Introduction
PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
LncRNAs and circRNAs
LncRNAs in regulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Ovarian cancer (OC)
Endometrial cancer (EC)
Gastric cancer (GC)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Pancreatic cancer (PC)
Lung cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa)
Bladder cancer
Breast cancer
Thymoma
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
Melanoma
Other cancers
LncRNA | Cancer | Functions | Sponge miRNA | Targets | PD-1/PD-L1 | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNHG14 | DLBCL | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune evasion | miR-5590-3p | ZEB1 | Activates PD-1/PD-L1 | [61] |
MALAT1 | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape, inactivates CD8 + T cells | miR-195 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [62] | |
EMX2OS | OC | Promotes tumorigenesis | miR-654 | AKT3 | Increases PD-L1 | [65] |
HOTTIP | Promotes immune escape and inactivates T cell immunity | N/S | c-Jun | Increases PD-L1 | [67] | |
SNHG12 | Promotes immune escape | miR-21 | IL-6 | Increases PD-L1 | [68] | |
Lnc-OC1 | EC | Promote tumorigenesis | miR-34a | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [69] |
MEG3 | EC | Inhibits tumorigenesis | miR-216a | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [70] |
BCAR4 | CC | Regulates the response to lapatinib | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-L1, PD-L2 | [111] |
SNHG15 | GC | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape | miR-141 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [73] |
HIF1A-AS2 | Promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape | miR-429 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [75] | |
NUTM2A-AS1 | Promotes tumorigenesis, immune escape and drug resistance | miR-376a | TET1, HIF-1A | Increases PD-L1 | [74] | |
MIAT | HCC | Promotes immune escape, regulate sensitivity to sorafenib | N/S | AK2, SLC6A6, KCND1, MEIS3, RIN1 | Increases PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4 | [79] |
CASC11 | Promotes cell proliferation, mobility, and glucose metabolism | N/S | NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Increases PD-L1 | [80] | |
PCED1B-AS1 | Promotes immune escape, inactivates receipt T cells and macrophages | hsa-mir-194-5p | N/S | Increases PD-L1, PD-L2 | [77] | |
RP11-424C20.2I | Promotes immune escape | miR-378a-3p | UHRF1 | Increases CLTA-4, PD-L1 | [81] | |
XIST | miR-194-5p, miR-155-5p | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [83] | ||
KCNQ1OT1 | Promotes sorafenib resistance and immune escape | miR-506 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [82] | |
PMSB8-AS1 | PC | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and migration | miR-382-3p | STAT1 | Increases PD-L1 | [84] |
INC00473 | Induces cancer progression and inactivate CD8+ T cells | miR-195-5p | Bax, IFN-γ, IL-4; Bcl-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, IL-10 | Increases PD-L1 | [85] | |
MIR17HG | CRC | Promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis | miR-375 | NF-κB/RELA | Increases PD-L1 | [110] |
lncRNA C5orf64 | LAD | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and immune cells | [86] | |
FGD5-AS1 | Promotes tumorigenesis and resistance to cisplatin | miR-142 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [87] | |
NKX2-1-AS1 | Inhibits cell migration | N/S | NKX2-1, cell adhesion molecules | Decreases PD-L1 | [88] | |
MALAT1 | NSCLC | Promotes cancer progression | miR-200a-3p | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [89] |
ZFPM2-AS1 | Promotes tumorigenesis | N/S | ZFPM2, JAK-STAT, Akt | Increases PD-L1 | [90] | |
lncAMPC | PCa | Promotes malignant progression and immunosuppression | miR-637 | Jak1-STAT3,LIF/LIFR | Increases PD-L1 | [92] |
KCNQ1OT1 | Promotes malignant progression and inactivate CD8 + T cells | miR-15a | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [91] | |
UCA1 | BLC | Promotes tumor progression, activate DCs and cytokines | Decreases PD-L1 | [93] | ||
GATA3-AS1 | TNBC | Promotes cell progression and immune evasion | miR-676-3p | COPS5 | Increases PD-L1, decreases GATA3 | [97] |
LINK-A | TNBC | Resistant to PD-1 blockade | PLC, Rb, p53 | [96] | ||
TCL6 | BC | Promotes immune cell infiltration, related to poor survival | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4 | [98] |
RP11-424C20.2 | Thy | Indicates a better prognosis regulate infiltrating immune cell | miR-378a-3p | UHRF1 | CLTA-4 and PD-L1 | [81] |
XLOC_003810 | MG-T | promotes T cell activation | inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 | [99] | ||
INCR1 | Inhibits immune responses | IFN gamma signaling | Increases PD-L1 | [101] | ||
AC131097.3 | HNSCC | Promotes carcinogenesis | DNA methylation | Increases PD-1 | [102] | |
lncMX1-215 | Inhibits immune escape, cell proliferation and metastasis | H3K27 acetylation | Decreases PD-L1 | [103] | ||
AFAP1-AS1 | NPC | Metastasis and poor prognosis | [104] | |||
HOXA-AS2 | Promotes cell proliferation, invasion, migration | miR-519 | HIF-1α | Increase PD-L1 | [105] | |
SNHG20 | ESCC | Promotes cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT | N/S | ATM/JAK | Increase PD-L1 | [107] |
RP11-571M6.8 | GBM | Promotes immune evasion, indicates a poor survival | N/S | N/S | PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 | [112] |
UCA1 | ATC | Inactivates cytotoxic CD8 + T cells, inhibit cytokine secretion | miR-148a | N/S | Increase PD-L1 | [109] |
CircRNAs regulate PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
CircRNA | Cancer | Functions | Sponge miRNA | Targets | PD-1/PD-L1 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hsa_circ_0000190 | NSCLC | Indicates poor survival and prognosis | N/S | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [114] |
CircFGFR1 | Indicates poor prognosis and survival | miR-381-3p | CXCR4 | Resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy | [115] | |
Circ-CPA4 | Indicates poor prognosis, inactives CD8 + T cells | let-7 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [118] | |
Circ_0000284 | Induces cell migration, invasion and proliferation | miR-377 | N/S | Increases PD-L1 | [120] | |
Hsa_circ_0020397 | CRC | Induces cell viability and invasion, inhibits cell apoptosis | miR-138 | TERT | Increases PD-L1 | [121] |
CDR1-AS | CRC | Related to poor prognosis | Independent on miR-7 | CMTM4, CMTM6 | Increases PD-L1 | [122] |
Circ_0020710 | Mel | Induces cell proliferation, migration, invasion; inhibits cytotoxic lymphocyte exhaustion | miR-370-3p | CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 | Immune suppressive | [123] |
Circ-UBAP2 | PAAD | Inhibits antigen presentation; induces immune escape | miR-494 | CXCR4 and ZEB1 | Increases CTLA-4 and PD-1 | [124] |