Introduction
Method
Results
Cognitive Domains
Study (country) | Sample N/n Age (mean ± SD) % females | Design | Operationalization of CBSD | Paradigm | Outcome variable | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Working memory/learning abilities | ||||||
Derbyshire et al., 2014 (USA) [16] | nCBSD = 23 22.3 ± 3.5 years 60.9% f nCG = 23 21.1 ± 3.4 years 60.9% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview | Spatial working memory task (no shopping-related cues included) | Number of errors, strategic performance | Poorer performance (more errors, inferior strategies) in CBSD than CG |
Kyrios et al., 2013 (Australia) [17] | nCBSD = 18 38.9 ± 17.7 years 70.6% f nCG = 17 37.1 ± 13.7 years 88.9% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS | Study 1: mood induction and subsequent recognition memory task with shopping-related pictures Study 2: semantic-memory task with shopping-related pictures | Recognition of shopping-related pictures | Study 1: Memory-facilitating effect of depressed mood in CG but not CBSD Study 2: CBSD more strongly associated consumer items with emotional concepts than with concepts of function |
Black et al., 2012 (USA) [18] | nCBSD = 26 36.3 ± 15.7 years 88.5% f nCG = 32 39.4 ± 14.8 years 84.4% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, McElroy et al. criteria | 1) Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, 2) Hopkins Verbal Learning Task-Revised | Total and delayed recall | No group differences |
Attention/attentional bias | ||||||
Trotzke et al., 2020 (Germany) [19••] | N = 277 24.6 ± 9.5 years 74.4% f | Convenience sample | PBS | DPP with shopping-related and neutral pictures | Attentional bias score (subtracting mean reaction time of congruent trials from mean reaction time of incongruent trials) | No correlations between DPP performance and symptoms of CBSD in the total sample, but in subsamples when controlling for habituation effects |
Vogel et al., 2019 (Germany) [20] | nCBSD = 39 45.0 ± 10.8 years 74.4% f nCG = 39 44.8 ± 10.6 years 74.4% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | PBS, McElroy et al. criteria | DPP with shopping-related and neutral pictures | Attentional bias score (subtracting mean reaction time of congruent trials from mean reaction time of incongruent trials) | No group differences |
Jiang et al., 2017 (China) [21] | N = 98 20.6 ± 1.3 years 54.0% f | Convenience sample 3 symptom severity groups: 1) high, n = 27, 2) medium, n = 43, 3) low, n = 28 | Online Shopping Addiction Scale | 1) DPP with shopping-related and neutral pictures, 2) Modified Stroop Task with shopping-related words | Mean reaction times | DPP: No group differences Stroop: Attentional bias towards online shopping-related stimuli in group 1 |
Trotzke et al., 2015b (Germany) [22] | nCBSD = 30 42.8 ± 10.6 years 73.3% f nCG = 30 42.0 ± 10.3 years 73.3% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | CBS, German Addictive Buying Scale, SCID for impulse control disorders | 1) d2-test, 2) Stroop Color Word Test (no shopping-related cues included) | 1) Total items minus failures, 2) Mean reaction times | No group differences |
Voth et al., 2014 (Germany) [23] | nCBSD = 31 40.7 ± 11.3 years 80.6% f nCG = 28 39.1 ± 10.3 years 82.1% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | CBS, SCID for impulse control disorders | Stroop Color Word Test (no shopping-related cues included) | Mean reaction times | No group differences |
Black et al., 2012 (USA) [18] | nCBSD = 26 36.3 ± 15.7 years 88.5% f nCG = 32 39.4 ± 14.8 years 84.4% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, McElroy et al. criteria | 1) Stroop Color Word Test, 2) Letter–Number Sequencing subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (no shopping-related cues included) | 1) Mean reaction times, 2) Letter numbering sequencing | No group differences |
Cognitive flexibility/planning | ||||||
Trotzke et al., 2015b (Germany) [22] | nCBSD = 30 42.8 ± 10.6 years 73.3% f nCG = 30 42.0 ± 10.3 years 73.3% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | CBS, German Addictive Buying Scale, SCID for impulse control disorders | 1) Trail-Making Test A and B, 2) Modified Card Sorting Test, 3) Tower of Hanoi (no shopping-related cues included) | 1) Completion time, 2) Number of categories reached, number of preservative errors, 3) Number of moves and time needed for completion of Tower of Hanoi | No group differences |
