Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Ethics statement
Study procedure and setting
Data collection instruments
Ocular examinations
VR-QoL assessment
Psychometric measures
Data management and analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
SSDE (n = 30) | Non-SSDE (n = 30) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.8 ± 11.1 | 49.8 ± 10.2 | 0.2864 |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.6120 | ||
Married | 29 (96.7) | 27 (90.0) | |
Single | 1 (3.3) | 3 (10.0) | |
Household income, n (%) | 0.6940 | ||
Low (< RMB3000) | 19 (63.3) | 22 (73.3) | |
Moderate (RMB3000–5000) | 5 (16.7) | 4 (13.3) | |
High (>RMB5000) | 6 (20.0) | 4 (13.3) | |
Education level, n (%) | 0.5530 | ||
Primary school | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) | |
High school | 12 (40) | 14 (46.7) | |
University | 17 (56.7) | 16 (53.3) | |
In use of tear supplements, n (%) | 23 (76.7) | 19 (63.3) | 0.3990 |
Duration of disease (years) | 1.75 ± 1.80 | 1.50 ± 1.60 | 0.6225 |
BCVA(logMAR) | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.8848 |
TBUT (second) | 3.10 ± 2.64 | 4.67 ± 2.27 | 0.0098* |
S1T (mm/5 min) | 1.30 ± 1.55 | 2.57 ± 2.41 | 0.0390* |
CFS | 4.73 ± 3.65 | 0.97 ± 1.44 | 0.0000* |
Comparison of VR-QoL scores for the SSDE and non-SSDE groups
Scale | SSDE | Non-SSDE | Cohen’s d value |
P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
General health | 34.2 ± 19.7 | 49 ± 21.7 | 0.7282 | 0.0075* |
General vision | 51 ± 20.8 | 63 ± 14.2 | 0.6862 | 0.0217* |
Ocular pain | 55.8 ± 25.4 | 57.9 ± 27.9 | 0.0894 | 0.7347 |
Short distance vision activities | 73.67 ± 24.42 | 79.53 ± 24.05 | 0.2460 | 0.2293 |
Long distance vision activities | 81.13 ± 20.42 | 92.19 ± 12.90 | 0.6591 | 0.0240* |
Social function | 90.69 ± 14.59 | 95.83 ± 8.96 | 0.4319 | 0.1317 |
Mental health | 61.83 ± 29.02 | 63.17 ± 27.78 | 0.0477 | 0.9406 |
Role difficulties | 66.67 ± 28.16 | 76.04 ± 24.57 | 0.3608 | 0.2518 |
Dependency | 73.13 ± 26.57 | 77.71 ± 24.98 | 0.1808 | 0.4972 |
Driving | 62.7 ± 30.37 | 65.4 ± 34.88 | 0.0840 | 0.5483 |
Color vision | 91.67 ± 17.78 | 97.50 ± 10.06 | 0.4105 | 0.1447 |
Peripheral vision | 90.83 ± 17.96 | 97.50 ± 7.63 | 0.4696 | 0.1411 |
Composite OSDI score | 45.83 ± 23.62 | 36.32 ± 21.35 | 0.4296 | 0.1598 |
Ocular symptoms | 49.83 ± 27.87 | 34.50 ± 23.79 | 0.6018 | 0.0256* |
Vision-related function | 29.58 ± 25.52 | 25.63 ± 26.58 | 0.1542 | 0.4613 |
Environmental Triggers | 60.83 ± 34.40 | 53.61 ± 34.99 | 0.2116 | 0.3829 |
Comparison of psychological status in the SSDE and non-SSDE groups
SSDE (n = 30) | Non-SSDE (n = 30) | T | Z |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAS | 50.1 ± 11.5 | 42.8 ± 7.4 | 2.7868 | _ | 0.0072* |
SDS | 54.1 ± 12.7 | 46.4 ± 9.2 | 2.4760 | _ | 0.0162* |
Anxiety disorder, n (%) | 13 (43.33%) | 5 (16.67%) | _ | 5.0794 | 0.0240* |
Depression disorder, n (%) | 18 (60%) | 9 (30%) | _ | 5.4545 | 0.0200* |
Correlations between VR-QOL scores, demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, and psychometric measures in the SSDE group
Scale | Age | Duration | BCVA | CFS | TBUT | S1T | SAS | SDS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General health | −0.4651* | 0.0137 | 0.3535 | −0.0768 | 0.0891 | 0.0382 | −0.4996* | −0.4864* |
General vision | −0.2912 | −0.0291 | 0.2793 | −0.2923 | 0.4171* | 0.1817 | −0.6748* | −0.5407* |
Ocular pain | −0.1337 | 0.0986 | 0.4922* | −0.4928* | 0.5070* | 0.1748 | −0.4432* | −0.4187* |
Short distance vision activities | −0.5775* | 0.0339 | 0.4599* | −0.2298 | 0.2098 | 0.1380 | −0.7043* | −0.6781* |
Long distance vision activities | −0.2929 | 0.0778 | 0.4148* | −0.2355 | 0.2463 | 0.2785 | −0.6500* | −0.6662* |
Social function | −0.1260 | 0.4209* | 0.4050* | −0.3841* | 0.2450 | 0.1289 | −0.3310 | −0.2582 |
Mental health | −0.3246 | 0.0825 | 0.5247* | −0.1288 | 0.1244 | 0.1605 | −0.6396* | −0.5983* |
Role difficulties | −0.1708 | 0.0990 | 0.6033* | −0.2371 | 0.1437 | 0.0726 | −0.4334* | −0.4429* |
Dependency | −0.3342 | 0.1843 | 0.5468* | −0.2385 | 0.1460 | 0.1308 | −0.5478* | −0.6043* |
Driving | −0.1863 | 0.1033 | 0.2311 | 0.1390 | −0.0842 | 0.1193 | −0.5601* | −0.5556* |
Color vision | 0.1276 | 0.1225 | 0.4007* | −0.2016 | 0.1991 | 0.0956 | −0.2719 | −0.2874 |
Peripheral vision | −0.0832 | 0.1144 | 0.5169* | −0.3457 | 0.3225 | 0.0846 | −0.3591 | −0.3545 |
Scale | Age | Duration | BCVA | CFS | TBUT | S1T | SAS | SDS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composite OSDI score | 0.1471 | 0.0402 | −0.4726* | 0.4516* | −0.5513* | −0.2103 | 0.3296* | 0.4083* |
Ocular symptoms | 0.1132 | 0.0468 | −0.6078* | 0.4477* | −0.4965* | −0.0814 | 0.4563* | 0.5031* |
Vision-related function | 0.0372 | 0.0798 | −0.199 | 0.3169 | −0.3423 | −0.0116 | 0.2467* | 0.3107* |
Environmental trigger | 0.1006 | 0.1057 | −0.3728* | 0.4669* | −0.6217* | −0.254 | 0.5673* | 0.6104* |
SAS scores | SDS scores | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
P value |
r
|
P value | |
Age | 0.2187 | 0.0933 | 0.2223 | 0.0877 |
Educational level | −0.1597 | 0.2229 | −0.1768 | 0.1756 |
Household income | −0.0787 | 0.7310 | −0.0780 | 0.6429 |
Duration of disease | 0.0325 | 0.8055 | 0.1107 | 0.3996 |
TBUT | −0.3102 | 0.0159* | −0.2192 | 0.0924 |
S1T | −0.0051 | 0.9692 | −0.0281 | 0.8310 |
CFS | 0.4639 | 0.0009* | 0.3672 | 0.0035* |
BCVA | −0.1296 | 0.3235 | −0.2447 | 0.0595 |