Background
Methods
Study population
Surveyed population through targeted T2DM campaigns (Phase 1)
FGENTCARD population (Phase 2)
Blood samples collection and laboratory test performance
Measurement of variables
Statistical analysis
Results
T2DM categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetics n = 407 | Prediabetics n = 207 | Non-diabetic n = 379 | Total n = 993 | p value | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
Gender
|
0.4
| ||||
Male | 154 (37.8) | 68 (32.9) | 132 (34.8) | ||
Female | 253 (62.2) | 139 (67.1) | 247 (65.2) | ||
Age (Years) mean (SD)
| 64 (11.4) | 66 (9.9) | 65 (12.3) |
0.09
| |
Age of onset (Years) mean (SD)
| 55 (12.4) | 60 (11.4) | NA |
0.03
| |
Body Mass Index, mean (SD)
| 29.1 (5.4) | 28.6 (5.1) | 27.3 (4.4) |
<0.0001
| |
Exercise activity level
|
0.9
| ||||
Non-active | 248 (62.0) | 116 (56.9) | 215 (60.4) | ||
Moderate activity | 58 (14.5) | 33 (16.2) | 48 (13.5) | ||
Heavy activity | 94 (23.5) | 55 (27.0) | 93 (26.1) | ||
Smoking
|
0.2
| ||||
Never smoker | 179 (44.8) | 103 (50.5) | 190 (53.2) | ||
Former smoker | 92 (23.0) | 43 (21.1) | 70 (19.6) | ||
Current smoker | 129 (32.3) | 58 (28.4) | 97 (27.2) | ||
Alcohol consumption
|
0.003
| ||||
Never drinker | 276 (69.0) | 132 (64.7) | 219 (61.3) | ||
Less than 7 drinks per week | 118 (29.5) | 70 (34.3) | 119 (33.3) | ||
More than 7 drinks per week | 6 (1.5) | 2 (1.0) | 19 (5.3) | ||
Family history of T2DM
| |||||
Yes | 267 (67.9) | 87 (44.4) | 158 (47.7) |
<0.0001
| |
No | 126 (32.1) | 109 (55.6) | 173 (52.3) | ||
Consanguinity
|
0.96
| ||||
Yes | 69 (17.5) | 36 (18.3) | 58 (17.4) | ||
No | 325 (82.5) | 161 (81.7) | 276 (82.6) |
CAD categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Severe CAD n = 406 | Mild CAD n = 207 | Healthy n = 378 | Total n = 991 | p value | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
Gender
|
0.5
| ||||
Male | 153 (37.7) | 68 (32.9) | 132 (34.9) | ||
Female | 253 (62.3) | 139 (67.1) | 246 (65.1) | ||
Age (years) mean (SD)
| 64 (11.3) | 66 (9.9) | 64 (10.5) |
0.04
| |
Body mass index, mean (SD)
| 29.1 (5.3) | 29.7 (5.9) | 29.7 (5.8) |
0.2
| |
Exercise activity level
|
0.002
| ||||
Non-active | 85 (21.0) | 34 (16.5) | 49 (13.1) | ||
Moderate activity | 315 (77.8) | 163 (79.1) | 307 (81.9) | ||
Heavy activity | 5 (1.2) | 9 (4.4) | 19 (5.1) | ||
Smoking
|
0.01
| ||||
Never smoker | 150 (37.0) | 103 (49.8) | 185 (49.1) | ||
Former smoker | 105 (25.9) | 43 (20.8) | 81 (21.5) | ||
Current smoker | 150 (37.0) | 61 (29.5) | 114 (29.4) | ||
Family history of CAD
| |||||
Yes | 260 (64.5) | 91 (44.2) | 174 (46.3) |
0.006
| |
No | 143 (35.5) | 115 (55.8) | 202 (53.7) | ||
Consanguinity
|
0.44
| ||||
Yes | 73 (19.6) | 34 (17.2) | 60 (16.7) | ||
No | 299 (80.3) | 163 (82.7) | 299 (83.3) | ||
Hypertension
|
0.1
| ||||
Yes | 263 (64.8) | 137 (66.2) | 220 (58.5) | ||
No | 143 (35.2) | 70 (33.8) | 156 (41.5) | ||
Hyperlipidemia
|
<0.0001
| ||||
Yes | 227 (56.0) | 91 (44.0) | 149 (39.5) | ||
No | 178 (44.0) | 116 (56.0) | 228 (60.5) | ||
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
|
<0.0001
| ||||
Yes | 172 (42.4) | 59 (28.5) | 84 (22.3) | ||
No | 234 (57.6) | 148 (71.5) | 292 (77.7) |
