Background
Methods
Study site, study cases and ethical considerations
Diagnostic algorithm
Clinical groups
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Cytokine measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Characteristics | Patient group | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | Total | ||
Subjects
(
n
)
| 29 | 21 | 15 | 65 | |
Male
/
Female
(
n
)
| 20/8
a
| 11/9
b
| 9/6 | 40/23
c
| 0.5 |
Age
(years)
| 19 (9-29)
d
| 8 (7-26) | 16 (9-21) | 15 (8-24)
e
| 0.2 |
Hb level
(
g
/
dL)
| 9.6 (7.1-12.4) | 10.3 (9.1-11.2) | 9.9 (7.5-11.5) | 10.0 (8.4-11.4) | 0.8 |
WBC count
/mm
3
| 5650 (4925-6900)
f
| 6800 (5900-8000)
g
| 5400 (4250-7150)
h
| 6050 (4950-7400)
i
| 0.2 |
DAT titer
| 25600 (6400-102400) | NA | 12800 (6400-102400) | 19200 (6400-102400) | 0.9† |
P.f
.
parasitaemia
(parasites/μL)
| NA | 825 (355-2325)
j
| 53 (38-585)
k
| 370 (51-1113)
l
| 0.005‡ |
Circulating cytokine profiles in VL and malaria mono-infected patients
Circulating cytokine profiles in VL and malaria co-infected patients
Characteristics | Patient group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | Total | |
Subjects
(
n
)
| 29 | 21 | 15 | 65 |
Male/
Female
(
n
)
| 20/8 | 11/9 | 9/6 | 40/23 |
Age 6- 15 years ( n) | 13 | 14 | 7 | 34 |
Median (Interquartile range) | 9 (7-13) | 8 (7-9) | 9 (7-10) | |
Age
>
15 years
(
n
)
| 14 | 7 | 8 | 29 |
Median (Interquartile Range) | 26 (20-35) | 27 (25-30) | 19 (17-27) | |
P.f . parasitaemia >100 parasites/ μL ( n ) | NA | 12 | 4 | 16 |
Median (Interquartile range) | NA | 825 (355-2325) | 640 (290-1088) |
Correlation between circulating cytokines in VL and malaria co-infected patients
Cytokine correlation | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient rs† | TNF | IL-6 | IL-17A | IFN-γ | IL-12p70 | IL-13 | IL-10 | IL-4 | IL-2 |
TNF
| 0.80*** | 0.63* | 0.69** | 0.66** | 0.75** | 0.59* | 0.40 | 0.20 | |
IL-
6
| 0.55* | 0.68** | 0.82*** | 0.68** | 0.61* | 0.27 | 0.13 | ||
IL-
17A
| 0.64** | 0.68** | 0.70** | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.20 | |||
IFN-γ
| 0.75** | 0.78** | 0.46 | 0.59* | 0.39 | ||||
IL-
12p70
| 0.85*** | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.34 | |||||
IL-
13
| 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.53* | ||||||
IL-
10
| 0.14 | 0.12 | |||||||
IL-
4
| -0.15 |