nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.01.2013 | ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Cognitive Mechanisms of the Transmission of Violence: Exploring Gender Differences among Adolescents Exposed to Family Violence

Erschienen in: Journal of Family Violence | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This study focuses on the mechanisms through which exposure to family violence leads to aggressive behavior in adolescents who were the victims of abuse and neglect. A sample of 166 adolescents from residential child welfare and protection centers for victims of abuse and neglect completed measures of victimization and witnessing violence at home, three schemas (justification of violence, mistrust, and grandiosity), aggressiveness (proactive and reactive), and depression. The results showed that witnessing family violence is more intensely associated with aggressiveness than victimization, and that part of this association is mediated by schemas of justification of violence and grandiosity. Victimization was associated with less aggressiveness and more depression, through the schema of mistrust. In girls exposure to family violence was more intensely associated with aggressiveness.

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont.

Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Ratings of relations between DSM-IV diagnostic categories and items of the CBCL/6–18, TRF, and YSR. Burlington: University of Vermont.

Aldarondo, E., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). Risk marker analysis of the cessation and persistence of wife assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 1010–1019.PubMedCrossRef

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Andreu, J. M., Peña, E., & Ramírez, J. M. (2009). Cuestionario de agresión reactiva y proactiva: un instrumento de medida de la agresión en adolescentes [The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: an instrument to assess aggression in adolescents]. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 14, 37–49.

Arata, C. M., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Bowers, D., & O’Brien, N. (2007). Differential correlates of multi-type maltreatment among urban youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(4), 393–415. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.006.CrossRef

Barry, T. D., Thompson, A., Barry, C. T., Lochman, J. E., Adler, K., & Hill, K. (2007). The importance of narcissism in predicting proactive and reactive aggression in moderately to highly aggressive children. Aggressive Behavior, 33(3), 185–197. doi:10.1002/ab.20198.PubMedCrossRef

Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology, 1(1), 48–71. doi:10.1177/1557085105282897.CrossRef

Bender, K. (2010). Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders?: a call for further investigation and adaptation of youth services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 466–473. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.022.CrossRef

Bettencourt, B. A., & Miller, N. (1996). Gender differences in aggression as a function of provocation: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 422–447. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.751.PubMedCrossRef

Boxer, P., Tisak, M. S., & Goldstein, S. E. (2004). Is it bad to be good? An exploration of aggressive and prosocial behavior subtypes in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 91–100. doi:10.1023/B:JOYO.0000013421.02015.ef.CrossRef

Burack, J. A., Flanagan, T., Peled, T., Sutton, H. M., Zygmuntowicz, C., & Manly, J. T. (2006). Social perspective-taking skills in maltreated children and adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 207–217. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.207.PubMedCrossRef

Burks, V. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Knowledge structures, social information processing, and children’s aggressive behavior. Social Development, 8(2), 220–236.PubMedCrossRef

Byrne, B. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Calvete, E. (2007). Justification of violence beliefs and social problem-solving as mediators between maltreatment and behavior problems in adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 131–140.PubMed

Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1083–1095. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9229-5.PubMedCrossRef

Calvete, E., & Cardeñoso, O. (2005). Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 179–192. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y.PubMedCrossRef

Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2010). Cognitive schemas and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 190–201.PubMed

Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2011). The impact of violence exposure on aggressive behavior through social information processing in adolescents. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 38–50. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01070.x.PubMedCrossRef

Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2012). Social information processing as a mediator between cognitive schemas and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 105–117.PubMedCrossRef

Calvete, E., Estévez, A., López de Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The schema questionnaire–short form: structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 90–99. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90.CrossRef

Calvete, E., Estévez, A., & Corral, S. (2007). Intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms in women: cognitive schemas as moderators and mediators. Behavior Research & Therapy, 45, 791–804. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.006.CrossRef

Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466–480. doi:10.1177/0165025406071904.CrossRef

Cardeñoso, O., & Calvete, E. (2004). Desarrollo de un inventario de creencias irracionales para adolescentes [Development of a irrational beliefs questionnaire for adolescents]. Psicología Conductual, 12(2), 289–304.

Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2000). The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy for fostering cognitive development in offspring of depressed mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 135–148. doi:10.1023/A:1005118713814.PubMedCrossRef

Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., & Lynch, M. (1995). Bowlby’s dream comes full circle: the application of attachment theory to risk and psychopathology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 17, 1–75.

Cid, J., & Torrubia, R. (2002). Schema as a construct in cognitive behavioral therapy: A study of psychometric validity using the young schema questionnaire. Paper presented in the XXXII European Association for Behavioural & Cognitive Therapies. Maastricht, Netherlands.

