Background
Methods
Animals
Clinical evaluation
Magnetic resonance imaging
Morphometric procedures
Shunting procedures
CSF sampling
Ethical approval
CSF AQP1, AQP4, and IL-6 measurements
Statistical analysis
Number | Breed | Gender, age, bodyweight | Clinical signs | Postoperative clinical signs |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Boston terrier | Male, 3 months old, 2.5 kg | Obtundation, mild ataxia on all four limbs, circling, aimless barking | None |
2 | Mini Australian shepherd | Male-neutered, 26 months old, 12.5 kg | Visual deficits, reduced menace, circling | Visual deficits, reduced menace |
3 | Peruvian hairless dog | Male, 2 months old, 2.8 kg | Ataxia on all four limbs, ventro-lateral strabismus, obtundation | None |
4 | Austrian hound | Male, 54 months old, 20 kg | Obtundation, circling, head tremor, hypermetria in the front limbs | None |
5 | Cavalier King Charles spaniel | Male neutered, 60 months old, 9.9 kg | Obtundation | None |
6 | Pug | Male, 21 months old, 9.2 kg | Obtundation, ataxia on all four limbs | None |
7 | Papillon | Female, 7 months old 3.4 kg | Obtundation, ataxia, head tilt tremor | None |
8 | Chihuahua | Male neutered, 3 months old, 1.2 kg | Obtundation, mild ataxia, spasticity in all four limbs, reduced menace response | None |
9 | Australian shepherd | Male, 4 months old, 13.9 kg | Visual deficits. reduced menace, nystagmus, hypoactive | Visual deficits, reduced menace |
10 | Jack Russell terrier | Male, 4 months old, 4.7 kg | Obtundation, ataxia on all four limbs | None |
11 | Bullterrier | Female, 25 months old 12.5 kg | Intermittent obtundation, head pressing | None |
12 | Maltese mix | Male neutered, 6 months old, 6.1 kg | Circling, obtundation | None |
Results
Animals and clinical examination
CSF analysis
Dog number | Routine CSF examination | Pre-operative values AQP4 (ng/mL), total AQP4 (ng), IL-6 (IU/mL) total IL-6 (IU), CSF volume (mL) | Postoperative values AQP4 (ng/mL), total AQP4 (ng), IL-6 (IU/mL), total IL-6 (IU), CSF volume (mL) |
---|---|---|---|
1 |
Protein 252 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 3/μL |
AQP4 12.78
Total AQP4 quantity 301.5
IL-6 63
Total IL-6 quantity 1486.8
CSF volume 23.6 |
AQP4 10.81
Total AQP4 quantity 28.51
IL-6 30
Total IL-6 quantity 84
CSF volume 2.8 |
2 |
Protein 276 mg/L
RBC 280/μL
Cells 1/μL |
AQP4 10.77
Total AQP4 quantity 223.5
IL-6 87
Total IL-6 quantity 2260.8
CSF volume 26.4 |
AQP4 10.2
Total AQP4 quantity 27.99
IL6 36
Total IL-6 quantity 96.62
CSF volume 2.6 |
3 |
Protein 276 mg/L
RBC 291/μL
Cells 5/μL |
AQP4 17.47
Total AQP4 quantity 391.33
IL-6 22
Total IL-6 quantity 492.8
CSF volume 22.4 |
AQP4 14.23
Total AQP4 quantity 150
IL-6 15
Total IL-6 quantity 61.1
CSF volume 10.6 |
4 |
Protein 240 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 1/μL |
AQP4 15.29
Total AQP4 quantity 455.56
IL-6 28
Total IL-6 quantity 834.4
CSF volume 29.8 |
AQP 49.71
Total AQP4 quantity 45.62
IL-6 13
Total IL-6 quantity 634.5
CSF volume 4.7 |
5 |
Protein 240 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 5/μL |
AQP4 13.51
Total AQP4 quantity 278.3
IL-6 39
Total IL-6 quantity 803.4
CSF volume 20.6 |
AQP4 5.3
Total AQP4 quantity 34.45
IL-6 21
Total IL-6 quantity 136.5
CSF volume 6.5 |
6 |
Protein 208 mg/L
RBC 0/μl
Cells 1/μl |
AQP4 10.33
Total AQP4 quantity 133.3
IL-6 51
Total IL-6 quantity 658.41
CSF volume 12.91 |
AQP4 9.9
Total AQP4 quantity 63.67
IL-6 32
Total IL-6 quantity 205.76
CSF volume 6.43 |
7 | Blood contamination |
AQP4 17.96
Total AQP4 quantity 467.67
IL-6 87
Total IL-6 quantity 2265.48
CSF volume 26.04 |
AQP4 8.93
Total AQP4 quantity 21.43
