Introduction
Methods
Participants and procedure
Sampling procedure
Measures
Variable | Survey question | Original response options | Recoded |
---|---|---|---|
Age | How old are you? | 11–18 years (coded categorically) | N/A |
Sex | What is your sex | 1 = male; 0 = female | N/A |
Anxiety | During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Loneliness | During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Suicidal Ideation | During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide? | Yes = 1; no = 2 | Yes = 1 and no = 0 |
Suicidal plan | During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide? | Yes = 1; no = 2 | Yes = 1 and no = 0 |
Suicidal attempt | During the past 12 months, how many times, did you actually attempted suicide | 1 = 0 times to 5 = 6 times or more | 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1 |
School truancy | During the past 30 days, how many days did you miss classes or school without permission? | 1 = 0 days to 5 = 10 or more days | 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1 |
Bullied | During the past 30 days, how many days were you bullied? | 1 = 0 days to 7 = all 30 days | 1–3 = 0 and 4–7 = 1 |
Physically attacked | During the past 12 months, how many times were you physically attack? | 1 = 0 times to 8 = 12 or more times | 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1 |
In a physical fight | During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight? | 1 = 0 times to 8 = 12 or more times | 1 = 0 and 2–8 = 1 |
Hunger | During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Sexual risk behaviour | During your life, with how many people have you ever had sexual intercourse | 1 = never had intercourse to 7 = 6 or more people | 1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1 |
Close friends | How many close friends do you have? | 1 = 0 friends to 4 = 3 or more close friend | 1 = 0 and 2–4 = 1 |
Peer support | During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your class kind and helpful? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Current smoking of cigarette | During the past 30 days, how many days did you smoke cigarette? | 1 = 0 days to 7 = all 30 days | 1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1 |
Parental tobacco use | Which of your parents or guardian use any form of tobacco? | 1 = never to 4 = both | 1 = 0 and 2–4 = 1 |
Parental monitoring | During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians check to see if your homework was done? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Parental understanding | During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Parental bonding | During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians really know what you were doing you’re your free time? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Parental intrusion of privacy | During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians go through your things without your approval? | 1 = never to 5 = always | 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1 |
Cannabis use | During the past 30 days, how many times have you used marijuana (also called weed, Jah, Indian hemp, ahabammmono, and ganja)?” | 1 = 0 days to 5 = All 30 days | 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1 |
Amphetamine | During your life, how many times have you used amphetamine or methamphetamine (also called ice or yellow) | 1 = 0 times to 5 = 20 or more times | 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1 |
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
The relationship between cannabis and amphetamine use and their associated factors
Variables | Past-month cannabis use N = 184 | Lifetime amphetamine use N = 238 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (%) | Yes (%) | p-value | No (%) | Yes (%) | p-value | |
Demographics | ||||||
Gender | 0.540 | 0.450 | ||||
Male | 95.1 | 4.9 | 93.3 | 6.7 | ||
Female | 94.6 | 5.4 | 92.6 | 7.4 | ||
Age in years | 0.055 | 0.120 | ||||
