Background
Methods
Subjects
Mch bronchoprovocation test
Statistical analysis
Results
Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | Total | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N. patients (M/F)
| 87 (20/67)* | 2255 (1087/1168)*° | 1300 (757/543)*° # | 575 (205/370)*° # | 4217 (2069/2148) |
0.0001
|
Age
| 29±11* | 34±13*° | 42±15*° # | 47±15*° # | 38±15 |
0.0001
|
1
Current mokers (%)
| 24 (31.2%) | 490 (24.9%) | 205 (17.6%) | 72 (14.3%) | 791 (21.3%) | |
1
Ex smokers (%)
| 1 (1.3%) | 101 (5.1%) | 127 (10.9%) | 65 (12.9%) | 294 (7.9%) |
0.0001
|
1
Non-Smokers
| 52 (67.5%) | 1376 (70.0%) | 831 (71.5%) | 367 (72.8%) | 2626 (70.8%) | |
Patients with normal reactivity
| 34 (39.1%) | 903 (40.0%) | 530 (40.8%) | 230 (40.0%) | 1697 (40.2%) | 0.969 |
Patients with PD
20
<3200 μg
| 53 (60.9%) | 1352 (60.0%) | 770 (59.2%) | 345 (60.0%) | 2520 (59.8%) | |
FEV
1
% of predicted
| 96.96 [87.43-103.43]*° # | 100 [92.34-107.83]* | 100 [91.79- 108.60]° | 100 [90.26- 107.87]# | 100 [91.88-107.97] |
0.007
|
FVC % of predicted
| 92.06 [86.74-98.54]*° # | 98.84 [91.15-107.33]* | 100.0 [92.16-108.36]° | 99.77 [90.49-107.85]# | 99.11 [91.21-107.60] |
0.0001
|
FEV
1
/FVC
| 90.04 [84.94-95.03]*° # | 86.79 [81.80-91.56]* | 84.69 [80.09-88.53]° | 84.10 [80.76-88.20]# | 85.77 [81.10-90.05] |
0.0001
|
BMI
| 17.61±1.75* | 22.17±1.71*° | 27.10±1.39*° # | 33.53±3.90*° # | 25.14±4.58 |
0.0001
|
Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | Total | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aged 18–26 years (n 556)
| 656 [366–1589] | 361 [169–852] | 346 [166–846] | 193 [146–356] | 351 [168–848] | 0.058 |
Aged 27–44 years old (n 394)
| 312 [312–312] | 370 [150–981] | 319 [165–1039] | 354 [213–1032] | 341 [161–1027] | 0.871 |
Age≥45 years (n 228)
| - | 320 [104–1172] | 360 [178–1133] | 436 [277–903] | 368 [180–1110] | 0.343 |
Severe AHR (PD
20
≤200) (n 367)
| 117 [117–117] | 95 [67–143] | 115 [61–170] | 116 [75–126] | 105 [65–158] | 0.159 |
Moderate AHR (PD
20
>200 and ≤800) (n 471)
| 377 [355–637] | 377 [291–584] | 351 [290–498] | 353 [272–490] | 357 [290–546] | 0.294 |
Mild AHR (PD
20
>800) (n 340)
| 1855 [1322–3135] | 1496 [1100–2097] | 1530 [1105–2020] | 1125 [1032–2167] | 1437 [1094–2061] | 0.142 |
Non-smokers (n 794)
| 507 [355–674] | 343 [156–896] | 343 [170–1036] | 340 [192–825] | 345 [168–944] | 0.688 |
Smokers (n 248)