T2DM categories | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic n = 272 | Non-diabetic n = 1,058 | Total n = 1,330 | p value | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
Gender
|
0.008
| |||
Male | 121 (44.5) | 566 (53.5) | ||
Female | 151 (55.5) | 492 (46.5) | ||
Age (years) mean (SD)
| 58 (11.6) | 55 (11.9) |
0.0002
| |
Body mass index
|
<0.0001
| |||
Less than 30 | 111 (42.2) | 645 (62.6) | ||
More or equal to 30 | 152 (57.8) | 385 (37.4) | ||
Exercise activity level
|
0.007
| |||
Non-active | 41 (15.1) | 93 (8.8) | ||
Moderate activity | 214 (79) | 886 (83.7) | ||
Heavy activity | 16 (5.9) | 79 (7.5) | ||
Smoking
|
0.001
| |||
Never smoker | 143 (52.6) | 433 (40.9) | ||
Former smoker | 52 (19.1) | 200 (18.9) | ||
Current smoker | 77 (28.3) | 425 (40.2) | ||
Family history of T2DM
| ||||
Yes | 190 (69.9) | 492 (46.5) |
<0.0001
| |
No | 82 (30.1) | 565 (53.5) | ||
Consanguinity
|
0.6
| |||
Yes | 56 (21.2) | 201 (19.7) | ||
No | 208 (78.8) | 818 (80.3) | ||
Triglycerides
| ||||
High level | 162 (68.4) | 505 (54.9) |
0.0002
| |
Normal level | 75 (31.6) | 415 (45.1) | ||
HDL-cholesterol
|
0.6
| |||
Low level | 73 (30.7) | 267 (29.0) | ||
Normal level | 165 (69.3) | 654 (71.0) | ||
Hypertension
|
<0.0001
| |||
Yes | 197 (72.4) | 487 (46.0) | ||
No | 75 (27.6) | 571 (54.0) | ||
Hyperlipidemia
|
<0.0001
| |||
Yes | 213 (78.6) | 659 (62.3) | ||
No | 58 (21.4) | 398 (37.7) | ||
Family history of CAD
|
0.3
| |||
Yes | 144 (53.1) | 602 (57.0) | ||
No | 127 (46.9) | 455 (43.0) |
Diabetic (%) | Non-diabetic (%) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Surveyed T2DM population
| 407 (41) | 586 (59) | 993 |
FGENTCARD population
| 2,437 (33.4) | 4,855 (66.5) | 7,292 |
Randomly selected population
| 272 (20.5) | 1,058 (79.5) | 1,330 |
Randomly selected population (age ≥ 55 years old) | 157 (23.6) | 507 (76.4) | 664 |
CAD population
| 2,152 (36.5) | 3,748 (63.5) | 5,900 |
T2DM categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic | Prediabetic | Non-diabetic | Total | p value | |
n = 403
|
n = 207
|
n = 377
| |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
Total cholesterol
| 2.02 (0.45) | 2.27 (0.47) | 2.19 (0.49) |
987
|
<0.0001
|
Triglycerides
| 1.87 (1.15) | 1.63 (0.81) | 1.49 (0.68) |
987
|
<0.0001
|
HDL-cholesterol
| 0.48 (0.13) | 0.54 (0.16) | 0.53 (0.13) |
987
|
<0.0001
|
LDL-cholesterol
| 1.35 (0.45) | 1.26 (0.39) | 1.19 (0.37) |
987
|
<0.0001
|
T2DM categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic | Prediabetic | Non-diabetic | Total | p value | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
Hypertension
|
961
|
<0.0001
| |||
Yes | 226 (56.6) | 97 (47.5) | 139 (38.8) | ||
No | 173 (43.4) | 107 (52.5) | 219 (61.2) | ||
Hyperlipidemia
|
945
|
<0.0001
| |||
Yes | 222 (56.1) | 99 (48.8) | 133 (38.4) | ||
No | 174 (43.9) | 104 (51.2) | 213 (61.6) | ||
Obesity
|
946
|
<0.0001
| |||
Yes | 142 (36.0) | 45 (22.2) | 62 (17.8) | ||
No | 252 (64.0) | 158 (77.8) | 287 (82.2) | ||
Cardiac disease
|
952
|
0.08
| |||
Yes | 93 (23.4) | 37 (18.2) | 60 (17.1) | ||
No | 305 (76.6) | 166 (81.8) | 291 (82.9) |
T2DM categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic | Prediabetic | Non-diabetic | Total | p value | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
Gestational diabetes
|
484
|
0.3
