Background
Methods
Search strategy and study selection
Data extraction
Data synthesis and analysis
Quality assessment
Results
Publication types and geography
First Author | Country | Publication date | Study design | Quality Assessment | N | Age | Male/Female | Type | Co-infection | Comorbidities | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adachi | Japan | 05/15/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 84 | Female | MSSA |
Klebsiella pneumoniae
| None | Death |
Bagnato | Italy | 08/05/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 62 | Female | MSSA |
Candida tropicalis
| Hypertension | Discharge |
Chandran | United Kingdom | 05/20/21 | Case report | 7/8 | 1 | NR | Female | MSSA | None | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Death |
Chen | China | 11/01/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 29 | Male | MSSA and MRSA |
Haemophilus influenzae
| NR (not reported) | Discharge |
Choudhury | USA | 07/04/20 | Case report | 7/8 | 1 | 73 | Male | MSSA | None | Type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic foot osteomyelitis, aortic stenosis, prosthetic aortic valve, atrial fibrillation, prior S. aureus infection | Hospice |
Cusumano | USA | 11/12/20 | Case series | 9/10 | 42 | 65.6 (mean) | Males (n = 21), Females (n = 21) | MSSA (n = 23) and MRSA (n = 19) | Enterococcus faecalis (n = 3), Candida spp. (n = 2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), Escheria coli (n = 1), Bacillus spp. (n = 1), Micrococcus spp. (n = 1), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 1), Proteus mirabilis (n = 1) | Hypertension (n = 29), diabetes mellitus (n = 21), cardiovascular disease (n = 19), lung disease (n = 7), chronic kidney disease (n = 6), malignancy (n = 5), end-stage renal disease (n = 4), organ transplant (n = 3), liver disease (n = 1) | Death at 30 days (n = 28) |
De Pascale | Italy | 05/31/21 | Prospective cohort | 8/11 | 40 | 64 (mean) | Males (n = 33), Females (n = 7) | MSSA (n = 14), MRSA (n = 26) | Bacteroidetes (n = 18), Proteobacteria (n = 7), Actinobacteria (n = 3), Tenericutes (n = 2), Fusobacteria (n = 1)1 | Diabetes mellitus (n = 8), cardiovascular disease (n = 7), lung disease (n = 7), immunosuppression (n = 4), neoplasm (n = 4), chronic kidney disease (n = 3) | Death (n = 26) |
Duployez | France | 04/16/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 35 | Male | MSSA (PVL-secreting) | None | None | Death |
Edrada | Philippines | 05/07/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 39 | Female | MSSA | Influenza B, Klebsiella pneumoniae | None | Discharge |
ElSeirafi | Bahrain | 06/23/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 59 | Male | MRSA | None | NR | Death |
Filocamo | Italy | 05/11/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 50 | Male | MSSA | None | None | Discharge |
Hamzavi | Iran | 08/01/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 14 | Male | MSSA | None | Cerebral palsy | Death |
Hoshiyama | Japan | 11/02/20 | Case series | 6/10 | 1 | 47 | Male | MSSA | None | Previous cerebral hemorrhage | Discharge |
“” | “” | “” | “” | “” | 1 | 39 | Male | MSSA |
Group B Streptococcus
| Hypertension | Discharge |
Hussain | United Kingdom | 05/22/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 69 | Female | MSSA | None | Prosthetic aortic valve with reduced ejection fraction | Death |
Levesque | Canada | 07/01/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 53 | Female | MSSA | None | Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia | Hospital |
Mirza | USA | 11/16/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 29 | Male | MRSA | Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas | Cystic fibrosis with moderate obstructive lung disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, gastroparesis, chronic S. aureus | Discharge |
Patek | USA | 04/15/20 | Case report | 7/8 | 1 | 0 | Male | MSSA | Herpes simplex virus | Maternal history of oral herpetic lesions | Discharge |
Posteraro | Italy | 09/06/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 79 | Male | MRSA | Morganella morganii, Candida glabrata, Acinetobacter baumannii, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli | Type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, left leg amputation | Death |
Rajdev | USA | 09/10/20 | Case report | 7/8 | 1 | 32 | Male | MSSA |