| 1589 [1322–1855] | 547 [210–1060] | 322 [169–1113] | 352 [272–716] | 442 [194–1072] | 0.102 |
Total (n 1178)
| 637 [355–1322] | 360 [156–928] | 343 [169–1045] | 355 [203–825] | 353 [168–963] | 0.555 |
Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | Total | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aged 18–26 years (n 211)
| 574 [75–1257] | 371 [139–930] | 330 [157–1491] | 262 [137–663] | 350 [140–1003] | 0.763 |
Aged 27–44 years (n 605)
| 874 [213–1366] | 455 [171–1101] | 322 [159–697] | 308 [155–917] | 384 [165–1046] | 0.065 |
Age≥45 years (n 526)
| 115 [96–373] | 563 [197–1238] | 384 [170–1063] | 366 [205–848] | 437 [179–1072] | 0.160 |
Severe AHR (PD
20
≤200) (n 400)
| 59 [40–96] | 94 [56–146] | 107 [52–157] | 105 [52–156] | 98 [54–149] | 0.125 |
Moderate AHR (PD
20
>200 and ≤800) (n 523)
| 369 [317–568] | 437 [298–605] | 363 [287–562] | 355 [295–528] | 383 [295–576] | 0.858 |
Mild AHR (PD
20
>800) (n 419)
| 1366 [1176–1805] | 1447 [1072–2026] | 1484 [1097–2112] | 1473 [1203–1948] | 1451 [1097–2015] | 0.064 |
Non-smokers (n 889)
| 468 [99–1169] | 473 [157–1109] | 382 [165–1077] | 359 [180–814] | 396 [161–1072] | 0.765 |
Smokers (n 273)
| 1132 [72–1521] | 502 [172–986] | 332 [151–647] | 321 [203–818] | 407 [160–980] | 0.449 |
Total (n 1342)
| 568 [108–1271] | 490 [161–1077] | 354 [160–964] | 352 [179–817] | 387 [165–1052] | 0.359 |
All males with AHR | All females with AHR | Males with severe AHR | Females with severe AHR | Males with moderate AHR | Females with moderate AHR | Males with mild AHR | Females with mild AHR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All subjects with AHR (n. 2520)
| −0.003 | −0.033 | 0.105* | 0.067 | −0.086 | −0.115 | −0.041 | 0.029 |
Aged 18–26 years (n. 767)
| −0.038 | −0.072 | 0.074 | 0.229 | −0.066 | −0.257* | −0.113 | 0.030 |
Aged 27–44 years (n. 999)
| −0.031 | −0.113° | 0.062 | −0.082 | −0.135 | −0.210# | −0.133 | −0.088 |
Age≥45 years (n. 754)
| 0.092 | −0.001 | 0.268* | 0.076 | 0.092 | −0.091 | 0.067 | 0.025 |
Non-smokers (n. 1683)
| 0.016 | −0.012 | 0.101 | 0.069 | −0.032 | −0.116* | −0.084 | −0.016 |
Smokers (n. 521)
| −0.082 | −0.057 | 0.185 | 0.216* | −0.239* | −0.111 | 0.099 | 0.048 |
Underweight (n. 53)
| −0.30 | 0.288 | - | −0.115 | −0.100 | 0.587* | −0.500 | −0.248 |
Normal weight (n. 1352)
| 0.011 | −0.004 | −0.024 | −0.011 | 0.030 | −0.061 | −0.049 | −0.016 |
Overweight (n. 770)
| 0.015 | 0.120* | 0.038 | 0.070 | −0.013 | 0.115 | 0.102 | 0.021 |
