Introduction
Methods
Results
Gastrointestinal Cancer
First author, year of publication, place | Year of data collection | Study design, Sample size | Cancer type | Groups being compared | RR (95%Cl), p-value | Variables adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ishizuka M, 2009, Japan [48] | April 2005 to July 2007 | Retrospective, 112 | Colorectal | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.37 (1.10-1.71), 0.004 Multivariate: 2.38 (0.73-7.78), 0.14 | Age, sex, tumor site, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), WBC, neutrophil, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CRP |
Neal CP, 2009, UK [49] | January 2000 to December 2005 | Retrospective, 174 | Colorectal | <4 g/dL >=4 g/dL | Univariate: 1.98 (1.21-3.25) 0.007 Multivariate: 1.68 (1.01-2.79) 0.04 | Age, sex, site, stage, CEA, liver mets, chemotherapy, hematological indices, clinical risk score, Carstairs deprivation index |
Sun LC, 2009, Taiwan [50] | January 1996 to December 2006 | Retrospective cohort, 1367 | Colorectal | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.72(1.38-2.14) < 0.001 Multivariate: 1.45(1.09-1.92) 0.011 | Age, sex, site, tumor size, BMI, histology, UICC stage, CEA |
Wang CY, 2009, Taiwan [51] | November 2002 to July 2007 | Prospective, 123 | Esophageal | >=3.5 g/dL <3.5 g/dL Also used as continuous variable | Univariate: p < 0.001 Multivariate: Categorical = 3.9, (1.9-8.2), <0.001 Continuous = 0.38, (0.25-0.58), <0.001 | Age, histology, tumor location, stage, Serum CRP, BMI, WBC count, platelet, bilirubin, hemoglobin, BMI, treatment modality |
Choi GH, 2008, South Korea [52] | March 1998 to January 2005 | Retrospective, 97 | Hepatocellular | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Multivariate: 4.59 (1.79-11.75), 0.001 | Sex, cirrhosis, AFP, platelets, tumor size, number of tumors, intrahepatic mets, venous invasion, Child-Pugh class, time to recurrence |
Takahashi S, 2008, Japan [53] | March 1999 to September 2004 | Retrospective cohort, 179 | Hepatocellular | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: p = 0.001 Multivariate: 3.75(1.64-8.56) 0.002 | Age, sex, bilirubin, platelets, AFP, PIVKA-II, tumor size, tumor nodules |
Di Fiore FD, 2007, France [2] | January 1997 to December 2003 | Retrospective, consecutive case series, 105 | Non-metastatic esophageal | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | Univariate: p = 0.007 Multivariate: 0.99 (0.50-1.98), 0.99 | Age, sex, performance status, weight loss, BMI, hemoglobin, tumor location, tumor length, stage of disease, radiotherapy dose |
Ishizuka M, 2007, Japan [3] | January 2001 to March 2006 | Retrospective, 315 | Colorectal | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 0.85 (0.53-1.343), 0.488 Multivariate: 1.98 (0.91-4.29), 0.082 | Age, sex, tumor site, CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, CRP, GPS |
Siddiqui A, 2007, USA [6] | July 1986 to December 2004 | Retrospective, 69 | Pancreas | >=3.5 g/dL <3.5 g/dL | Univariate: p < .0001 Multivariate: 2.98 (2.20 to 3.76), <.0001 | CA19-9, WBC, laboratory indicators, co-morbidities, age, sex, BMI, stage, treatment |
Onate-Ocana LF, 2007, Mexico [44] | January 1987 to December 2002 | Retrospective, 1023 | Gastric | High: >=3.77 g/dL Medium: 3.3 to 3.73 g/dL Low: 2.81 to 3.29 g/dL Very low: <=2.3 g/dL | Medium: 1.2 (0.8-1.7), 0.31 Low: 1.2 (0.8-1.8), 0.31 Very low: 1.8 (1.3-2.6), 0.001 | Stage of disease, lymph node dissection, gender, surgical resection |