Derbyshire et al., 2014 (USA) [16] | nCBSD = 23 22.3 ± 3.5 years 60.9% f nCG = 23 21.1 ± 3.4 years 60.9% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview, McElroy et al. criteria | Intra-Extradimensional Set Shift Task (no shopping-related cues included) | Total number of errors | No group differences |
Black et al., 2012 (USA) [18] | nCBSD = 26 36.3 ± 15.7 years 88.5% f nCG = 32 39.4 ± 14.8 years 84.4% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, McElroy et al. criteria | 1) Trail-Making Test A and B 2) WCST (no shopping-related cues included) | 1) Completion time, 2) total errors, preservative responses, non-preservative errors, preservative errors, categories completed, learning to learn | No group differences |
Cue reactivity/craving | ||||||
Trotzke et al., 2021 (Germany) [14••] | nCBSD = 18 47.7 ± 8.6 years 88.9% f nCG = 18 49.7 ± 10.1 years 88.9% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | PBS, McElroy et al. criteria | CRP with shopping-related and neutral pictures, fMRI | Subjective craving and differences in BOLD signal during CRP | Higher subjective craving towards shopping-related pictures in CBSD than CG During CRP: higher activities in the dorsal striatum in CBSD than CG; no group differences in the ventral striatum; activity in ventral striatum associated with symptom severity in CBSD group |
Trotzke et al., 2020 (Germany) [19••] | N = 277 24.6 ± 9.5 years 74.4% f | Convenience sample | PBS | CRP with shopping-related pictures | Subjective craving (valence, arousal, urge to buy) | Positive correlation between subjective craving and symptoms of CBSD |
Trotzke et al., 2019 (Germany) [24••] | N = 57 31.4 ± 10.6 years 52.6% f | Convenience sample | Short Internet Addiction Test-shopping | CRP with online shopping-related and neutral pictures | Subjective craving (valence, arousal, urge to buy) | Moderate correlation between subjective craving towards shopping-related pictures and symptoms of online CBSD |
Vogel et al., 2019 (Germany) [20••] | nCBSD = 39 45.0 ± 10.8 years 74.4% f nCG = 39 44.8 ± 10.6 years 74.4% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | PBS, McElroy et al. criteria | CRP with shopping-related pictures | Subjective craving (valence, arousal, urge to buy) | Higher subjective craving towards shopping-related pictures in CBSD than CG |
de Vries et al., 2018 (The Netherlands) [25] Study 2 | N = 134 19.8 ± 1.9 years 40.3% f | Convenience sample | CBS | Modified CRP: Participants had to choose between a pair of socks and a pair of jeans on sale Note: Participants randomly assigned to 1) close friend condition, 2) acquaintance condition and 3) informed of a positive event | Subjective purchase desire | Positive correlation between subjective purchase desire and symptoms of CBSD. For participants with high symptom severity of CBSD, the presence of a friend reduced the purchase desire as compared to a positive event and acquaintance condition |
de Vries et al., 2018 (The Netherlands) [25] Study 4 | N = 64 19.7 ± 3.2 years 48.4% f | Convenience sample | CBS | Same hypothetical situation as in Study 2 Note: Participants randomly assigned to 1) close friend condition and 2) acquaintance condition | Subjective purchase desire | Positive correlation between subjective purchase desire and symptoms of CBSD. For participants with high symptom severity of CBSD, the presence of a friend (as compared to acquaintance) decreased the purchase desire, while for individuals without CBSD, it increased the purchase desire |
Trotzke et al., 2015a (Germany) [26] | N = 240 26.6 ± 10.4 years 100% f | Convenience sample | Short Internet Addiction Test-shopping | CRP with online shopping-related pictures cues | Subjective craving (arousal, urge to buy) | Positive correlation between subjective craving and symptoms of online CBSD pre and post CRP; increase in subjective craving after the CRP in participants with high symptom severity of online CBSD |