Obese (n. 345)
| −0.065 | 0.098 | 0.018 | −0.177 | 0.087 | −0.097 | −0.154 | −0.044 |
All subjects with AHR
1
(n 2198)
| −0.060 | −0.050 | 0.104 | 0.042 | −0.088 | −0.161# | −0.113* | −0.032 |
All AHR subjectsa | Mild AHRa | Moderate AHRa | Severe AHRa | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | P | |
Aged 27–44 years)
b
| 0.627 | 0.496-0.793 | 0.0001 | 0.757 | 0.545-1.051 | 0.097 | 0.605 | 0.450-0.813 | 0.001 | 0.572 | 0.407-0.804 | 0.001 |
Age ≥ 45 years
b
| 0.453 | 0.344-0.596 | 0.0001 | 0.672 | 0.461-0.979 | 0.038 | 0.359 | 0.247-0.523 | 0.0001 | 0.408 | 0.272-0.610 | 0.0001 |
Smoking
c
| 1.101 | 0.869-1.395 | 0.424 | 1.212 | 0.877-1.675 | 0.244 | 1.147 | 0.854-1.540 | 0.361 | 0.874 | 0.613-1.245 | 0.455 |
FEV
1
% of predicted
| 0.934 | 0.921-0.948 | 0.0001 | 0.969 | 0.950-0.989 | 0.002 | 0.936 | 0.919-0.954 | 0.0001 | 0.899 | 0.880-0.918 | 0.0001 |
FVC % of predicted
| 1.039 | 1.025-1.054 | 0.0001 | 1.009 | 0.990-1.029 | 0.360 | 1.043 | 1.025-1.062 | 0.0001 | 1.066 | 1.045-1.087 | 0.0001 |
Winter
d
| 1.104 | 0.841-1.448 | 0.477 | 1.253 | 0.860-1.824 | 0.240 | 0.988 | 0.695-1.404 | 0.945 | 1.185 | 0.800-1.757 | 0.398 |
Spring
d
| 1.103 | 0.849-1.434 | 0.463 | 1.106 | 0.765-1.599 | 0.592 | 1.157 | 0.829-1.614 | 0.392 | 1.229 | 0.840-1.799 | 0.289 |
Summer
d
| 0.886 | 0.665-1.181 | 0.410 | 0.932 | 0.620-1.399 | 0.733 | 0.979 | 0.680-1.411 | 0.910 | 0.793 | 0.515-1.223 | 0.295 |
Underweight
ef
| 0.384 | 0.149-0.988 | 0.047 | 0.466 | 0.125-1.734 | 0.255 | 0.596 | 0.198-1.791 | 0.357 | - | - | - |
Overweight
ef
| 1.247 | 0.999-1.557 | 0.051 | 1.200 | 0.883-1.632 | 0.244 | 1.099 | 0.823-1.467 | 0.522 | 1.366 | 0.993-1.879 | 0.055 |
Obese
ef
| 1.059 | 0.748-1.501 | 0.746 | 0.924 | 0.559-1.527 | 0.757 | 1.435 | 0.928-2.220 | 0.105 | 0.885 | 0.520-1.508 | 0.654 |
All AHR subjectsa | Mild AHRa | Moderate AHRa | Severe AHRa | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Aged 27–44 years
b
| 0.775 | 0.569-1.057 | 0.107 | 0.899 | 0.600-1.346 | 0.604 | 0.753 | 0.506-1.121 | 0.163 | 0.611 | 0.398-0.939 | 0.025 |
Age ≥ 45 years
b
| 0.589 | 0.423-0.819 | 0.002 | 0.766 | 0.496-1.181 | 0.227 | 0.558 | 0.364-0.854 | 0.007 | 0.406 | 0.253-0.651 | 0.0001 |
Smoking
c
| 1.609 | 1.243-2.081 | 0.0001 | 1.414 | 1.014-1.973 | 0.041 | 1.750 | 1.278-2.397 | 0.0001 | 1.767 | 1.229-2.540 | 0.002 |
FEV
1
% of predicted