11–17 years | 94.2 | 5.8 | 92.4 | 7.6 | ||
18 years and above | 95.8 | 4.2 | 93.9 | 6.1 | ||
Mental health problems | ||||||
Anxiety | 0.068 | 0.052 | ||||
Yes | 91.7 | 8.3 | 87.6 | 12.4 | ||
No | 95.3 | 4.7 | 93.8 | 6.2 | ||
Loneliness | 0.032 | 0.018 | ||||
Yes | 91.5 | 8.5 | 88.7 | 11.3 | ||
No | 95.4 | 4.6 | 93.7 | 6.3 | ||
Suicidal ideation | 0.011 | 0.091 | ||||
Yes | 87.9 | 12.1 | 85.5 | 14.5 | ||
No | 96.6 | 3.4 | 95.0 | 5.0 | ||
Suicidal plan | 0.019 | 0.049 | ||||
Yes | 90.3 | 9.7 | 88.0 | 12.0 | ||
No | 97.1 | 2.9 | 95.3 | 4.7 | ||
Suicidal attempt | 0.028 | 0.012 | ||||
Yes | 85.5 | 14.5 | 82.3 | 17.7 | ||
No | 97.8 | 2.2 | 96.3 | 3.7 | ||
Personal attributes | ||||||
Truancy | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 89.0 | 11.0 | 87.6 | 12.4 | ||
No | 98.2 | 1.8 | 96.0 | 4.0 | ||
Smoked cigarette | < 0.001 | 0.003 | ||||
Yes | 54.9 | 45.1 | 56.2 | 43.8 | ||
No | 97.3 | 2.7 | 95.5 | 4.5 | ||
Close friends | 0.021 | 0.610 | ||||
Yes | 94.9 | 5.1 | 92.9 | 7.1 | ||
No | 95.5 | 4.5 | 93.7 | 6.3 | ||
Peer support | 0.680 | 0.720 | ||||
Yes | 94.6 | 5.4 | 92.7 | 7.3 | ||
No | 94.9 | 5.1 | 93.0 | 7.0 | ||
Sexual risk behaviour | 0.061 | 0.065 | ||||
Yes | 88.0 | 12.0 | 86.1 | 13.9 | ||
No | 96.6 | 3.4 | 94.8 | 5.2 | ||
School environmental factors | ||||||
Bullying victimization | 0.044 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 91.7 | 8.3 | 89.3 | 10.7 | ||
No | 98.0 | 2.0 | 96.7 | 3.3 | ||
Physically attacked | 0.060 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 90.4 | 9.6 | 87.6 | 12.4 | ||
No | 97.8 | 2.2 | 96.5 | 3.5 | ||
Physical fight | 0.058 | 0.049 | ||||
Yes | 90.7 | 9.3 | 88.6 | 11.4 | ||
No | 97.1 | 2.9 | 95.3 | 4.7 | ||
Hunger | 0.030 | 0.080 | ||||
Yes | 90.9 | 9.1 | 88.6 | 11.4 | ||
No | 95.4 | 4.6 | 93.6 | 6.4 | ||
Parental attributes | ||||||
Parental substance use | 0.018 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 81.7 | 18.3 | 79.6 | 20.4 | ||
No | 96.5 | 3.5 | 94.8 | 5.2 | ||
Parental monitoring | 0.070 | 0.270 | ||||
Yes | 95.6 | 4.4 | 92.3 | 7.7 | ||
No | 94.3 | 5.7 | 93.3 | 6.7 | ||
Parental understanding | 0.010 | 0.620 | ||||
Yes | 96.1 | 3.9 | 92.7 | 7.3 | ||
No | 93.9 | 6.1 | 93.2 | 6.8 | ||
Parental bonding | 0.110 | 0.890 | ||||
Yes | 95.6 | 4.4 | 93.2 | 6.8 | ||
No | 94.3 | 5.7 | 93.0 | 7.0 | ||
Parental intrusion of privacy | 0.060 | 0.090 | ||||
Yes | 95.4 | 4.6 | 93.6 | 6.4 | ||
No | 93.9 | 6.1 | 92.1 | 7.9 |
Predictors of cannabis and amphetamine use among school-going adolescents
Variables | Past-month cannabis use | Lifetime amphetamine use | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
Demographics | ||||
Age in years | ||||
11–17 years | 1 | – | 1 | – |
18 years and above | 0.91 | 0.51–1.62 | 0.98 | 0.62–1.55 |
Sex (male) | 0.74 | 0.43–1.28 | 1.07 | |
Mental health problems | ||||
Anxiety | 0.71 | 0.34–1.50 | 1.21 | 0.71–2.07 |
Loneliness | 0.99 | 0.51–1.91 | 1.08 | 0.64–1.81 |
Suicidal ideation | 1.84 | 0.97–3.50 | 1.51 | 0.88–2.60 |
Suicidal plan | 1.43 | 0.75 –2.73 | 1.18 | 0.68–2.03 |
Suicidal attempt | 1.40 | 0.70 –2.80 | 1.44 | 0.81–0.59 |
Personal attributes | ||||
School truancy | 3.34 | 1.88–5.92*** | 1.74 | 1.13–2.68* |
Smoked cigarette | 12.48 | 6.48–24.02*** | 4.74 | 2.50–9.00*** |
Close friends | 2.37 | 1.20–4.71* | 1.43 | 0.79–2.60 |
Peer support | 1.50 | 0.83–2.72 | 1.31 | 0.83–2.07 |
Sexual risk behaviour | 1.71 | 0.92–3.20 | 1.59 | 0.93–2.71 |
School environmental factors | ||||
Bullying victimisation | 1.65 | 0.87–3.13 | 2.09 | 1.27–3.43** |
Physically attacked | 1.61 | 0.89–2.93 | 2.16 | 1.36–3.45** |
Physical fight | 1.54 | 0.84–2.82 | 0.94 | 0.58–1.52 |
Hunger | 0.99 | 0.49–1.99 | 1.35 | 0.78–2.33 |
Parental attributes | ||||
Parental substance use | 1.88 | 0.97–3.64 | 2.45 | 1.45–4.13** |
Parental monitoring | 0.90 | 0.50–1.79 | 1.31 | 0.82–2.11 |
Parental understanding | 0.75 | 0.39–1.41 | 1.58 | 0.99–2.51 |
Parental bonding | 0.91 | 0.48–1.74 | 1.07 | 0.67–1.73 |
Parental intrusion of privacy | 1.04 | 0.60–1.80 | 1.09 | 0.71–1.68 |