McMillan DC, 2007, UK [54] | January 1997 to June 2004 | Retrospective, 316 | Colorectal | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | GPS based on CRP and albumin was associated with survival (p < 0.0001) | Age, Sex, stage, adjuvant therapy |
Nagaoka S, 2007, Japan [55] | January 1997 to November 1998 | Cohort, 90 | Hepatocellular | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.75 (1.13-2.70) 0.011 Multivariate: 2.01 (1.20-3.37) 0.008 | Age, sex, hepatitis B virus, bilirubin, prothrombin time, platelet count, CRP, AFP, stage, initial treatment, AST, ALT |
Read JA, 2006, Australia [56] | NA | Prospective consecutive case series, 51 | Colorectal | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: p = 0.017 Median survival in months >=3.5 g/dL = 14.3 <3.5 g/dL = 10.3 | Gender, age, extent of prior therapy, extent of disease, PS, liver function CRP, PG-SGA, GPS, type of treatment |
Liu SA, 2006, Taiwan [57] | March 1995 to December 2002 | Retrospective, 1010 | Oral | >=4.15 g/dL <4.15 g/dL | Multivariate: 1.313, (1.052-1.638), 0.016 | Age, sex, complications, BMI, stage, recurrence/metastasis |
Boonpipattanapong, T, 2006, Thailand [7] | October 1, 1998 to October 31, 2002 | Retrospective cohort, 172 | Colorectal | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | 5-year survival <3.5 g/dL = 48% >=3.5 g/dL = 59% | CEA, tumor differentiation |
Cengiz O, 2006, Turkey and USA [8] | 1994-2003 | Retrospective, 99 | Colorectal | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | Univariate: <0.0001 Multivariate: 2.791, (1.37-5.67), 0.005 | Age, gender, location, differentiation, hemoglobin, cholesterol, TNM stage, venous invasion, CEA, metastasis |
Alici S, 2006, Turkey [58] | September 1999 to April 2002 | Retrospective, 138 | Gastric | <3 g/dL >=3 g/dL | Univariate: Median survival in years <3 g/dL: 1.7 >=3 g/dL: 8.8 p = 0.006 | BMI, clinical stage, surgery, type of surgery, gender, age, PS, tumor grade, tumor location, hemoglobin. LDH, type of surgery |
Arimura E, 2005, Japan [59] | January 1988 to December 2002 | Prospective consecutive case series, 140 | Hepatocellular | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.69 (1.01-2.84), 0.04 Multivariate: 1.49 (0.76-2.90), 0.24 | LFTs, tumor size, tumor number, local recurrence, distant recurrence, AFP, ICG-R15 (%) |
Schindl M, 2005, UK [60] | October 1, 1988, to January 31, 2002 | Retrospective, 337 | Colorectal | Continuous variable | Univariate: p < 0.001 Multivariate: 0.9 (0.9-1.0) p < 0.001 | Dukes stage, site of primary tumor, diameter of the largest liver lesion, serum CEA, ALP, number of lesions, bilobar disease, age |
Tateishi R, 2005, Japan [61] | January 1990 to December 1997 | Prospective consecutive case series, 403 | Hepatocellular | >3.5 g/dL (reference) 2.8-3.5 g/dL <2.8 g/dL | Univariate: 1.99 (1.52-2.59),0.0001 3.13 (2.01-4.88),0.0001 Multivariate: 1.74 (1.31-2.30) 0.00014 2.45 (1.55-3.88) 0.00013 | Age, sex, treatment modality, tumor factors, including size, number of nodules, lobar distribution, and presence of extrahepatic metastasis, clinical manifestations, including ascites and hepatic encephalopathy, bilirubin, prothrombin activity, AST, ALT, platelet count, AFP, positivity for viral markers (hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C antibody), alcohol |
Xu HX, 2005, China [62] | August 1997 to September 2003 | Prospective consecutive case series, 137 | Hepatocellular | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Multivariate: 0.48 (0.28-0.83), 0.008 | Age, gender, cirrhosis, Child's class, AFP, ALT, bilirubin, prothrombin time, tumor nodules, tumor size, treatment method, recurrence |