Lawrence et al., 2014 (Australia) [27] | N = 22 25.3 ± 7.2 years 100% f | Convenience sample | CBS, Compulsive Acquisition Scale, Buying Cognition Inventory | Modified CRP with recognition memory task and shopping-related pictures | Subjective urge to buy and EEG coherence measures | High subjective craving in participants with high symptom severity of CBSD; left-sided lateralization in the EEG during presentation of high-urge items in relation to CBSD symptom severity |
Trotzke et al., 2014 (Germany) [28] | nCBSD = 30 42.8 ± 10.6 years 73.3% f nCG = 30 42.0 ± 10.3 years 73.3% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | CBS, German Addictive Buying Scale, McElroy et al. criteria | CRP with shopping-related and neutral pictures | Subjective craving (valence, arousal, urge to buy), skin conductance response | Higher subjective craving and higher skin conductance response towards shopping-related pictures in CBSD than CG; increase in subjective craving after the CRP in CBSD |
Starcke et al., 2013 (Germany) [29] | N = 66 22.9 ± 4.3 years 100% f | Convenience sample | CBS | CRP with shopping-related cues | Subjective craving (valence, arousal, urge to buy), skin conductance response | Positive correlation between subjective craving and symptoms of CBSD; skin conductance response not related to CBSD symptom severity |
Raab et al., 2011 (Germany) [15] | nCBSD = 23 42.2 ± 12.2 years 100% f nCG = 23 41.7 ± 10.8 years 100% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | German Addictive Buying Scale | Adapted Saving Holdings or Purchase Task with pictures of consumer products, fMRI | Differences in BOLD activities during decision task | Higher activity in striatum for subsequently bought products in CBSD than CG during product presentation; lower activity in insula in CBSD than CG during price presentation; higher activity in anterior cingulate cortex during purchase decisions in CBSD than CG |
Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer | ||||||
Vogel et al., 2018 (Germany) [30••] | N = 66 23.8 ± 3.1 years 65.2% f | Convenience sample | Short Internet Addiction Test-shopping | PIT-paradigm with pictures related to online gaming and online shopping 1) Pavlovian phase, 2) Instrumental phase, 3) Transfer phase | Feasibility of PIT-paradigm in gaming/CBSD, awareness of contingencies, gaming/shopping, PIT-effect | Feasibility established; gaming and shopping PIT-effect in persons who learned contingencies during Pavlovian trainings phase; magnitude of shopping PIT-effect not associated with symptoms of online CBSD |
Decision making—standardized tasks | ||||||
Trotzke et al., 2019 (Germany) [24••] | N = 57 31.4 ± 10.6 years 52.6% f | Convenience sample | Short Internet Addiction Test-shopping | IGT modified with online shopping-related and control pictures | IGT net score | More disadvantageous decisions when online shopping pictures were displayed on the disadvantageous decks compared to when online shopping pictures were displayed on the advantageous decks |
Nicolai et al., 2017 (Germany) [31] | N = 103 28.2 ± 9.4 years 69.9% f | Convenience sample | PBS | Delay Discounting Task with loan variant (no shopping-related cues included) | Area under the curve (the degree to which the participant delayed the reward) | CBSD symptoms negatively predicted area under the curve, indicating that more symptoms of CBSD are associated with more delay discounting |
Trotzke et al., 2015b (Germany) [22] | nCBSD = 30 42.8 ± 10.6 years 73.3% f nCG = 30 42.0 ± 10.3 years 73.3% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | CBS, German Addictive Buying Scale, SCID for impulse control disorders | IGT, GDT (no shopping-related cues included) | IGT net score; GDT net score, frequency of risky options chosen | IGT: more disadvantageous decisions in CBSD than CG GDT: no group differences |
Vogt et al., 2015 (Germany) [32] | nCBSD = 28 31.2 ± 10.0 years 78.6% f nCG = 21 33.1 ± 12.3 years 81.0% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | German Addictive Buying Scale, CBS | GDT (no shopping-related cues included) | Frequency of risky options chosen, total bank balance | No group differences |
Voth et al., 2014 (Germany) [23] | nCBSD = 31 40.7 ± 11.3 years 80.6% f nCG = 28 39.1 ± 10.3 years 82.1% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | CBS, SCID for impulse control disorders | IGT (no shopping-related cues included) | IGT net score | More disadvantageous decisions in CBSD than CG |