| 0.925 | 0.912-0.939 | 0.0001 | 0.957 | 0.938-0.976 | 0.0001 | 0.928 | 0.910-0.946 | 0.0001 | 0.873 | 0.853-0.894 | 0.0001 |
FVC % of predicted
| 1.055 | 1.039-1.070 | 0.0001 | 1.029 | 1.009-1.049 | 0.003 | 1.061 | 1.041-1.080 | 0.0001 | 1.085 | 1.062-1.109 | 0.0001 |
Winter
d
| 0.645 | 0.491-0.847 | 0.002 | 0.613 | 0.431-0.872 | 0.007 | 0.674 | 0.478-0.950 | 0.024 | 0.662 | 0.447-0.981 | 0.040 |
Spring
d
| 0.717 | 0.541-0.949 | 0.020 | 0.585 | 0.403-0.849 | 0.005 | 0.810 | 0.572-1.147 | 0.235 | 0.829 | 0.557-1.236 | 0.358 |
Summer
d
| 0.624 | 0.469-0.830 | 0.001 | 0.681 | 0.476-0.976 | 0.036 | 0.662 | 0.462-0.949 | 0.025 | 0.524 | 0.340-0.807 | 0.003 |
Underweight
ef
| 1.012 | 0.568-1.805 | 0.967 | 1.222 | 0.611-2.443 | 0.571 | 0.774 | 0.340-1.766 | 0.543 | 0.895 | 0.390-2.055 | 0.793 |
Overweight
ef
| 1.178 | 0.919-1.509 | 0.195 | 1.042 | 0.752-1.444 | 0.805 | 1.297 | 0.947-1.777 | 0.104 | 1.338 | 0.929-1.928 | 0.118 |
Obese
ef
| 1.247 | 0.937-1.661 | 0.130 | 0.856 | 0.578-1.268 | 0.439 | 1.741 | 1.226-2.471 | 0.002 | 1.235 | 0.806-1.894 | 0.333 |
All AHR subjects | Mild AHR | Moderate AHR | Severe AHR | Normal | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | ||
FVC%
| −0.062 | 0.110 | −0.155 | 0.004 | −0.091 | 0.200 | −0.071 | 0.437 | −0.229 | 0.022 | −0.388 | 0.011 | −0.006 | 0.938 | −0.102 | 0.537 | −0.027 | 0.712 | −0.183 | 0.037 |
FEV
1
%
| 0.064 | 0.092 | 0.132 | 0.015 | 0.069 | 0.330 | 0.037 | 0.689 | 0.228 | 0.021 | 0.371 | 0.014 | 0.028 | 0.717 | 0.100 | 0.537 | 0.027 | 0.712 | 0.152 | 0.081 |
FEV
1
/FVC
| −0.118 | 0.009 | −0.173 | 0.01 | −0.177 | 0.049 | −0.094 | 0.416 | −0.255 | 0.023 | −0.451 | 0.017 | −0.044 | 0.623 | −0.066 | 0.733 | −0.105 | 0.220 | −0.206 | 0.062 |
Age
| 0.075 | 0.0001 | 0.122 | 0.0001 | 0.051 | 0.012 | 0.140 | 0.0001 | 0.098 | 0.0001 | 0.090 | 0.0001 | 0.065 | 0.002 | 0.114 | 0.0001 | 0.074 | 0.0001 | 0.128 | 0.0001 |
Seasons
| 0.042 | 0.551 | 0.050 | 0.613 | 0.229 | 0.167 | −0.131 | 0.566 | −0.037 | 0.820 | 0.294 | 0.155 | −0.001 | 0.996 | −0.277 | 0.193 | 0.032 | 0.757 | 0.100 | 0.541 |
Smoking
| −0.345 | 0.074 | −0.917 | 0.001 | −0.743 | 0.093 | −1.251 | 0.054 | −0.055 | 0.893 | −0.835 | 0.139 | −0.516 | 0.289 | −0.656 | 0.267 | −0.338 | 0.248 | −1.147 | 0.027 |
Constant
| 32.22 | 0.0001 | 37.27 | 0.0001 | 40.00 | 0.0001 | 31.40 | 0.004 | 43.61 | 0.0001 | 62.22 | 0.0001 | 24.65 | 0.002 | 27.30 | 0.120 | 30.47 | 0.0001 | 40.32 | 0.0001 |