Lien YC, 2004, Taiwan [63] | 1987 to 1997 | Retrospective, 314 | Gastric cardia | >3.5 g/dL <=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 5 year survival rate >3.5 g/dL: 38.4% <=3.5 g/dL: 19.1%, p = <0.001 | Age, sex, extent of resection, diet at presentation, depth of penetration, nodal involvement |
Elahi MM, 2004, UK [64] | 1988 to 1996 | Retrospective, 165 | Colorectal Gastric | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Median survival in months <3.5 g/dL: 1.7(0.6-2.8), >=3.5 g/dL: 6.9 (4.7-9.0) p = <0.001 | Age, sex, GPS, tumor type, CRP |
Chen MF, 2003, Taiwan [65] | 1986 to 1998 | Retrospective, 254 | Hepatocellular | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | Univariate: Median survival in months <=3.5 g/dL: 6.18 >3.5 g/dL: 12.3, p = 0.0037 Multivariate: Disease-free survival 2.17 (1.21-3.90) Overall survival 1.65 (1.005-2.73) | Age, sex, Hepatitis B antigen, Hepatitis C antibody, AFP, BUN, creatinine, ALP, AST, bilirubin, prothrombin time, extent of resection, blood loss, blood transfusion, tumor size, no of tumors, resection margin, operating time |
Koike Y, 2003, Japan [66] | 1987 to 1999 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 952 | Hepatocellular | NA | Univariate analysis indicated that the serum albumin level was associated with survival | Child classification, number of tumor foci, portal venous invasion-targeted irradiation, and percutaneous tumor ablation of the parenchymal main tumor |
Dixon MR, 2003, USA [67] | 1991-1999 | Retrospective cohort, 105 | Colorectal | Continuous variable | Univariate (Median Albumin) (IQR): Short survival <120 days : 2.5 (2.2-3.0) Long survival >120 days : 3.1 (2.6-3.5), 0.002 | Age, ALP, AST, total bilirubin, CEA, ALT, prothrombin time, mean corpuscular volume, fibrinogen, hematocrit, creatinine |
Heys SD, 1998, UK [45] | 1972 to 1985 | Retrospective case series, 431 | Colorectal | Continuous variable | Univariate: <0.00005 Multivariate: 0.95 (0.93-0.98) < 0.0001 | Duke's stage, age and tumor differentiation |
Stuart KE, 1996, USA [68] | 1986-1995 | Retrospective, 314 | Hepatocellular | Albumin cutoffs not provided | Univariate: Median survival in months Low albumin: 4 High Albumin: 15, p < 0.001 Multivariate: p < 0.001 | Age, gender, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, bilirubin, PVO and AFP |
Onate-Ocana LF, 2007, Mexico [69] | NA | Retrospective cohort, 793 | Gastric | <=3.5 g/dL >3.5 g/dL | Multivariate: 1.26 (1.03-1.5), <0.03 | TNM stage, operative morbidity, type of lymphadenectomy, gastrectomy performed |
Lung Cancer
First author, year of publication, place | Year of data collection | Study design, Sample size | Cancer type | Groups being compared | RR (95%Cl), p-value | Variables adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Win T, 2008, UK [70] | 2 years up to December 2006 | Prospective consecutive case series, 110 | Non Small Cell Lung | Continuous variable | Univariate: 0.93 (0.88-0.98), 0.006 | Female gender, age, pneumectomy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Smoking, Diabetes, Coronary disease, BMI, global quality of life |
Forrest LM, 2005, UK [71] | January 2002 to December 2003 | Prospective, 101 | Non Small Cell Lung | >=3.5 g/dL <3.5 g/dL | Median Survival (months) (95% CI) For >/=3.5 g/dL = 8.7 (6.9-10.5) For <3.5 g/dL = 1.2 (0.0-2.8), p = <0.01 | Age, sex, stage, hemoglobin, WBC, CRP, PS, GPS, treatment |
Maeda T, 2000, Japan [9] | 1978-1992 | Retrospective, 261 | Non Small Cell Lung | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Median survival in months <3.5 g/dL = 5.0 >=3.5 g/dL = 9.6; p = <0.001 Multivariate: 1.69 (1.19-2.41), 0.0037 | Age, gender, histology, PS, LFTs, Stage IV, bilirubin, CEA, liver metastases |
