben

AIDS and Behavior

Erschienen in:

11.11.2017 | Substantive Review

Measurements of Sexuality-Based Stigma among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (GBMSM) in Resource-Poor Settings: A Review

verfasst von: Ryan Freeland, Erin Rogers, Heidi van Rooyen, Lynae Darbes, Kate Saylor, Rob Stephenson

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 5/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in resource-poor settings are disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. GBMSM living in these settings may face unique barriers to HIV prevention, including legal barriers and increased sexuality-based stigma. It is therefore imperative to tailor HIV prevention and care resources to recognize the lived realities of GBMSM in these settings. Central to this is the accurate measurement of sexuality-based stigma. However, there is wide inconsistency in how sexuality-based stigma is measured among GBMSM in resource-poor settings. This paper reviews recent studies of sexuality-based stigma among GBMSM in resource-poor settings, finding great variability in measurements. The results of the review call for greater attention to the development of contextually and culturally specific measures of sexuality-based stigma for GBMSM living in resource-poor settings.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

United Nations Population Fund 2015. Implementing Comprehensive HIV-STI Programmes MSM: Practical Guidance for Collaborative Interventions. 2014. http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/MSMIT_for_Web.pdf.

PAHO, WHO, UNAIDS. HIV and AIDS in the Americas: An Epidemic with Many Faces. 2001. http://www.who.int/hiv/strategic/en/amr_map_rio.pdf?ua=1.

Beyrer C, Baral SD, Van Griensven F, et al. HIV in men who have sex with men: global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380:367–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60821-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Beyrer C, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, et al. HIV in men who have sex with men: a call to action for comprehensive HIV services for men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):424–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61022-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Andrinopoulos K, Hembling J, Guardado ME, de Maria Hernandez F, Nieto AI, Melendez G. Evidence of the negative effect of sexual minority stigma on HIV testing among MSM and transgender women in San Salvador, El Salvador. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(1):60–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0813-0.CrossRefPubMed

Arnold MP, Struthers H, McIntyre J, Lane T. Contextual correlates of per partner unprotected anal intercourse rates among MSM in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(1):4–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0324-9.CrossRef

Choi KH, Hudes ES, Steward WT. Social discrimination, concurrent sexual partnerships, and hiv risk among men who have sex with men in Shanghai, China. AIDS Behav. 2008;12:71–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9394-0.CrossRef

Ha H, Risser JMH, Ross MW, Huynh NT, Nguyen HTM. Homosexuality-related stigma and sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in Hanoi, Vietnam. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44(2):349–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0450-8.CrossRefPubMed

Harper GW, Wade RM, Onyango DP, et al. Resilience among gay/bisexual young men in Western Kenya: psychosocial and sexual health outcomes. AIDS. 2015;. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000905.

10.

Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Herek GM, Chopp R, Strohl D. Sexual stigma: putting sexual minority health issues in context. In: Meyer IH, et al., editors. The health of sexual minorities: public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations. New York: Springer; 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_8.

12.

Cochran SD, Mays VM, Sullivan JG. Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003;71(1):53–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):813–21. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Golub SA, Gamarel KE. The impact of anticipated HIV stigma on delays in HIV testing behaviors: findings from a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in New York City. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27(11):621–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Veinot TC, Caldwell E, Loveluck J, Arnold MP, Bauermeister J. HIV testing behavior and social network characteristics and functions among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in Metropolitan Detroit. AIDS Behav. 2016;. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1296-y.PubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Arreola S, Santos GM, Beck J, et al. Sexual stigma, criminalization, investment, and access to HIV services among men who have sex with men worldwide. AIDS Behav. 2014;. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0869-x.

17.

Fay H, Baral SD, Trapence G, et al. Stigma, health care access, and HIV knowledge among men who have sex with men in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1088–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9861-2.CrossRefPubMed

18.

The Joanna Briggs Institute. The Joanna Briggs. The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual 2015. Adelaide: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2015.

19.

Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.CrossRef

20.

World Bank. World Bank Countries. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country. Published 2017. Accessed June 3, 2017.

21.

Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):38–56.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Choi K-H, Steward W, Miège P, Hudes E, Gregorich SE. Sexual stigma, coping styles, and psychological distress: a longitudinal study of men who have sex with men in Beijing, China. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;45:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0640-z.

