The objective of this study is to validate an existing health-related quality of life questionnaire for patients with synkinesis in facial palsy for implementation in the Dutch language and culture. The Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire was translated into the Dutch language using a forward–backward translation method. A pilot test with the translated questionnaire was performed in 10 patients with facial palsy and 10 normal subjects. Finally, cross-cultural adaption was accomplished at our outpatient clinic for facial palsy. Analyses for internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity were performed. Sixty-six patients completed the Dutch Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire and the Dutch Facial Disability Index. Cronbach’s α, representing internal consistency, was 0.80. Test–retest reliability was 0.53 (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, P < 0.01). Correlations with the House-Brackmann score, Sunnybrook score, Facial Disability Index physical function, and social/well-being function were −0.29, 0.20, −0.29, and −0.32, respectively. Correlation with the Sunnybrook synkinesis subscore was 0.50 (Spearman’s correlation coefficient). The Dutch Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire shows good psychometric values and can be implemented in the management of Dutch-speaking patients with facial palsy and synkinesis in the Netherlands. Translation of the instrument into other languages may lead to widespread use, making evaluation, and comparison possible among different providers.
Introduction
Patients with facial palsy experience several problems; brow ptosis, incomplete eye closure (leading to exposure keratopathy), nasal valve collapse, oral incompetence, articulation difficulties, overall facial asymmetry, and psychosocial problems. Facial nerve injury and recovery is often accompanied with secondary effects; crocodile tears, eye dryness, taste disturbances, and synkinesis. Synkinesis is the phenomenon of involuntary movement in one (or more) area(s) of the ipsilateral face during voluntary movement in another area of the face. For example, eye closure during speaking or eating. Three possible mechanisms for the development of synkinesis are described. The first, and most widely accepted, proposed mechanism is that of aberrant regeneration. During regeneration axons might regrow in endoneural tubes other than their original ones, innervating different muscle groups. A second mechanism is the stimulation of neighbor axons due to loss of myelin. A last possibility is hyper excitability of the facial nucleus itself [1].
Patient-reported outcome measures and disease-specific quality of life have become more and more important, leading to the development of self-assessment questionnaires. Many grading scales for facial function have been developed, only a few including the assessment of synkinesis, for example the Sunnybrook facial grading system [2]. Assessment can be performed by the physician using clinician-based grading scales, but quantitative (sometimes automated) tools have been developed as well. The Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) is a valid, reliable, and easily administered instrument for the self-assessment of synkinesis in patients with facial palsy [3]. This instrument was developed and validated in the Facial Nerve Center at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (Boston, USA) in 2007. The questionnaire consists of nine items. Total scores range from 0 (no synkinesis) to 100 (severe synkinesis, all the time). In our clinic, there was need for a synkinesis self-assessment tool and we wanted to be able to compare our results with other clinics.
Anzeige
The aim of this study was to create a Dutch version of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire and to test its internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and construct validity for a valid use in the Dutch language and culture.
Methods
Translation
We approached the developers of the SAQ and obtained permission to use the instrument for translation and validation [3]. In the current literature, there is no consensus on ‘gold standard’ guidelines for translating quality of life questionnaires. Two methods are described; the forward–backward translation [4‐6] and the dual-panel translation [7]. Dual-panel translation compromises the translation by a team of translators working together and assessment of the translation by a lay panel [8]. The forward–backward translation seems to be the most accepted method; although there is no evidence to support this view. Acquadro et al. performed a literature review in 2008; they did not find evidence in favor of one method, but strongly advised researchers to adopt a multistep approach [8]. A forward–backward translation approach was used in this study (Fig. 1). Considerations and difficulties of each step were documented. Choice of wording and phraseology had to be compatible with a reading level of age 14 [4]. The pilot test was performed in a group of ten patients with a facial palsy and ten persons without history of facial disease. Respondents completed the questionnaire and were asked about difficulties with answering and understanding the items. After this pilot test, final adjustments were made and documented.
