Background
Methods
Participants and procedure
Instruments
Assessment of Type D in Taiwan
Anxiety, depression and hostility
Statistical analysis
Results
CAD patients | General participants | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(N= 87) | (N= 421) | |||
Characteristics |
n
| % |
n
| % |
Gender | ||||
Male | 66 | 75.86 | 187 | 44.42 |
Female | 21 | 24.14 | 234 | 55.58 |
Age groups(years) | ||||
≦ 49 | 12 | 13.79 | 212 | 50.36 |
50-59 | 27 | 31.03 | 103 | 24.47 |
60-69 | 27 | 31.03 | 70 | 16.63 |
≧ 70 | 21 | 24.14 | 36 | 8.55 |
Marital statusa
| ||||
Married | 73 | 86.90 | 317 | 76.20 |
Single/Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 11 | 13.10 | 99 | 23.80 |
Reliability
Item-Total Correlation | α if Item Deleted | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item Content | DS14 | DS16-T | DS14-T | DS14 | DS16-T | DS14-T |
Negative affectivity | .86a
| .86 a
| .86 a
| |||
2. I often make a fuss about unimportant things. | .44 | .44 | .44 | .87 | .87 | .87 |
4. I often feel unhappy. | .69 | .69 | .69 | .83 | .83 | .83 |
5. I am often irritated. | .73 | .73 | .73 | .83 | .83 | .83 |
7. I take a gloomy view of things. | .61 | .61 | .61 | .84 | .84 | .84 |
9. I am often in a bad mood. | .72 | .72 | .72 | .83 | .83 | .83 |
12. I often find myself worrying about something. | .58 | .58 | .58 | .85 | .85 | .85 |
13. I am often down in the dumps. | .69 | .69 | .69 | .83 | .83 | .83 |
Social inhibition | .76 a
| .76 a
| .79 a
| |||
1. I make contact easily when I meet people. | .47 | .42 | .39 | .74 | .74 | .79 |
3. I often talk to strangers.
|
.30
|
.30
|
-
|
.78
|
.77
|
-
|
6. I often feel inhibited in social interactions. | .54 | .53 | .60 | .72 | .73 | .75 |
8. I find it hard to start a conversation. | .59 | .57 | .59 | .71 | .72 | .75 |
10. I am a closed kind of person. | .51 | .52 | .55 | .73 | .73 | .76 |
11. I would rather keep other people at a distance. | .45 | .50 | .50 | .74 | .73 | .77 |
14. When socializing, I don’t find the right things to talk about. | .57 | .58 | .58 | .72 | .72 | .75 |
15. I would rather keep in the background.
|
-
|
.21
|
-
|
.78
|
-
| |
16. I don't like to have a lot of people around me. | - | .46 | .45 | .74 | .78 |
Factor analyses
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
DS14 | DS16-T | DS14-T | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NA | SI |
h
2
| NA | SI |
h
2
| NA | SI |
h
2
|
M
|
SD
| ||
Factor 1: Negative Affectivity | ||||||||||||
2. | I often make a fuss about unimportant things. |
.52
| -.12 | .24 |
.53
| -.12 | .25 |
.53
| -.10 | .23 | 1.10 | 1.27 |
4. | I often feel unhappy. |
.70
| .07 | .53 |
.70
| .07 | .53 |
.71
| .06 | .55 | 0.99 | 1.29 |
5. | I am often irritated. |
.82
| -.08 | .62 |
.80
| -.04 | .62 |
.85
| -.08 | .65 | 1.33 | 1.24 |
7. | I take a gloomy view of things. |
.65
| .12 | .49 |
.63
| .13 | .48 |
.55
| .21 | .47 | 0.88 | 1.18 |
9. | I am often in a bad mood. |
.77
| .12 | .68 |
.76
| .13 | .68 |
.75
| .14 | .68 | 1.10 | 1.28 |
12. | I often find myself worrying about something. |