23.

Schwartz SR, Nowak RG, Orazulike I, et al. The immediate eff ect of the same-sex marriage prohibition act on stigma, discrimination, and engagement on HIV prevention and treatment services in men who have sex with men in Nigeria: analysis of prospective data from the TRUST cohort. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(7):e299–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00078-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Aho J, Hakim A, Vuylsteke B, et al. Exploring risk behaviors and vulnerability for HIV among men who have sex with men in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: Poor knowledge, homophobia and sexual violence. PLoS ONE. 2014;. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099591.

25.

Secor AM, Wahome E, Micheni M, et al. Depression, substance abuse and stigma among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. AIDS. 2015;29:251–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000846.CrossRef

26.

Cook SH, Sandfort TGM, Nel JA, Rich EP. Exploring the relationship between gender nonconformity and mental health among black South African gay and bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42(3):327–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0087-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Dunn TL, Gonzalez CA, Costa AB, Nardi HC, Iantaffi A. Does the minority stress model generalize to a non-U.S. sample? An examination of minority stress and resilience on depressive symptomatology among sexual minority men in two urban areas of Brazil. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2014;1(2):117–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000032.CrossRef

28.

Maroky AS, Rateesh A, Viswanath B, Math SB, Chandrashekar CR, Seshadri SP. “Ego-dystonicity” in homosexuality: an Indian perspective. Int J Soc Psychiatr. 2015;61(4):311–8.CrossRef

29.

Berg RC, Ross MW, Weatherburn P, Schmidt AJ. Structural and environmental factors are associated with internalised homonegativity in men who have sex with men: Findings from the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS) in 38 countries. Soc Sci Med. 2013;78(1):61–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.033.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Ross MW, Berg RC, Schmidt AJ, et al. Internalised homonegativity predicts HIV-associated risk behavior in European men who have sex with men in a 38-country cross-sectional study: some public health implications of homophobia. BMJ Open. 2013;. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001928.

31.

Adebajo SB, Eluwa GI, Allman D, Myers T, Ahonsi BA. Prevalence of Internalized Homophobia and HIV associated risks among men who have sex with men in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2012;16(4):21–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23485772.

32.

Anderson AM, Ross MW, Nyoni JE, Mccurdy SA. High prevalence of stigma-related abuse among a sample of men who have sex with men in Tanzania: implications for HIV prevention. AIDS Care—Psychol Socio-Medical Asp AIDS/HIV. 2015;27(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.951597.CrossRef

33.

Brown J, Low WY, Tai R, Tong WT. Shame, internalized homonegativity, and religiosity: a comparison of the stigmatization associated with minority stress with gay men in Australia and Malaysia. Int J Sex Heal. 2015;28(1):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2015.1068902.CrossRef

34.

Chard AN, Finneran C, Sullivan PS, Stephenson R. Experiences of homophobia among gay and bisexual men: results from a cross-sectional study in seven countries. Cult Heal Sex. 2015;17(10):1174–89.CrossRef

35.

Finneran C, Chard A, Sineath C, Sullivan P, Stephenson R. Intimate partner violence and social pressure among gay men in six countries. West J Emerg Med. 2012;13(3):260–71. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2012.3.11779.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Gencoz T, Yuksel M. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Internalized Homophobia Scale. Arch Sex Behav. 2006;35(5):597–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9063-1.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Knox J, Sandfort T, Yi H, Reddy V, Maimane S. Social vulnerability and HIV testing among South African men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22(12):709–13. https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.010350.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Pitpitan EV, Smith LR, Goodman-Meza D, et al. “Outness” as a moderator of the association between syndemic conditions and HIV risk-taking behavior among men who have sex with men in Tijuana, Mexico. AIDS Behav. 2016;20:431–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1172-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Pyun T, Santos G-M, Arreola S, et al. Internalized homophobia and reduced HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2014;26(2):118–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539514524434.CrossRef

40.

Ross MW, Smolenski DJ, Kajubi P, Mandel JS, Mcfarland W, Raymond FH. Measurement of internalized homonegativity in gay and bisexual men in Uganda: Cross-cultural properties of the Internalized Homonegativity scale. Psychol Heal Med. 2010;15(2):159–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500903527746.CrossRef

41.

