Background
Methods
Animals
Study Design
C | RS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MACRONUTRIENTS
|
gm%
|
kcal%
|
gm%
|
kcal%
|
PROTEIN
| 24 |
21
| 24 |
21
|
CARBOHYDRATE
| 45 |
39
| 45 |
39
|
FAT
| 21 |
40
| 21 |
40
|
TOTAL
| 90 |
100
| 90 |
100
|
Density (kcal/g)
| 4.7 | 4.7 | ||
FIBER COMPONENTS
|
gm%
|
kcal%
|
gm%
|
kcal%
|
INSOLUBLE FIBER
| 2.4% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 0.0% |
RS***
| 0.3% |
0.3%
| 6.9% |
5.9%
|
TOTAL FIBER
| 2.7% |
0.3%
| 9.3% |
5.9%
|
INGREDIENT
|
gm
|
kcal
|
gm
|
kcal
|
PROTEIN (total) |
203
|
812
|
203
|
812
|
Casein
| 200 |
800
| 200 |
800
|
DL-Methionine
| 3 |
12
| 3 |
12
|
CHO (total) |
390
|
1480
|
390
|
1480
|
Maltodextrin | 150 |
600
| 150 |
600
|
Sucrose | 87 |
348
| 87 |
348
|
Amioca * | 133 |
532
| 0 |
0
|
Digestible Starch | 130 |
521
| 0 |
0
|
Resistant Starch | 3 |
11
| 0 |
0
|
Hi-maize 958 **
| 0 |
0
| 133 |
532
|
Digestible Starch | 0 |
0
| 75 |
300
|
Resistant Starch | 0 |
0
| 58 |
232
|
Cellulose, BW200
| 20 |
0
| 20 |
0
|
FAT (total) |
200
|
1575
|
200
|
1575
|
Corn Oil
| 45 |
405
| 45 |
405
|
Coconut Oil, Hydr. | 130 |
1170
| 130 |
1170
|
OTHER (total) |
47.1
|
40
|
47.1
|
40
|
Mineral-S10001
| 35 |
0
| 35 |
0
|
Vitamin-V10001
| 10 |
40
| 10 |
40
|
Choline Bitartrate
| 2 |
0
| 2 |
0
|
FD&C Dye
| 0.1 |
0
| 0.1 |
0
|
TOTAL CONTENTS
|
840
|
3907
|
840
|
3907
|
Treadmill Exercise
Exercise Cessation
Energy Balance
Tissue Analyses
Statistical Analyses
C | RS | C+EX | RS+EX | C+EX/SED | RS+EX/SED | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
Final Weight (g) | 846 ± 26 | 805 ± 32 | 792 ± 43 | 777 ± 33 | 847 ± 19 | 856 ± 40 |
% Body Fat A | 39.0 ± 3.2 | 33.9 ± 4.1 | 42.1 ± 1.3 | 32.0 ± 3.2 * | 53.0 ± 1.4 | 41.9 ± 0.4 * |
Fat Free Mass (g) ABC | 514 ± 24 | 525 ± 23 | 459 ± 29 | 524 ± 17.7* | 398 ± 18 | 497 ± 20.9* |
Bone Calcium (g) A | 13.2 ± 0.6 | 14.2 ± 0.6 | 13.0 ± 0.9 | 14.8 ± 0.6 * | 11.8 ± 0.7 | 13.2 ± 0.7 |
Bone Density (g/cm3) A | 0.330 ± 0.002 | 0.339 ± 0.003 | 0.333 ± 0.004 | 0.339 ± 0.003 | 0.339 ± 0.000 | 0.333 ± 0.003 |
Gatrocnemius (g) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.2 |
Liver (g) | 18.8 ± 0.5 | 20.1 ± 0.4 | 18.5 ± 1.2 | 19.6 ± 1.3 | 21.6 ± 1.3 | 19.8 ± 0.4 |
Fat Mass (g) ABC | 332 ± 33 | 280 ± 42 | 333 ± 19 | 252 ± 32.3* | 449 ± 11 | 359 ± 19.6* |
Mesenteric Fat (g) AB | 21.3 ± 1.6 | 15.5 ± 1.0 * | 15.7 ± 2.0 | 14.2 ± 1.9 | 21.6 ± 1.5 | 16.3 ± 1.2 * |
Cell Diameter (μm) AB | 93.1 ± 0.8 | 88.4 ± 0.7 * | 86.9 ± 0.9 | 76.3 ± 0.8 * | 102.4 ± 1.1 | 95.4 ± 1.1 * |
Cell Number (x106 cells/depot) | 42.3 ± 8.9 | 47.2 ± 7.2 | 47.9 ± 7.4 | 56.4 ± 8.9 | 39.2 ± 10.5 | 35.6 ± 10.5 |