Cid, J., Tejero, A., & Torrubia, R. (1997). Adaptación española del cuestionario de esquemas de young [Spanish version of the young schema questionnaire]. Unpublished Manuscript.

Criss, M. M., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Lapp, A. L. (2002). Family adversity, positive peer relationships, and children’s externalizing behavior: a longitudinal perspective on risk and resilience. Child Development, 73(4), 1220–1237.PubMedCrossRef

Delsol, C., & Margolin, G. (2004). The role of family-of-origin violence in men’s marital violence perpetration. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(1), 99–122. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.12.001.PubMedCrossRef

Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146–1158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1146.PubMedCrossRef

Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Petit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37–51. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.1.37.PubMedCrossRef

Estévez, A., Villardón, L., Calvete, E., Padilla, P., & Orue, I. (2010). Adolescentes víctimas de cyberbullying: Prevalencia y características [Adolescents who suffer cyberbullying: prevalence and characteristics]. Psicología Conductual, 18, 73–89.

Fite, P. J., Vitulano, M., Wynn, P., Wimsatt, A., Gaertner, A., & Rathert, J. (2010). Influence of perceived neighborhood safety on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(6), 757–768. doi:10.1002/jcop.20393.CrossRef

Fitzpatrick, K. M. (1993). Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, african-american youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 528–531. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.528.PubMedCrossRef

Hankin, B. L. (2005). Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: prospective tests of attachment, cognitive vulnerability, and stress as mediating processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 645–671. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-9631-z.CrossRef

Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773–796.PubMedCrossRef

Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128–140.PubMedCrossRef

Haugaard, J. J., & Feerick, M. (2002). Interventions for maltreated children to reduce their likelihood of engaging in juvenile delinquency. Children’s Services: Social Policy, Research & Practice, 5(4), 285–297. doi:10.1207/S15326918CS0504_5.

Henry, D., Guerra, N., Huesmann, R., Tolan, P., VanAcker, R., & Eron, L. (2000). Normative influences on aggression in urban elementary school classrooms. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(1), 59–81.PubMedCrossRef

Herrenkhol, T. I., Huang, B., Tajima, E. A., & Whitney, S. D. (2003). Examining the link between child abuse and youth violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(10), 1189–1208. doi:10.1177/0886260503255558.CrossRef

Herrenkohl, T., & Herrenkohl, R. (2007). Examining the overlap and prediction of multiple forms of child maltreatment, stressors, and socioeconomic status: a longitudinal analysis of youth outcomes. Journal of Family Violence, 22(7), 553–562. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9107-x.CrossRef

Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: a review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797–810. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004.CrossRef

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.CrossRef

Huesmann, L. R., & Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 408–419. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.408.PubMedCrossRef

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.8 [computer software]. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International, Inc.

Keiley, K. M., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2000). A cross-domain growth analysis: externalizing and internalizing behaviors during 8 years of childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(2), 161–179. doi:10.1023/A:1005122814723.PubMedCrossRef

Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2003). Social self-efficacy and behavior problems in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 106–117. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_10.PubMed

Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). Longitudinal trajectories of self-system processes and depressive symptoms among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child Development, 77(3), 624–639. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00894.x.PubMedCrossRef

Kroneman, L., Loeber, R., Hipwell, A., & Koot, H. (2009). Girls’ disruptive behavior and its relationship to family functioning: a review. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18(3), 259–273. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9226-x.PubMedCrossRef

Leadbeater, B. J., Blatt, S. J., & Quinlan, D. M. (1995). Gender-linked vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms, stress, and problem behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(1), 1–29.CrossRef

Lemos, S., Vallejo, G., & Sandoval, M. (2002). Estructura factorial del Youth Self Report [Factorial structure of the youth self report]. Psicothema, 14, 816–822.

Lila, M., Herrero, J., & Gracia, E. (2008). Multiple victimization of Spanish adolescents: a multilevel analysis. Adolescence, 43(170), 333–350.PubMed

Limke, A., Showers, C. J., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2010). Emotional and sexual maltreatment: anxious attachment mediates psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(3), 347–367. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.3.347.CrossRef

Locke, T. F., & Newcomb, M. D. (2004). Child maltreatment, parent alcohol-and drug-related problems, polydrug problems, and parenting practices: a test of gender differences and four theoretical perspectives. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(1), 120–134. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.120.PubMedCrossRef

Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: the longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children’s symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 235–257. doi:10.1017/S095457949800159X.PubMedCrossRef

Maas, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Sousa, C. (2008). Review of research on child maltreatment and violence in youth. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 9(1), 56–67. doi:10.1177/1524838007311105.CrossRef