Ross MW, Kajubi P, Mandel JS, McFarland W, Raymond HF. Internalized homonegativity/homophobia is associated with HIV-risk behaviorurs among Ugandan gay and bisexual men. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24(5):409–13.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Sandfort TGM, Lane T, Dolezal C, Reddy V. Gender expression and risk of HIV infection among black South African men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:2270–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1067-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Sandfort T, Bos H, Knox J, Reddy V. Gender nonconformity, discrimination, and mental health among black South African men who have sex with men: a further exploration of unexpected findings. Arch Sex Behav. 2016;45(3):661–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0565-6.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Vu L, Tun W, Sheehy M, Nel D. Levels and correlates of internalized homophobia among men who have sex with men in Pretoria, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(3):717–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-9948-4.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Shangani S, Naanyu V, Mwangi A, et al. Factors associated with HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Western Kenya: a cross-sectional study. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462416638967.PubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Guo Y, Li X, Liu Y, Jiang S, Tu X. Disclosure of same-sex behavior by young Chinese migrant men: context and correlates. Psychol Heal Med. 2014;19(2):190–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.793367.CrossRef

47.

Ha HX, Ross M, Risser JMH, Nguyen HTM. Determinants of homosexuality-related stigma among men who have sex with men in Hanoi, Vietnam. Int J Sex Heal. 2014;26(3):200–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2013.858802.CrossRef

48.

Liu H, Feng T, Rhodes AG, Liu H. Assessment of the Chinese version of HIV and homosexuality related stigma scales. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85(1):65–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.032714.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Liu H, Feng T, Ha T, et al. Chinese culture, homosexuality stigma, social support and condom use: a path analytic model. Stigma Res Action. 2011;1(27):27–35. https://doi.org/10.5463/sra.v1i1.16.PubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Ha H, Ross MW, Risser JMH, Nguyen HTM. Measurement of stigma in men who have sex with men in Hanoi, Vietnam: assessment of a homosexuality-related stigma scale. J Sex Transm Dis. 2013;. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/174506.PubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Brady S, Busse WJ. The gay identity questionnaire. J Homosex. 1994;26(4):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v26n04_01.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Meyer IH, Dean L. Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. Stigma Sex Orientat. 1998;. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243818.n8.

53.

Mohr J, Fassinger R. Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2000;33(2):66. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=lom_umichanna&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA65196834&sid=summon&asid=df0305e05cbe22054088bd52e2c32c61.

54.

Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1989.

55.

D’Augelli AR, Pilkington NW, Hershberger SL. Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. Sch Psychol Q. 2002;17(2):148–67.CrossRef

56.

Díaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E. Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities. Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol. 2004;10(3):255–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.10.3.255.CrossRef

57.

Herek GM, Cogan JC, Gillis JR, Glunt EK. Correlates of internalized homophobia in a community sample of lesbians and gay men. J Gay Lesbian Medial Assoc. 1997;2:17–25.

58.

Kajubi P, Kamya MR, Raymond HF, et al. Gay and bisexual men in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2008;12:492–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9323-7.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Mohr JJ, Kendra MS. Revision and extension of a multidimensional measure of sexual minority identity: the lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity scale. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58(2):234–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022858.supp.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Neilands TB, Steward WT, Choi KH. Assessment of stigma towards homosexuality in China: a study of men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav. 2008;37(5):838–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9305-x.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Preston DB. The relationship of stigma to the sexual risk behavior of rural men who have sex with men. AIDS Educ Prev. 2007;19(3):218–30.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Ross MW, Smolenski DJ, Kajubi P, Mandel JS, Mcfarland W, Raymond FH. Measurement of internalized homonegativity in gay and bisexual men in Uganda: Cross-cultural properties of the Internalized Homonegativity scale. Psychol Health Med. 2010;15(2):159–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500903527746.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Smolenski DJ, Stigler MH, Ross MW, Rosser BRS. Direct and indirect associations between internalized homonegativity and high-risk sex. Arch Sex Behav. 2011;40:785–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9705-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Steward WT, Herek GM, Ramakrishna J, et al. HIV-related stigma: adapting a theoretical framework for use in India. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1225–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.032.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Williamson LM, Dodds JP, Mercey DE, Hart GJ, Johnson AM. Sexual risk behaviour and knowledge of HIV status among community samples of gay men in the UK. AIDS. 2008;22:1063–70.CrossRefPubMed

66.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, vol. 3. 3rd ed. Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Association; 1980. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3080051129.

