Background
Materials and methods
Study participants and criteria
Survey period and method
The content of the questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Results
Univariate analysis of risk factors for SUI
Relationship between demographic data and SUI
Demographic characteristics | N | SUI | χ2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||||
Place of residence | |||||
Urban | 1869 | 564 | 30.2 | 17 | < 0.001 |
Rural | 2135 | 777 | 36.4 | ||
Age (years) | |||||
20–29 | 1455 | 333 | 22.9 | 128 | < 0.001 |
30–39 | 820 | 293 | 35.7 | ||
40–49 | 882 | 384 | 43.5 | ||
50–59 | 532 | 201 | 37.8 | ||
≥ 60 | 315 | 130 | 41.3 | ||
Occupation | |||||
Manual work | 637 | 279 | 43.8 | 55 | < 0.001 |
Mental work | 1944 | 563 | 29 | ||
Manual/mental work | 783 | 295 | 37.7 | ||
Unemployed | 640 | 204 | 31.9 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
< 18.5 | 464 | 130 | 28 | 154 | < 0.001 |
18.5–24 | 2353 | 644 | 27.4 | ||
> 24 | 1187 | 567 | 47.8 | ||
Physical exercise (times/week) | |||||
0 | 1784 | 620 | 34.8 | 6.6 | 0.09 |
1–2 | 1183 | 401 | 33.9 | ||
3–4 | 595 | 173 | 29.1 | ||
≥ 5 | 442 | 147 | 33.3 | ||
Sedentary | |||||
Yes | 2537 | 764 | 30.1 | 35 | < 0.001 |
No | 1467 | 577 | 39.3 | ||
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 92 | 45 | 48.9 | 10 | 0.002 |
No | 3912 | 1296 | 33.1 | ||
Drinking | |||||
Yes | 217 | 56 | 25.8 | 6 | 0.01 |
No | 3787 | 1285 | 33.9 | ||
Daily water intake (ml) | |||||
< 500 | 533 | 150 | 28.1 | 8 | 0.04 |
500–1000 | 2212 | 753 | 34 | ||
1000–2000 | 927 | 324 | 35 | ||
> 2000 | 332 | 114 | 34.3 | ||
Diet | |||||
Mainly staple food (noodles, buns) | 1775 | 690 | 38.9 | 55 | < 0.001 |
Mainly vegetables and fruits | 221 | 40 | 18.1 | ||
Mainly meat protein | 87 | 29 | 33.3 | ||
Balanced diet consisting of three types above | 1921 | 582 | 30.3 |
Relationship between obstetrical and gynecological factors and SUI
Relevant factors | N | SUI | χ2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||||
Age at menarche | |||||
11 | 191 | 42 | 22 | 15 | 0.001 |
12–15 | 2794 | 973 | 34.8 | ||
> 15 | 1019 | 326 | 32 | ||
Sexual history | |||||
Yes | 3145 | 1178 | 37.5 | 103 | < 0.001 |
No | 859 | 163 | 19 | ||
Oral contraceptives | |||||
Yes | 854 | 328 | 38.4 | 12 | 0.001 |
No | 3150 | 1013 | 32.2 | ||
Number of pregnancies | |||||
0 | 1222 | 212 | 17.3 | 221 | < 0.001 |
1–2 | 1652 | 623 | 37.7 | ||
≥ 3 | 1130 | 506 | 44.8 | ||
Number of miscarriages | |||||
0 | 2450 | 710 | 29.5 | 55 | < 0.001 |
1–2 | 1389 | 571 | 41.1 | ||
≥ 3 | 210 | 60 | 28.6 | ||
Age at first birth | |||||
< 20 | 78 | 33 | 42.3 | 211 | < 0.001 |
20–25 | 1409 | 569 | 40.4 | ||
26–30 | 1170 | 492 | 42.1 | ||
> 30 | 103 | 22 | 21.4 | ||
Mode of delivery | |||||
Vaginal | 2038 | 906 | 44.5 | 235 | < 0.001 |
Cesarean section | 693 | 187 | 27 | ||
Birth weight (kg) | |||||
< 3.5 | 1692 | 694 | 41 | 184 | < 0.001 |
≥ 3.5 | 1040 | 409 | 39.3 | ||
Number of deliveries | |||||
0 | 1828 | 390 | 21.3 | 227 | < 0.001 |
1–2 | 1764 | 754 | 42.7 | ||
≥ 3 | 412 | 197 | 47.8 | ||
Episiotomy | |||||
Yes | 594 | 320 | 53.9 | 233 | < 0.001 |
