Review
Introduction
Background and objective
Search strategy and evidence review
Comorbidities in INPH
Musculoskeletal conditions
Conditions of the hip or knee
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Lumbar canal stenosis
Other pathologies including stroke
Recommendations
Urinary problems
Frequency and urgency
INPH and urinary incontinence
Recommendations
Vascular disease
Risk factors
Recommendations
Binswanger disease
The prognostic implications of cerebrovascular disease in INPH
Recommendations
INPH and alzheimer’s disease
Brain biopsy
CSF biomarkers
Recommendations
Other dementias
Parkinson’s disease
Dementia with lewy bodies
Corticobasal syndrome
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Multiple system atrophy
Frontotemporal dementia
Psychiatric and behavioral disorders
Recommendations
Brain imaging
Recommendations
How to investigate and quantify comorbidity
Investigation | Indication |
---|---|
MRI of the spine | Lumbar or cervical spinal stenosis? |
MRI brain (T1, T2, FLAIR, T2*, diffusion, perfusion) | Atrophy? White matter lesions? Infarctions? Microbleeds? Brain volumes? Cerebral blood flow? |
X-ray or MRI of hip or knee | Arthrosis? |
Bladder diary | Type of urinary problems? |
Measurement of residual urine | Obstruction? |
Urinalysis/urine culture | Urinary tract infection? |
Vascular risk factor analysis/inventory | Burden of cerebrovascular disease risk factors? |
CSF T-Tau, P-Tau and Aβ42 | Alzheimer’s disease? |
Brain biopsy | Alzheimer’s disease. Only in research and if approved by internal review board |
Depression scale | Treatment of depression? |
Response to levodopa | Parkinson disease? |
Dopamine transporter imaging | Dementia with Lewy bodies? |
Test of autonomic dysfunction | Multiple system atrophy? |
Comorbidity index/rating scale | Quantification of co-morbidity |