Subcutaneous Fat (g) A | 246 ± 32 | 199 ± 37 | 251 ± 16 | 181 ± 27 * | 350 ± 12 | 270 ± 14 * |
Cell Diameter (μm) AB | 80.8 ± 1.1 | 76.9 ± 0.7 * | 74.6 ± 0.9 | 68.9 ± 0.7 * | 82.3 ± 1.0 | 76.3 ± 1.0 * |
Cell Number (x106 cells/depot) B | 655 ± 110 | 704 ± 59 | 985 ± 89 | 966 ± 89 | 1111 ± 177 | 1149 ± 356 |
Retroperitoneal Fat (g) | 41.7 ± 1.9 | 43.1 ± 5.2 | 44.3 ± 6.6 | 38.2 ± 4.2 | 49.3 ± 4.6 | 45.3 ± 1.9 |
Epidydimal Fat (g) B | 23.5 ± 0.9 | 22.2 ± 1.3 | 22.4 ± 2.0 | 18.5 ± 2.8 | 27.6 ± 2.3 | 27.7 ± 1.9 |
Results
Weight Reduction and Maintenance Characteristics
SED | EX | |
---|---|---|
n | 18 | 18 |
Peak Obesity Weight (g) | 723 ± 14 | 728 ± 12 |
Weight Loss (g) | 118 ± 5 | 129 ± 7 |
Weight Maintenance | ||
Weight (g) | 605 ± 11 | 599 ± 11 |
Bone Calcium (g) | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.1 ± 0.3 |
Bone Density (g/cm3) | 0.334 ± 0.002 | 0.335 ± 0.002 |
Fat Free Mass (g) | 469 ± 12 | 473 ± 11 |
Fat Mass (g) | 146 ± 15 | 131 ± 13 |
% Body Fat | 23.4 ± 2.2 | 21.4 ± 2.0 |
Weight Regain
Body Composition
Adipocyte Cellularity
Energy Balance
Hormones and Metabolites
C | RS | C+EX | RS+EX | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corticosterone (μg/day) C | ||||
Day 0 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.4 ± 1.1 |
Day 1 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 1.0 |
Day 65 | 7.8 ± 1.8 | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.0 * |
Leptin (μg/L) C | ||||
Day 0 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.4 |
Day 1 | 8.9 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.0 |
Day 65 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 8.6 ± 2.1 | 9.2 ± 1.5 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) CE | ||||
Day 0 | 0.73 ± 0.14 | 0.64 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 0.62 ± 0.11 |
Day 1 | 2.03 ± 0.15 | 1.98 ± 0.24 | 1.87 ± 0.14 | 1.41 ± 0.28 |
Day 65 | 1.62 ± 0.15 | 1.51 ± 0.24 | 1.57 ± 0.27 | 1.13 ± 0.13 |
NEFA (mmol/L) E | ||||
Day 0 | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.11 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.06 |
Day 1 | 0.55 ± 0.12 | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 0.67 ± 0.09 |
Day 65 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 0.59 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.06 | 0.75 ± 0.07 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) CD | ||||
Day 0 | 1.80 ± 0.09 | 2.37 ± 0.18 * | 2.25 ± 0.23 | 1.99 ± 0.23 |
Day 1 | 2.97 ± 0.28 | 3.52 ± 0.18 | 3.94 ± 0.46 | 2.59 ± 0.28* |
Day 65 | 3.01 ± 0.28 | 3.48 ± 0.27 | 4.00 ± 0.57 | 3.17 ± 0.43 |