67.

Bruce D. Associations of racial and homosexual stigmas with risk behaviors among latino men who have sex with men. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.

68.

Herek G, Greene B. Identity and community among gay and bisexual men in the AIDS era: preliminary findings from the Sacramento men’s health study. In: Glunt E, editor. AIDS, identity, and community: the HIV epidemic and lesbians and gay men. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc; 1995. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326917NV-2.

69.

Mayfield W. The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. J Homosex. 2001;41(2):37–52. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v41n02.CrossRef

70.

Mohr JJ, Fassinger RE. Sexual orientation identity and romantic relationship quality in same-sex couples. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2006;32(8):1085–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288281.CrossRef

71.

Ross MW, Rosser BRS. Measurement and correlates of internalized homophobia: a factor analytic study. J Clin Psychol. 1996;52(1):15–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199601)52:1<15:AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-V.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Smolenski DJ, Diamond PM, Ross MW, Rosser BRS. Revision, criterion validity, and multigroup assessment of the reactions to homosexuality scale. J Pers Assess. 2010;92(6):568–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.513300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Baral S, Adams D, Lebona J, et al. A cross-sectional assessment of population demographics, HIV risks and human rights contexts among men who have sex with men in Lesotho. J Int AIDS Soc. 2011;. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-14-36.PubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Herek GM. Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24(1):54–74.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Lewis RJ, Derlega VJ, Berndt A, Morris LM, Rose S. An empirical analysis of stressors for gay men and lesbians. J Homosex. 2002;42(1):63–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01.CrossRef

76.

Lewis RJ, Derlega VJ, Griffin JL, Krowinski AC. Stressors for gay men and lesbians: life stress, gay-related stress, stigma consciousness, and depressive symptoms. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2003;22(6):716–29. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.6.716.22932.CrossRef

77.

Bogart LM, Landrine H, Galvan FH, Wagner GJ, Klein DJ. Perceived discrimination and physical health among HIV-positive black and latino men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(4):1431–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0397-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Herek GM, Berrill KT. Hate crimes: confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1992.

79.

Díaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E, Henne J, Marin BV. The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from 3 US cities. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(6):927–32. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.6.927.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Kendall C, Kerr LRFS, Mota RMS, et al. Population size, HIV, and behavior among MSM in Luanda, Angola: challenges and findings in the first ever HIV and syphilis biological and behavioral survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(5):544–51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Mason K, Ketende S, Peitzmeier S, et al. Stigma, human rights violations, health care access, and disclosure among men who have sex with men in the Gambia. J Hum Rights Pract. 2015;7(1):139–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huu026.CrossRef

82.

Newman PA, Chakrapani V, Cook C, Shunmugam M, Kakinami L. Correlates of paid sex among men who have sex with men in Chennai. India. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(6):434–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.031484.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Risher K, Adams D, Sithole B, et al. Sexual stigma and discrimination as barriers to seeking appropriate healthcare among men who have sex with men in Swaziland. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;. https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.16.3.18715.PubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Sekoni AO, Ayoola OO, Somefun EO. Experiences of social oppression among men who have sex with men in a cosmopolitan city in Nigeria. HIV/AIDS—Res Palliat Care. 2015;. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S72034.

85.

Stephenson R, de Voux A, Sullivan PS. Intimate partner violence and sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men in South Africa. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(3):343–7.PubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Tun W, De Mello M, Pinho A, Chinaglia M, Diaz J. Sexual risk behaviours and HIV seroprevalence among male sex workers who have sex with men and non-sex workers in Campinas, Brazil. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(6):455–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.031336.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Zahn R, Grosso A, Scheibe A, et al. Human rights violations among men who have sex with men in Southern Africa: comparisons between legal contexts. PLoS ONE. 2016;. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147156.

88.

Thomas B, Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH, Perry NS, Swaminathan S, Safren SA. The influence of stigma on HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Chennai, India. AIDS Care—Psychol Socio-Medical Asp AIDS/HIV. 2012;24(11):1401–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.672717.CrossRef

89.