Black et al., 2012 (USA) [18] | nCBSD = 26 36.3 ± 15.7 years 88.5% f nCG = 32 39.4 ± 14.8 years 84.4% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, McElroy et al. criteria | IGT (no shopping-related cues included) | IGT net score | No group differences |
Billieux et al., 2010 (Switzerland) [33] | N = 95 23.3 ± 2.1 years 50.5% f | Convenience sample | French Questionnaire about Buying Behavior | IGT (no shopping-related cues included) | IGT net score, difference between first and last 40 trials | No correlation between IGT performance and symptoms of CBSD |
Derbyshire et al., 2014 (USA) [16] | nCBSD = 23 22.3 ± 3.5 years 60.9% f nCG = 23 21.1 ± 3.4 years 60.9% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview, McElroy et al. criteria | Cambridge Gambling Task (no shopping-related cues included) | Proportion of rational decisions and points gambled; risk adjustment | Poorer decision making and less risk adjustment in CBSD than CG |
Decision making—buying-shopping specific tasks | ||||||
Vogt et al., 2014 (Germany) [34] | nCBSD = 40 23.0 ± 23.5 years 100% f nCG = 40 23.2 ± 23.1 years 100% f | CBSD vs. CG | German Addictive Buying Scale, CBS | Mood induction with subsequent purchase task with pictures of consumer products | Shopping-related proxies: willingness to pay more money, product-specific urge to buy, probability to buy | Participants with high compared to those with low CBSD symptom severity exhibited higher extent of shopping-related proxies; no effect of mood induction on shopping-related proxies |
McQueen et al., 2014 (Australia) [35] | nCBSD = 17 38.9 ± 15.7 years nCG = 18 37.1 ± 13.7 years Total: 80% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, Buying Cognition Inventory | Purchase task with pictures of tempting and neutral consumer products, either minimizing or maximizing buying beliefs and financial constraints conditions | Decision to buy | Participants with high compared to those with low CBSD symptom severity showed less inhibition of urges to buy non-essential items due to financial constraints and if buying-related beliefs were maximized |
Raab et al., 2011 (Germany) [15] | nCBSD = 23 42.2 ± 12.2 years 100% f nCG = 23 41.7 ± 10.8 years 100% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | German Addictive Buying Scale | Adapted Saving Holdings or Purchase Task with pictures of consumer products, fMRI | Differences in BOLD activities during decision task | Higher activity in striatum for subsequently bought products in CBSD than CG during product presentation; lower activity in insula in CBSD than CG during price presentation; higher activity in anterior cingulate cortex during purchase decisions in CBSD than CG |
Inhibitory control | ||||||
Trotzke et al., 2020 (Germany) [19••] | N = 277 24.6 ± 9.5 years 74.4% f | Convenience sample | PBS | Affective Shifting Task with shopping-related and neutral pictures | Number of commission errors | No correlation between commission errors and symptoms of CBSD, but interactions of inhibitory control, implicit cognitions, and craving towards symptoms of CBSD |
Lindheimer et al., 2020 (Germany) [36••] | N = 222 27.1 ± 8.4 years 67.5% f | Convenience sample | PBS | Stroop Matching Task (no shopping-related cues included) | Reaction time in interference condition | Positive correlation between stimulus interference and symptoms of CBSD |
Vogel et al., 2019 (Germany) [20••] | nCBSD = 39 45.0 ± 10.8 years 74.4% f nCG = 39 44.8 ± 10.6 years 74.4% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | PBS, McElroy et al. criteria | Go/ No-Go with shopping-related and neutral pictures | Number of commission errors | No group differences |
de Vries et al., 2018 (Netherland) [25] Study 1 | N = 67 19.8 ± 1.7 years 100% f | Convenience sample | CBS | Modified Go/No-Go Task with clothing (= tempting) versus basic furniture pictures, participants assigned randomly to 1) friendship reminder condition or 2) control condition | Total number of failures to inhibit responses to No-go (clothing) items | In participants with high symptom severity of CBSD, the ‘Friendship reminder’ condition was associated with lower number of inhibition failures compared to the control condition |