Fig. 1
Method of forward–backward translation. Asterisk two independent translators; both native Dutch with American-English as their second, fluent, language; one of them was a medical doctor. Hash committee consisting of the authors of this manuscript. Superscript two independent translators; both American from origin with Dutch as a second language; one of them had a medical background
×
Validation
When using a questionnaire in another country and another language, translation of the items alone is not enough. The items must be adapted to the new culture to maintain the content validity of the instrument: cross-cultural adaption is required. [9, 10] Validation of the Dutch SAQ was performed at our university medical center between December 2012 and August 2014. The study protocol was assessed according to guidelines of the local committee on research involving human subjects; no formal ethical review was required. Dutch-speaking adult (18 years or older) patients with a facial palsy were included. Patients completed two different questionnaires: the Dutch SAQ and the Dutch Facial Disability Index (FDI). In addition, gender, age, etiology, side and duration of the palsy, House-Brackmann (HB) scores [11], and Sunnybrook (SB) scores [12] were collected in the database. This information was retrieved from the medical charts retrospectively.
To assess test–retest reliability, patients not receiving any form of treatment were sent the Dutch SAQ again after 2 weeks. At the end of the study, to increase the response rate for test–retest, patients were sent the SAQ (plus FDI) 2 weeks before visiting our clinic and the retest assessment was performed independently just before their visit while sitting in the waiting room. To test construct validity, the HB, SB, and FDI were used.
Anzeige
Facial disability index
The FDI is a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with facial palsy, developed in at the Facial Nerve Center in Pittsburg around 1996 by VanSwearingen et al. [13]. The FDI has two domains; physical function and social/well-being function. The physical function scores range from −25 (worst) to 100 (best), and the social/well-being function scores range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The questionnaire does not have a synkinesis specific sub domain. This questionnaire has been translated into Dutch according to a forward–backward method previously (not published), but has not officially been validated for use in the Dutch culture.
Statistical analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY) was used for data collection and statistical analysis. All questionnaire items were entered according to the principle of double data entry. First, descriptive analyses were performed to show patient characteristics. Cronbach’s α coefficient was calculated to test the internal consistency of the SAQ. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated to analyze test–retest reliability. Correlations between the Dutch SAQ and the HB score, SB score, and FDI were calculated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient to show construct validity [14].
Results
Pilot test
Ten normal subjects, without history of facial disease, completed the pilot version of the Dutch SAQ, they all had a SAQ score of 0 (best score). Ten patients with peripheral facial palsy completed the pilot version of the translated questionnaire as well. Subjects did not document any difficulties in understanding or answering the items, one minor adjustment was made in the Dutch SAQ.
Validation
Between December 2012 and September 2014 66 patients completed the Dutch SAQ and FDI. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Skewness of the SAQ scores is shown in Fig. 2, a small floor effect is seen.
Table 1
Patient characteristics
n
%
Mean
SD
Median
Range
Gender
Female
45
68
Male
21
32
Age (years)
55.8
13.4
57.5
25–89
Side
Left
27
41
Right
37
56
Bilateral
2
3
Time since onset (months)
40
50
26
5–300
Etiology
Bell’s palsy
36
55
Ramsay hunt
15
23
Iatrogenic
3
5
Traumatic
3
5
Acoustic neuroma
3
5
Other#
6
9
House-Brackmann
3.0
0.9
3.0
1–5
Sunnybrook
47.9
17.7
49.5
11–83
FDI physical function
55.0
17.4
55.0
25–100
FDI social/well-being function
70.1
18.0
72.0
30–100
SAQ total score
47.6
18.0
44.4
18–93
# Other etiologies comprised Lyme disease, cholesteatoma, multiple sclerosis, and benign facial nerve tumors
Fig. 2
Skewness of SAQ scores
×
The internal consistency of the Dutch SAQ was assessed using Cronbach’s α, which showed a value of 0.80. A Cronbach’s α > 0.7 is generally considered acceptable, and α > 0.8 as good [14]. Test–retest reliability was moderate (0.53, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, n = 46, P < 0.01). Table 2 shows the individual item and total correlation coefficients.
* Significant at the 0.05 level, all other items and total significant at the 0.01 level
Correlations between the SAQ score and the HB, SB, and FDI scores are shown in Table 3. Correlation with the HB score is negative because of the design of the HB (1 is no palsy, 6 is complete flaccid palsy).