Tas F, 1999, Turkey [10] | 1991 to 1997 | Retrospective, 207 | Small Cell Lung | Normal: >=3.5 g/dL Low: <3.5 g/dL | Univariate: p = <0.001 Multivariate: p = 0.03 | Age, gender, performance status, weight loss, clinical stage, hemoglobin, LDH, response to chemotherapy |
Ray P, 1998, France [4] | NA | Retrospective, 99 patients with SCLC and 202 patients with NSCLC | Small cell lung and Non-Small cell lung | NA | Serum albumin levels were not found to be associated with survival | Tumor, node, metastasis status, PS, body weight loss, WBC, serum sodium, LDH, ALP, serum NSE, serum TPS, and CYFRA 21-1 |
Lai SL, 1998, Taiwan [72] | NA | Prospective, 150 | Non Small Cell Lung | NA | Patients who died within six months after diagnosis had significantly lower values of all nutritional parameters than those who survived more than 6 months | Weight/height ratio, percent of standard triceps skin-fold thickness, percent of standard arm muscle circumference, transferrin, creatinine height index and total lymphocyte count |
Maestu I, 1997, Spain [73] | November 1981 to January 1993 | Retrospective, 341 | Small cell lung | <3.4 g/dL >=3.4 g/dL | Univariate: 0.0057 Multivariate : coefficient = -0.3457, p = 0.001 | LDH, disease extent, CK, neutrophils, PS, glycemia, ESR, sodium, potassium, ALP, urea, uric acid, age |
Muers MF, 1996, UK [74] | NA | Retrospective consecutive case series, 207 | Non Small Cell Lung | NA | Prognostic Index = -0.42 × distant metastases + 1.1 × hoarseness + 0.47 × malaise - 0.34 × immediate treatment intent + 0.72 × lymphocyte count + 0.94 × serum albumin + 0.62 × sodium - 0.98 × ALP | Sex, the activity score, the presence of malaise, hoarseness and distant metastases at presentation, and lymphocyte count, sodium and ALP levels |
Hespanhol V, 1995, Portugal [75] | 1984 to 1990 | Prospective, 411 | Non Small Cell Lung | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.92, (1.55-2.36), 0.000 Multivariate: 0.588 (0.46-0.74), 0.000 | PS, Weight loss, Hoarseness, stage, lymphocyte, LDH, sex |
Espinosa E, 1995, Spain [76] | 1980-1992 | Retrospective onsecutive case series, 292 | Non Small Cell Lung | >=4 g/dL <4 g/dL | Univariate: Median survival in months For >=4 g/dL = 9 For <4 g/dL = 7, p = 0.004; Multivariate: Coefficient = -2.52, p = 0.0001 | Number of metastases, LDH, PS, sedimentation rate |
Female Cancers
First author, year of publication, place | Year of data collection | Study design, Sample size | Cancer type | Groups being compared | RR (95%Cl), p-value | Variables adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gupta D, 2009, USA [77] | January 2001 to May 2006 | Retrospective, consecutive case series, 213 | Ovarian | >=3.5 g/dL <3.5 g/dL Used as continuous as well | Univariate: median survival in months (95%CI) Low: 7.3 (4.8 to 9.8) Normal: 23.3 (16.5 to 30.1); p < 0.0001 Multivariate: 0.39 (0.29-0.53), <0.001 | Age, BMI, CA125, tumor stage, treatment history |
Sharma R, 2008, UK [78] | October 2003 to June 2006 | Retrospective, 154 | Ovarian | <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.71 (0.92-3.18), 0.091 GPS score was prognostic on multivariate analysis | Tumor type, stage, grade, ascites, debulking surgery, ALP, residual disease, CRP |
Alphs HH, 2006, USA [79] | January 1, 1990 to June 30, 2004 | Retrospective, 78 | Ovarian and primary peritoneal | >=3.7 g/dL <3.7 g/dL | Univariate: 0.58 (0.42-0.79), p < 0.00 Multivariate: 0.60 (0.41-0.89), p = 0.01 | Age, race, BMI, Co-morbidity index, surgeon, ASA score, tumor size, intraoperative blood loss, ascites |