| |||
Yes | 9 (4.3) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (1.8) | ||
No | 199 (95.7) | 105 (98.1) | 166 (98.2) | ||
Baby weighing >4 kgs at birth
|
475
|
<0.0001
| |||
Yes | 75(37.3) | 26 (23.9) | 28 (17.0) | ||
No | 126 (62.7) | 83 (76.1) | 137 (83.0) | ||
Polycystic ovary syndrome
|
544
|
0.3
| |||
Yes | 9 (3.9) | 6 (4.8) | 14 (7.4) | ||
No | 222 (96.1) | 118 (95.2) | 175 (92.6) |
T2DM categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic | Prediabetic | Non-diabetic | Total | p value | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) |
944
|
0.0008
| |
Retinopathy
| |||||
Yes | 41 (10.4) | 10 (5.0) | 13 (3.7) | ||
No | 354 (89.6) | 192 (95.0) | 334 (96.3) | ||
Peripheral neuropathy
|
944
|
0.005
| |||
Yes | 61 (15.5) | 25 (12.3) | 27 (7.8) | ||
No | 332 (84.5) | 178 (87.7) | 321 (92.2) | ||
Liver disease
|
948
|
0.4
| |||
Yes | 18 (4.5) | 5 (2.5) | 11 (3.2) | ||
No | 378 (95.5) | 198 (97.5) | 338 (96.8) | ||
Skin condition*
|
948
|
0.6
| |||
Yes | 17 (4.3) | 7 (3.4) | 10 (2.9) | ||
No | 380 (95.7) | 196 (96.6) | 338 (97.1) |
T2DM (n = 998) | Severe CAD (n = 991) | T2DM (n = 1,330) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
Physical activity (Ref: Inactive people) | |||||||||
Active people | 0.88 | 0.62-1.23 | 0.4 | 0.15 | 0.05-0.43 | 0.0004 | 0.46 | 0.24-0.88 | 0.02 |
Moderately active people | 1.1 | 0.66-1.83 | 0.7 | 0.59 | 0.40-0.87 | 0.008 | 0.55 | 0.37-0.81 | 0.003 |
Smoking (Ref: Non-smokers) | |||||||||
Current Smoker | 1.41 | 1.01-1.97 | 0.04 | 1.86 | 1.30-2.66 | 0.001 | 0.55 | 0.40-0.75 | 0.0001 |
Ex-Smokers | 1.4 | 0.96-2.02 | 0.08 | 1.23 | 0.73-2.08 | 0.4 | 0.79 | 0.55-1.13 | 0.2 |
BMI (Ref: < 30) | |||||||||
≥ 30 | 1.08 | 1.04-1.11 | <0.0001 | 0.98 | 0.95-1.01 | 0.1 | 2.29 | 1.74-3.02 | <0.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol (Ref: Healthy) | |||||||||
Yes | 0.39 | 0.22-0.69 | 0.001 | 0.86 | 0.76-0.96 | 0.01 | 1.08 | 0.79-1.48 | 0.6 |
Triglycerides (Ref: Healthy) | |||||||||
Yes | 1.66 | 1.37-2.00 | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.00-1.01 | 0.001 | 1.78 | 1.31-2.40 | 0.0002 |
Hyperlipidemia (Ref: Healthy) | |||||||||
Yes | 2.04 | 1.52-2.74 | <0.0001 | 1.95 | 1.47-2.59 | <0.0001 | 2.22 | 1.62-3.04 | <0.0001 |
Family history of CAD (Ref: No family history of CAD) | |||||||||
Yes | 0.93 | 0.70-1.25 | 0.6 | 1.57 | 1.17-2.09 | 0.002 | 0.86 | 0.66-1.12 | 0.3 |
Family history of T2DM (Ref: No family history of T2DM) | |||||||||
Yes | 2.32 | 1.71-3.14 | <0.0001 | 1.22 | 0.92-1.61 | 0.2 | 2.66 | 2.00-3.54 | <0.0001 |
Hypertension (Ref: Healthy) | |||||||||
Yes | 2.06 | 1.54-2.75 | <0.0001 | 1.3 | 0.98-1.74 | 0.07 | 3.08 | 2.30-4.12 | <0.0001 |
Coronary artery disease (Ref: Healthy) | |||||||||
Yes | 1.48 | 1.03-2.12 | 0.03 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ref: Healthy) | |||||||||
Yes | NA | NA | NA | 2.56 | 1.87-3.49 | <0.0001 | NA | NA | NA |
Discussion
Prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes
Reported condition | Not reported condition | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
Self-reported T2DM
| 405 (42.2) | 555 (57.8) |
960
|
Self-reported prediabetes
| 35 (4.1) | 825 (95.9) |
860
|
Self-reported weight excess
| 250 (26.3) | 701 (73.7) |
951
|