Table 3
Correlation between SAQ and House-Brackmann, Sunnybrook scores, and Facial Disability Index (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, 95 % Confidence Interval)
House-Brackmann
Sunnybrook
Sunnybrook synkinesis score
FDI physical function
FDI social/well-being function
SAQ Total score
−0.288
0.203
0.651**
−0.290*
−0.320*
(−0.788 to −0.031)
(−0.110 to 0.560)
(0.199 to 0.834)
(−0.541 to −0.049)
(−0.547 to −0.039)
SAQ Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire, FDI Facial Disability Index
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01
Discussion
In this study, the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire has been translated and validated for use in the Netherlands. Cronbach’s α, representing internal consistency, was good (0.80). Test–retest reliability was moderate (0.53). Correlation with the Sunnybrook synkinesis sub score was moderate as well (0.50). Translation of the SAQ into the Dutch language and validation for use in the Dutch culture were performed according to the highest standards for translation of self-assessment questionnaires [5, 10, 15].
Comparison with original questionnaire
Patient characteristics of this validation study are comparable with the original validation of the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire. Although, patients were on average about 10 years older. Bell’s palsy was the diagnosis in the majority of patients in both studies [3]. Internal consistency, reflected by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, was 0.80 for the Dutch Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire, in comparison to 0.86 for the original instrument. Test–retest reliability for the Dutch SAQ was moderate (0.53) in comparison to good (0.88) in the original validation study. Nevertheless, test–retest reliability was statistically significant for all items individually and for the total score in the current validation study (Table 2), overall with lower correlations than Mehta et al. [3].
Anzeige
Comparison with other grading systems
The patient-reported SAQ scores showed low correlations with the clinician-based grading scales (HB and SB, −0.29 and 0.20, respectively). One reason for a low association with the HB is that the HB facial grading system does not take into account synkinesis. For instance, one patient in this study had a House-Brackmann score of 1, which represents normal facial function, while he did experience synkinesis. A higher correlation was demonstrated between the (clinician-based) Sunnybrook synkinesis sub score and the SAQ, r = 0.50. However, Mehta et al. found an even higher correlation between the SAQ and the Sunnybrook synkinesis sub scores (0.77). We sought for an explanation for this difference, but unsuccessfully. In any case, the SAQ is a patient-reported measure, while the HB and SB are physician-reported measures. Therefore a high correlation between these two types of measures is not expected. For this reason, both types of measures should be used in the assessment of synkinesis.
Responsiveness
Future studies should demonstrate the responsiveness of the questionnaire. SAQ scores before and after treatment with botulinum toxin should be assessed, together with a clinician-based grading scale (Sunnybrook) and a quantitative, computerized tool. A study using all types of assessment will give us more insight in the responsiveness of the Dutch SAQ and the effectiveness of synkinesis treatment.
Conclusion
The Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire is a simple instrument for use in daily clinic. This subjective instrument should be combined with a quantitative instrument and clinician-based grading for a complete assessment of synkinesis. The use of the Dutch SAQ can now be implemented in the management of patients with facial palsy in the Netherlands. Implementation worldwide would facilitate comparison between clinics.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Olga Smulders-Meyer, Pie van der Wind, Natalie Mazur, and Yvette Marts for translating the questionnaire. We also thank Cas Drabbe for the double data entry, and Dr. R.P. Mehta for his permission to use the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire.
Anzeige
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The study protocol was assessed according to guidelines of the local committee on research involving human subjects; no formal ethical review was required.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Mit e.Med Neurologie & Psychiatrie erhalten Sie Zugang zu CME-Fortbildungen der Fachgebiete, den Premium-Inhalten der dazugehörigen Fachzeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.
Mit e.Med Neurologie erhalten Sie Zugang zu CME-Fortbildungen des Fachgebietes, den Premium-Inhalten der neurologischen Fachzeitschriften, inklusive einer gedruckten Neurologie-Zeitschrift Ihrer Wahl.
Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.
Auch ein sehr ausgedehnter ischämischer Schlaganfall scheint an sich kein Grund zu sein, von einer mechanischen Thrombektomie abzusehen. Dafür spricht die LASTE-Studie, an der Patienten und Patientinnen mit einem ASPECTS von maximal 5 beteiligt waren.
Wenn jüngere Menschen über ständig rezidivierenden Lagerungsschwindel klagen, könnte eine Massagepistole der Auslöser sein. In JAMA Otolaryngology warnt ein Team vor der Anwendung hochpotenter Geräte im Bereich des Nackens.
Konsumieren Menschen täglich 7 Gramm Olivenöl, ist ihr Risiko, an einer Demenz zu sterben, um mehr als ein Viertel reduziert – und dies weitgehend unabhängig von ihrer sonstigen Ernährung. Dafür sprechen Auswertungen zweier großer US-Studien.
Update Neurologie
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletterund bleiben Sie gut informiert.