.62
| .08 | .42 |
.59
| .13 | .42 |
.59
| .10 | .43 | 0.85 | 1.10 |
13. | I am often down in the dumps. |
.71
| .09 | .57 |
.70
| .11 | .57 |
.68
| .13 | .57 | 1.20 | 1.28 |
Factor 2: Social Inhibition | ||||||||||||
1. | I make contact easily when I meet people. | -.07 |
.52
| .25 | -.07 |
.46
| .19 | -.08 |
.41
| .14 | 1.14 | 1.37 |
3. | I often talk to strangers. | -.16 |
.44
| .17 | -.18 |
.45
| .17 | - | - | - | - | - |
6. | I often feel inhibited in social interactions. | .24 |
.55
| .45 | .21 |
.55
| .44 | .06 |
.67
| .49 | 0.70 | 1.05 |
8. | I find it hard to start a conversation. | .24 |
.59
| .51 | .20 |
.59
| .48 | .13 |
.59
| .45 | 1.76 | 1.43 |
10. | I am a closed kind of person. | .25 |
.49
| .39 | .21 |
.52
| .40 | .04 |
.65
| .46 | 1.20 | 1.30 |
11. | I would rather keep other people at a distance. | .25 |
.44
| .33 | .19 |
.50
| .37 | .09 |
.56
| .37 | 0.75 | 1.11 |
14. | When socializing, I don’t find the right things to talk about. | .13 |
.61
| .45 | .07 |
.66
| .48 | -.05 |
.71
| .47 | 0.81 | 1.14 |
15. | I would rather keep in the background. | - | - | - | .03 | .27 | .08 | - | - | - | - | - |
16. | I don't like to have a lot of people around me. | - | - | - | .23 |
.43
| .32 | .17 |
.45
| .31 | 1.27 | 1.29 |
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
Two-factor model | One-factor model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
χ
2
| 170.04 | 432.04 | ||
df
| 76 | 77 | ||
χ
2/df
| 2.24 | 5.64 | ||
SRMR | .07 | .12 | ||
RMSEA | .07 | .14 | ||
AIC | 228.04 | 490.04 | ||
CFI | .92 | .71 | ||
IFI | .92 | .71 | ||
GFI | .91 | .74 | ||
AGFI | .88 | .64 |
Convergent and divergent validity
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Anxiety | - | |||||||
2. Depression | .62*
| - | ||||||
3. Hostile cognition | .42*
| .34*
| - | |||||
4. Hostile affect | .49*
| .32*
| .49*
| - | ||||
5. Expressive hostility | .33*
| .25*
| .46*
| .47*
| - | |||
6. Suppressive hostility | .51*
| .42*
| .56*
| .50*
| .33*
| - | ||
7. Total hostility score | .56*
| .44*
| .83*
| .76*
| .72*
| .79*
| - | |
8. Negative affectivity | .67*
| .50*
| .52*
| .55*
| .35*
| .53*
| .63*
| - |
9. Social inhibition | .40*
| .25*
| .34*
| .33*
| .20*
| .48*
| .45*
| .47*
|
Prevalence of Type D personality in the Taiwanese population
Differences in anxiety, depression and hostility between the Type D vs. non -Type D individuals
Type D | Non-Type D | t | Cohen’s d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables |
N
|
M
|
SD
|
N
|
M
|
SD
| ||
1. Anxiety | 79 | 45.59 | 8.22 | 396 | 34.26 | 8.85 | 10.52*
| 1.33 |
2. Depression | 80 | 7.46 | 6.92 | 399 | 3.70 | 4.46 | 4.67*
| 0.65 |
3. Hostile cognition | 83 | 16.66 | 4.34 | 416 | 12.29 | 5.00 | 7.43*
| 0.93 |
4. Hostile affect | 85 | 10.51 | 3.47 | 414 | 7.04 | 3.14 | 9.11*
| 1.05 |
5. Expressive hostility | 84 | 12.15 | 4.14 | 412 | 9.77 | 4.18 | 4.78*
| 0.57 |
6. Suppressive hostility | 84 | 16.51 | 3.79 | 416 | 11.66 | 4.54 | 10.32*
| 1.16 |
7. Total hostility score | 82 | 55.89 | 10.88 | 408 | 40.77 | 12.89 | 11.12*
| 1.27 |