No | 2169 | 784 | 36.1 | ||
Dystocia | |||||
Yes | 201 | 106 | 52.7 | 190 | < 0.001 |
No | 2570 | 1004 | 39.1 | ||
Menopause | |||||
Yes | 1040 | 394 | 37.9 | 12 | < 0.001 |
No | 2964 | 947 | 32 |
Relationship between other factors and SUI
Other factors | N | SUI | χ2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | ||||
History of pelvic surgery | |||||
Yes | 246 | 95 | 38.6 | 3.1 | 0.08 |
No | 3758 | 1246 | 33.2 | ||
Urinary tract infection | |||||
Yes | 1082 | 480 | 44.4 | 79 | < 0.001 |
No | 2922 | 861 | 29.5 | ||
Holding urine | |||||
Yes | 2042 | 792 | 38.8 | 52 | < 0.001 |
No | 1962 | 549 | 28 | ||
Defecation | |||||
Smooth | 3107 | 971 | 31.3 | 32 | < 0.001 |
Force | 718 | 301 | 41.9 | ||
Very laborious | 179 | 69 | 38.5 | ||
Making the bladder empty faster by pushing down | |||||
Yes | 3393 | 1093 | 32.2 | 16 | < 0.001 |
No | 611 | 248 | 40.6 |
Logistic multivariate regression analysis of risk factors for SUI
Risk factors | β | SE | Wald | P | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of residence | 0.21 | 0.09 | 5.1 | 0.03 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 |
Smoking | 0.62 | 0.25 | 5.8 | 0.02 | 1.8 | 1.1–3.0 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 105 | < 0.001 | ||||
18.5–24 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 11 | 0.001 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.1 |
> 24 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 103 | < 0.001 | 2.4 | 2.0–2.8 |
Age (years) | 4.7 | 0.32 | ||||
30–39 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.4 | 0.54 | 1.1 | 0.82–1.5 |
40–49 | − 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.43 | 0.89 | 0.67–1.2 |
50–59 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.3 | 0.55 | 1.1 | 0.75–1.7 |
≥ 60 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.3 | 0.57 | 1.1 | 0.72–1.8 |
Diet | 45 | < 0.001 | ||||
Mainly vegetables and fruits | − 1.4 | 0.25 | 32 | < 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.16–0.41 |
Mainly meat protein | − 0.09 | 0.04 | 5.5 | 0.02 | 0.91 | 0.84–0.99 |
Balanced diet consisting of three types above | − 1.2 | 0.36 | 11 | 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.15–0.62 |
Sexual history | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.6 | 0.44 | 1.1 | 0.84–1.5 |
Number of deliveries | 24 | < 0.001 | ||||
1–2 | 0.23 | 0.1 | 5.4 | 0.02 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.5 |
≥ 3 | 0.96 | 0.2 | 24 | < 0.001 | 2.6 | 1.8–3.8 |
Mode of delivery | 0.72 | 0.13 | 32 | < 0.001 | 2 | 1.6–2.6 |
Dystocia | 0.28 | 0.08 | 13 | < 0.001 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.6 |
Menopause | 0.36 | 0.12 | 8.3 | 0.004 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.8 |
Oral contraceptives | 0.25 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 0.01 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.5 |
Urinary tract infection | 0.35 | 0.09 | 15 | < 0.001 | 1.4 | 1.2–1.7 |
Making the bladder empty faster by pushing down | 0.42 | 0.11 | 15 | < 0.001 | 1.5 | 1.2–1.9 |
Holding urine | 0.51 | 0.08 | 41 | < 0.001 | 1.700 | 1.4–1.9 |