Lis CG, 2003, USA [46] | March 1993 to December 1999 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 180 | Breast | >=3.5 g/dL <3.5 g/dL | Multivariate: 3.53, 0.0033 | Abnormal breast antigen, tumor stage, abnormal HER2/Neu readings |
Wyld L 2003, UK [80] | January 1997 to January 2002 | Retrospective, 145 | Breast cancer with liver metastases | First group <3.0 g/dL >=3.0 g/dL Second group <3.5 g/dL >=3.5 g/dL | Median survival in months (95%CI) For first group >=3.0 g/dL = 5.86 (0.16 - 51) <3.0 g/dL = 1.5 (0.16 - 5.13), p = 0.01 For Second group >=3.5 g/dL = 7.0 (0.27 - 51) <3.5 g/dL = 2.0 (0.16 - 27.2) p = 0.01 | LFTs, CEA, bilirubin, age, histological grade, ER status, metastasis, treatment response |
Clark TG, 2001, UK [81] | 01/01/1984 to 31/12/1999 | Retrospective, 1189 | Ovarian | Continuous variable | Univariate: p <= 0.05 Multivariate: 0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 0.036 | Age, FIGO stage, the presence or absence of ascites, performance status, histology, debulking, grade, CA125 and ALP |
Multiple Cancers
First author, year of publication, place | Year of data collection | Study design, Sample size | Cancer type | Groups being compared | RR (95%Cl), p-value | Variables adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penel N, 2008, USA [82] | October 1997 to October 2002 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 148 | Breast, colon, rectum, head and neck, lung, others | >=3.8 g/dL <3.8 g/dL | Univariate: Median overall survival (days) <38 g/l: 91 (1-2421) >=38 g/l: 363 (296-429), p = 0.00001 Multivariate: 2.51 (1.51-4.18); 0.0001 | Primary site, liver metastases, other viscera metastases, BMI, lymphocyte count, granulocyte count |
Lam PT, 2007, Hongkong [12] | January to December 2002 | Prospective cohort, 170 | Lung, liver, lower gastrointestinal tract, breast, gynecological, haematological, nasopharyngeal, prostate, unknown, others | Continuous variable | Univariate: 0.94 (0.91-0.96), <0.001 Multivariate: 0.95 (0.92-0.98), 0.001 | Demographic data, tumor characteristics, blood parameters, functional status, comorbidities, total symptom score, and psychosocial parameters |
Santarpia L, 2006, Italy [83] | January 1996 to September 2003 | Retrospective, 152 | Stomach, ovaries, colorectal, endometrium, breast, ileum, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, skin, prostate, abdominal sarcoma, unknown | Mean (SD) 2.8 +/-0.6 g/dL 3.1+/- 0.5 g/dL 3.3+/- 0.6 g/dL | Survival in days For 2.8 +/-0.6 g/dL = <30 days For 3.1+/- 0.5 g/dL = 30-90 days For 3.3+/- 0.6 g/dL = >90 days p = 0.001 | Age, gender, height, weight, BMI, hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, cholesterol, CHE, KPS score, pain, ascites, vomiting |
Pasanisi F, 2001, Italy [84] | 1995-1999 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 76 | Stomach, colorectal, ovary, others | Mean (SD) 3.13 +/- .51 g/dL 3.57 +/- .43 g/dL | Survival in months For 3.13 +/- .51 g/dL <= 3 months For 3.57 +/- .43 g/dL > 3 months P = 0.002 | Age, weight, BMI, hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, cholesterol, pain and ascites |
Vigano A, 2000, Canada [85] | July 1, 1996, to December 31, 1998 | A prospective cohort of 227 consecutive patients | Breast, gastrointestinal, lung | >=3.5 g/dL <3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 1.9 (1.4-2.8), <0.01 Multivariate: 7.3 (2.9-18.1) | Lung primary tumor, presence of liver metastases, tumor burden, co morbidity, performance status, weight loss, lymphocyte count, nausea, LDH |