de Vries et al., 2018 (Netherland) [25] Study 3 | N = 130 19.4 ± 1.7 years 100% f | Convenience sample | CBS | Color Word Stroop Task (no shopping-related cues included), participants had to bring a close friend. Participants assigned randomly to 1) being alone 2) staying with their friend 3) being with a stranger condition | Average response latencies on incongruent trials | In participants with high symptom severity of CBSD, the physical presence of a friend was associated with decreased response latencies as compared to being alone or with a stranger |
de Vries et al., 2018 (Netherland) [25] Study 5 | N = 40 20.4 ± 1.8 years 100% f | Convenience sample | CBS | Go/NoGo-Task with clothing (tempting) versus basic furniture pictures, fMRI; participants assigned randomly to 1) Friendship reminder condition or 2) control condition | Total number of failures to inhibit responses to No-go (clothing) items, differences in BOLD activities | In participants with high compared to those with low symptom severity of CBSD: less inhibition failures and higher activity in ACC and dlPFC in No-go trials in friendship reminder condition |
Nicolai et al., 2016 (Germany) [37] | N = 100 27.8 ± 12.2 years 70% f | Convenience sample | PBS | Go/No-Go Task (no shopping-related cues included) | Number of commission errors | Positive correlation between commission errors and symptoms of CBSD |
Hague et al., 2016 (UK) [38] | nCBSD = 52 25.0 ± 7.9 years 55% f nCG = 51 28.4 ± 1.5 years 48% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS | Go/No-Go Task with shopping-related and neutral pictures and arousal induction | Number of commission errors | Generally poor task performance in CBSD compared to CG, regardless of task condition |
Vogt et al., 2015 (Germany) [32] | nCBSD = 28 31.2 ± 10.0 years 78.6% f nCG = 21 33.1 ± 12.3 years 81.0% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | German Addictive Buying Scale, CBS | Stop Signal Task (no shopping-related cues included) | Stop signal reaction time | No group differences |
Derbyshire et al., 2014 (USA) [16] | nCBSD = 23 22.3 ± 3.5 years 60.9% f nCG = 23 21.1 ± 3.4 years 60.9% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview | Stop Signal Task (no shopping-related cues included) | Stop signal reaction time | Poorer task performance in CBSD than CG |
Billieux et al., 2010 (Switzerland) [33] | N = 95 23.3 ± 2.1 years 50.5% f | Convenience sample | French questionnaire about buying behavior | Emotional Stop Signal Task with 3 types of human emotional expressions | Stop signal reaction time | No correlation between task performance and symptoms of CBSD |
Implicit associations | ||||||
Trotzke et al., 2020 (Germany) [19••] | N = 277 24.6 ± 9.5 years 74.4% f | Convenience sample | PBS | IAT with shopping-related and neutral pictures | D2SD Score | No correlation between D2SD score and symptom severity of CBSD in the total sample, but in subsamples when controlling for habituation effects |
Vogel. et al., 2019 (Germany) [20••] | nCBSD = 39 45.0 ± 10.8 years 74.4% f nCG = 39 44.8 ± 10.6 years 74.4% f | CBSD1 vs. CG | PBS, McElroy et al. criteria | IAT with shopping-related and neutral pictures | D2SD Score | No group difference |
Black et al., 2012 (USA) [18] | nCBSD = 26 36.3 ± 15.7 years 88.5% f nCG = 32 39.4 ± 14.8 years 84.4% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, McElroy et al. criteria | Controlled Oral Word Association Test (no shopping-related cues included) | Number of produced words | No group difference |
Other | ||||||
Nicolai et al., 2018 (Germany) [39] | N = 78 23.5 ± 5.2 years 76.92% f | Convenience sample | PBS | Time production task | Accuracy of time prediction | Negative correlation between symptoms of CBSD and accuracy of time prediction |
Black et al., 2012 (USA) [18] | nCBSD = 26 36.3 ± 15.7 years 88.5% f nCG = 32 39.4 ± 14.8 years 84.4% f | CBSD2 vs. CG | CBS, McElroy et al. criteria | WASI; Picture completion subtest; BDAE animal naming test (no shopping-related cues included) | Full IQ scale; ability to perceive visual details quickly; verbal fluency | No group differences for WASI and BDAE; CBSD group scored significantly higher on the picture completion task |