Wei C, Cheung DH, Yan H, Li J, Shi L, Raymond HF. The impact of homophobia and HIV stigma on HIV testing uptake among Chinese men who have sex with men: a mediation analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71(1):87–93.PubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Vu NTT, Holt M, Phan HTT, et al. Amphetamine-type stimulant use among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Vietnam: Results from a socio-ecological, community-based study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;158:110–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.016.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Song Y, Li X, Zhang L, et al. HIV-testing behavior among young migrant men who have sex with men (MSM) in Beijing, China. AIDS Care—Psychol Socio-Med Asp AIDS/HIV. 2011;23(2):179–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.487088.CrossRef

92.

Sabidó M, Kerr LRFS, Rosa SM, et al. Sexual violence against men who have sex with men in Brazil: a respondent-driven sampling survey. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:1630–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1016-z.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Kessler R, Mickelson K, Williams D. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):208–30.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Wolfe WR, Weiser SD, Leiter K, et al. The impact of universal access to antiretroviral therapy on HIV stigma in Botswana. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(10):1865–71. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122044.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

Logie CH, Newman PA, Chakrapani V, Shunmugam M. Adapting the minority stress model: associations between gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(8):1261–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.008.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Stahlman S, Grosso A, Ketende S, et al. Depression and social stigma among MSM in Lesotho: implications for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(8):1460–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1094-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Wirtz AL, Jumbe V, Trapence G, et al. HIV among men who have sex with men in Malawi: elucidating HIV prevalence and correlates of infection to inform HIV prevention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;. https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.16.4.18742.PubMedPubMedCentral

98.

Baral S, Trapence G, Motimedi F, et al. HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(3):4–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004997.CrossRef

99.

Stahlman S, Grosso A, Ketende S, et al. Characteristics of men who have sex with men in Southern Africa who seek sex online: a cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res. 2015;. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4230.PubMedPubMedCentral

100.

Wagner GJ, Hoover M, Green H, Tohme J, Mokhbat J. Social, relational, and network determinants of unprotected anal sex and HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Beirut, Lebanon. Int J Sex Heal. 2015;27(3):264–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2014.969467.CrossRef

101.

Tucker A, Liht J, De Swardt G, et al. Homophobic stigma, depression, self-efficacy and unprotected anal intercourse for peri-urban township men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional association model. AIDS Care—Psychol Socio-Med Asp AIDS/HIV. 2014;26(7):882–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.859652.CrossRef

102.

USAID. LGBT vision for action: promoting and supporting the inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Washington, D.C: USAID; 2014.

103.

Caceres CF, Aggleton P, Galea JT. Sexual diversity, social inclusion and HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 2008;22(2):S45–55. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2001449.Engineering.PubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: Measurements of Sexuality-Based Stigma among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (GBMSM) in Resource-Poor Settings: A Review
verfasst von: Ryan Freeland
Erin Rogers
Heidi van Rooyen
Lynae Darbes
Kate Saylor
Rob Stephenson
Publikationsdatum: 11.11.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 5/2018
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1975-3

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Measurements of Sexuality-Based Stigma among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (GBMSM) in Resource-Poor Settings: A Review

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Blutdrucksenkung könnte Uterusmyome verhindern

„Jeder Fall von plötzlichem Tod muss obduziert werden!“

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

Schlechtere Vorhofflimmern-Prognose bei kleinem linken Ventrikel

Update Innere Medizin

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 5/2018

Using a “Positive Deviance” Framework to Discover Adaptive Risk Reduction Behaviors Among High-Risk HIV Negative Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

HIV Prevalence Among Hospitalized Patients at the Main Psychiatric Referral Hospital in Botswana

HIV Status Disclosure Among Postpartum Women in Zambia with Varied Intimate Partner Violence Experiences

The Associations of Resilience and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Black Gay, Bisexual, Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in the Deep South: The MARI Study

Association Between Depression and Antiretroviral Therapy Use Among People Living with HIV: A Meta-analysis

Disclosure and Stigma of a Positive HIV-Serostatus: A Two-Step Cluster Analysis of the HIV Disclosure Scale

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Blutdrucksenkung könnte Uterusmyome verhindern

„Jeder Fall von plötzlichem Tod muss obduziert werden!“

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

Schlechtere Vorhofflimmern-Prognose bei kleinem linken Ventrikel

Update Innere Medizin