Maltoni M, 1997, Italy [86] | NA | Prospective consecutive case series, 519 | Solid tumors excluding renal cancer and hematological cancer | Normal: 3.3-5.5 g/dL Low: 2.7-3.2 g/dL Very low: <=2.6 g/dL | Univariate: p = 0.0015 Median length of survival (days): Normal =40.0 low = 29.5 Very low = 24.0 months | Total WBC, neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage, proteinuria, pseudocholinesterase |
Other Cancer Sites
First author, year of publication, place | Year of data collection | Study design, Sample size | Cancer type | Groups being compared | RR (95%Cl), p-value | Variables adjusted for |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barreto-Andrade JC, 2009, Mexico [87] | January 1986 to May 2006 | Retrospective, 61 | Soft Tissue Sarcoma | Low <3.5 g/dL Normal >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: p = 0.03 Multivariate: p = 0.02 | Age, sex, obesity, previous biopsy performed, histology, site histologic grade, stage, tumor resectability, tumor size, performance status, surgical risk |
Seve P, 2006, France [47] | January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2004 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 317 | Unknown Primary | Low <3.5 g/dL Normal >=3.5 g/dL | Univariate: Median survival in days Low: 62; Normal: 318; p < 0.0001 Multivariate: 2.70 (1.79-4.07), <.0001 | Age, sex, ACE-27 score, No. of sites, liver metastasis, peritoneal mets, PS, LDH, ALP, hemoglobin, platelets |
Alici S, 2003, Turkey [88] | 1989 to 1998 | Retrospective, 110 | Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma | Normal Low | Univariate: p = 0.005 Multivariate: p = 0.022 | Age, sex, stage, PS, B symptoms, treatment regimen, remission status, histology, bulky disease, LDH, ESR, extranodal involvement |
Medow MA, 2002, USA [89] | July 1993 to June 1997 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 406 | Head and neck | <3.85 g/dL >=3.85 g/dL | TNM stage IV or recurrent disease Median survival: <3.85 g/dL: 404 days (286-532 days), >=3.85 g/dL: 625 days (536-1032 days) | Age, tumor stage, self-reported functional class, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and BMI |
Ljungberg B, 2000, Sweden [90] | April 1982 to February 1999 | Retrospective consecutive case series, 106 | Renal cell | Continuous variable | Univariate: NA, p = 0.063 Multivariate: 1.01 (0.45 - 2.28), 0.96 | Age, gender, tumor size, PS, solitary metastases, calcium, ESR, nuclear grade, DNA ploidy and vein invasion |
Schwartzbaum JA, 1999, USA [91] | February 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995 | A convenience sample, 24 | Glioblastoma multiforme | 1st Quartile (2.6-3.1 g/dL) 2nd Quartile 3rd Quartile 4th Quartile (3.9-4.4 g/dL) | Multivariate: 2nd= 1.2 3rd= 0.1 4th =0.1 p = 0.007 | Age, sex, chemotherapy, serum iron, radiation |
Aparicio J, 1998, Spain [92] | 1970 to 1993 | Retrospective, 116 | Ewing's sarcoma | Low: <=3.5 g/dL Normal: >3.5 g/dL | Univariate: 5 year survival 48% in normal and 7% in low; median survival 52 months in normal and 6 months in low, p < 0.0001 Multivariate: p = 0.001 | Age, sex, tumor site, maximum tumor diameter, extent of disease, PS, duration of symptoms before diagnosis, systemic symptoms, leukocytes and hemoglobin, ESR, LDH, histologic pattern, percent of tumor necrosis on the initial biopsy specimen |
Citterio G, 1997, Italy [93] | 1988 onwards | Retrospective consecutive case series, 109 | Renal cell | NA | Univariate: p < 0.01 | Age, sex, DFI, PS, stage at diagnosis, grading, number and type of metastatic sites, nephrectomy, blood levels of hemoglobin, creatinine, calcium, LDH, ferritin, ALP, triglycerides |