Malinosky-Rummell, R., & Hansen, D. J. (1993). Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 68–79.PubMedCrossRef

McGee, R. A., Wolfe, D. A., & Wilson, S. K. (1997). Multiple maltreatment experiences and adolescent behavior problems: adolescents’ perspectives. Development and Psychopathology, 9(1), 131–149. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001107.PubMedCrossRef

Möller, I., & Krahé, B. (2009). Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: a longitudinal analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 35(1), 75–89. doi:10.1002/ab.20290.PubMedCrossRef

Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non-clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 405–413. doi:10.1002/cpp.506.CrossRef

Musher-Eizenman, D., Boxer, P., Danner, S., Dubow, E. F., Goldstein, S. E., & Heretick, D. M. L. (2004). Social-cognitive mediators of the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children’s aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 30(5), 389–408. doi:10.1002/ab.20078.CrossRef

Nickoletti, P., & Taussig, H. N. (2006). Outcome expectancies and risk behaviors in maltreated adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 217–228. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00129.x.CrossRef

Nordahl, H. M., Holthe, H., & Haugum, J. A. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12(2), 142–149. doi:10.1002/cpp.430.CrossRef

Orobio de Castro, B., Veerman, J. W., Koops, W., Bosch, J. D., & Monshouwer, H. J. (2002). Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: a meta-analysis. Child Development, 73(3), 916–934. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00447.PubMedCrossRef

Orue, I., & Calvete, E. (2010). Elaboración y validación de un cuestionario para medir la exposición a la violencia en infancia y adolescencia [Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure exposure to violence in childhood and adolescence]. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 10(2), 279–292.

Qouta, S., Punamäki, R. L., Miller, T., & El-Sarraj, E. (2008). Does war beget child aggression? military violence, gender, age and aggressive behavior in two Palestinian samples. Aggressive Behavior, 34(3), 231–244. doi:10.1002/ab.20236.PubMedCrossRef

Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., & Liu, J. (2006). The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115.PubMedCrossRef

Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: the mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 670–683. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.670.PubMedCrossRef

Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445.PubMedCrossRef

Smith, C. A., Ireland, T. O., & Thornberry, T. P. (2005). Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult antisocial behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1099–1119. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.02.011.CrossRef

Staudt, M. M. (2001). Psychopathology, peer relations, and school functioning of maltreated children: a literature review. Children and Schools, 23(2), 85–100.CrossRef

Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., & Olthof, T. (2007). Externalizing shame responses in children: the role of fragile–positive self–esteem. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 559–577. doi:10.1348/026151007X173827.CrossRef

Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1996). Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 32–41. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.32.PubMedCrossRef

Tremblay, P. F., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: overlap with early maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5), 569–574. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.009.CrossRef

Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Barker, E. D. (2006). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: a developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(1), 12–19. doi:10.1177/0165025406059968.CrossRef

Wall, A. E., & Barth, R. P. (2005). Aggressive and delinquent behavior of maltreated adolescents: risk factors and gender differences. Stress, Trauma and Crisis: An International Journal, 8(1), 1–24. doi:10.1080/15434610490888081.CrossRef

Webster, L., Hackett, R. K., & Joubert, D. (2009). The association of unresolved attachment status and cognitive processes in maltreated adolescents. Child Abuse Review, 18(1), 6–23.CrossRef

Widom, C. S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244(4901), 160. doi:10.1126/science.2704995.PubMedCrossRef

Wolfe, D. A., & Scott, K. (2001). Child maltreatment: risk of adjustment problems and dating violence in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(3), 282–289. doi:10.1097/00004583-200103000-00007.PubMedCrossRef

Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.

Zelli, A., Dodge, K. A., Laird, R. D., & Lochman, J. E. (1999). The distinction between beliefs legitimizing aggression and deviant processing of social cues: testing measurement validity and the hypothesis that biased processing mediates the effects of beliefs on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 150–166.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Cognitive Mechanisms of the Transmission of Violence: Exploring Gender Differences among Adolescents Exposed to Family Violence
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2013
Erschienen in: Journal of Family Violence / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0885-7482
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2851
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9472-y

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Lifting the Domestic Violence Cloak of Silence: Resilient Australian Women’s Reflected Memories of their Childhood Experiences of Witnessing Domestic Violence

Exposure to Maternal- and Paternal-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence, Emotion Regulation, and Child Outcomes

Predictors of Maladaptive Coping in Incarcerated Women Who are Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Use of a Social–Ecological Framework to Understand How and Under What Conditions Family Violence Exposure Affects Children’s Adjustment