IL-6 37
Total IL-6 quantity 88.8 CSF volume 2.4 |
8 |
Protein 246 mg/L
RBC 15/μL
Cells 5/μL |
AQP4 8.46
Total AQP4 quantity 211.54
IL-6 62
Total IL-6quantity 1078.8
CSF volume 17.4 |
AQP4 10.77
Total AQP4 quantity 3.95
IL-6 21
Total IL-6 quantity 13.4
CSF volume 1.64 |
9 | Blood contamination |
AQP4 12.16
Total AQP4 quantity 472.45
IL-6 65
Total IL-6 quantity 1709.5
CSF volume 26.3 |
AQP4 2.41
Total AQP4 quantity 58.03
IL-6 40
Total IL-6 quantity 260
CSF volume 6.5 |
10 |
Protein 300.9 mg/L
RBC 18/μL
Cells 7/μL |
AQP4 19.19
Total AQP4 quantity 675.31
IL-6 66
Total IL-6 quantity 2323.2
CSF volume 35.2 |
AQP4 9.67
Total AQP4 quantity 190.95
IL-6 69
Total IL-6 quantity 1362.75
CSF volume:19.7 |
11 |
Protein 374 mg/L
RBC 1/μL
Cells 1/μL |
AQP4 14.63
Total AQP4 quantity 168.85
IL-6 54
Total IL-6 quantity 623.16
CSF volume 11.54 |
AQP4 16.2
Total AQP4 quantity 58.31
IL-6 45
Total IL-6 quantity 162
CSF volume 3.6 |
12 |
Protein 204 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 4/μL |
AQP4 7.1
Total AQP4 quantity 130.14
IL-6 89
Total IL-6 quantity 1631
CSF volume 18.33 |
AQP4 4.5
Total AQP4 quantity 42.93
IL-6 46
Total IL-6 quantity 438.84
CSF volume 9.54 |
Breed, age, gender, body weight | Routine CSF examination | CSF volume (mL) | AQP4 concentrations and total quantity | IL-6 concentrations and total quantity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pug, 4 years male neutered, 4.6 kg |
Protein 262 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 3/μL | 2.4 | AQP4: 11.25
Total AQP4 quantity 27 | IL-6: 25 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 60 |
Dachshund, 9 years, male, 6 kg |
Protein 256 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 1/μL | 3.2 | AQP4: 9.67
Total AQP4 quantity 30.94 | IL-6: 24 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 76.8 |
Austrian hound, 3 years male, 26 kg |
Protein 220 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 3/μL | 3.14 | AQP4: 9.0
Total AQP4 quantity 28.26 | IL-6: 27 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 85.87 |
German Shepherd dog, male, 5 years, 22 kg |
Protein 302 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 2/μL | 4.2 | AQP4: 12.33
Total AQP4 quantity 51.78 | IL-6: 19 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 79.8 |
Beagle, male-neutered 2 years, 12 kg |
Protein 286 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 1/μL | 2.45 | AQP4: 8.87
Total AQP4 quantity 21.74 | IL-6: 42 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 102.9 |
Doberman, male, 4 years, 36 kg |
Protein 120 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 1/μL | 3.04 | AQP4: 6.57
Total AQP4 quantity 19.97 | IL-6: 20 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 60.8 |
French Bulldog female-neutered, 1,5 years, 8 kg |
Protein 79 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 2/μL | 3.4 | AQP4: 9.1
Total AQP4 quantity 30.60 | IL-6: 27 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 91.8 |
Bernese mountain dog, female, 6 years, 34 kg |
Protein 265 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 3/μL | 4 | AQP4: 11.97
Total AQP4 quantity 47.86 | IL-6: 22 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 88 |
Cavalier King Charles spaniel, female, 8 years, 6 kg |
Protein 289 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 5/μL | 3.2 | AQP4: 11.52
Total AQP4 quantity 36.87 | IL-6: 34 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 108.8 |
Doberman, female- neutered, 7 years, 29 kg |
Protein 156 mg/L
RBC 0/μL
Cells 1/μL | 3.21 | AQP4: 8.03
Total AQP4 quantity 25.79 | IL-6: 55 IU
Total IL-6 quantity 176.55 |