Klebsiella pneumoniae
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Discharge |
Rajdev | USA | 09/28/20 | Case report | 7/8 | 1 | 36 | Male | MSSA |
Haemophilus influenzae
| Hypertension, two renal transplants for renal dysplasia | Discharge |
Ramos-Martinez | Spain | 07/30/20 | Prospective cohort | 6/11 | 1 | 60 | NR | MSSA | None | Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, wrist arthritis, sternoclavicular arthritis | Death |
Randall | USA | 12/01/20 | Case report | 7/8 | 1 | 60 | Male | MRSA | None | Chronic obstructive lung disease, coronary artery disease, hypothyroidism | Death |
“” | “” | “” | “” | “” | 1 | 83 | Male | MRSA | None | Hypertension, atrial fibrillation | Death |
“” | “” | “” | “” | “” | 1 | 60 | Male | MRSA | Hepatitis C | Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis | Death |
Regazzoni | Italy | 08/07/20 | Case report | 2/8 | 1 | 70 | Male | MSSA | None | NR | Hospital |
Sharifipour | Iran | 09/01/20 | Prospective cohort | 7/11 | 1 | NR | NR | MSSA | None | None | Discharge |
“” | “” | “” | “” | 1 | NR | NR | MRSA | None | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Death | |
Son | Korea | 06/16/21 | Retrospective cohort | 8/11 | 4 | 79 (mean) | Male (n = 3), Female (n = 1) | MRSA | C. albicans (n = 2), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (n = 2), S. maltophilia (n = 1) carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 1), | NR | Death (n = 3) |
Spannella | Italy | 06/23/20 | Case report | 8/8 | 1 | 95 | Female | MSSA |
Citrobacter werkmanii
| Hypertension, chronic heart failure, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, vascular dementia, sacral pressure ulcers, dysphagia | Death |
Spoto | Italy | 09/30/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 55 | Female | MSSA | None | Triple negative, BRCA1-related, right breast cancer with multiple bone metastasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus | Death |
Valga | Spain | 06/11/20 | Case report | 6/8 | 1 | 68 | Male | MSSA | None | Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, sleep apnea, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease | Discharge |
Publication quality
Patient demographics
First Author | N | Type | Diagnosis | Co-infection onset | Presentation | Dx findings | Treatments and Interventions | Complications | Length of stay | ICU | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adachi | 1 | MSSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia | Uncleara | Fever, diarrhea, dyspnea | Bilateral opacities on chest x-ray (CXR), ground glass opacities & lower lobe consolidation on chest computed tomography (CT) | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, morphine | ARDS | 16 | Yes | Death |
Bagnato | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia | Unremarkable head CT, normal creatine kinase | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, intubation and ventilation, antifungals, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, neuromuscular blocking agents, olanzapine | Psychomotor agitation and temporospatial disorientation, myopathy | 140 | Yes | Discharge |
Chandran | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture and tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) and bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Dyspnea (positive COVID test) | Bilateral interstitial infiltrates (CXR) and ground glass opacities (CT) | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Bilateral cavitating lung lesions, septic shock | 15 | Yes | Death |
Chen | 1 | MSSA and MRSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia | Hospital-onset | Asymptomatic (positive COVID test) | Patchy consolidation and ground glass opacities in right upper lobe on CXR (day 29) | Antibiotics, corticosteroids, lopinavir/ritonavir, Abidol combined with IFN inhalant, Thymalfasin, ribavirin, loratadine | Pneumonia | 51 | No | Discharge |
Choudhury | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, endocarditis and bacteremia | Unclearb | Altered mental status, low back pain, urinary incontinence, right foot ulcers | Cystitis and pyelonephritis on CT, epidural abscess (L4/5) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Antibiotics, oral rifampin, hydroxychloroquine | Endocarditis, aortic root abscess | NR (not reported) | NR | Hospice |
Cusumano | 42 | MSSA (n = 23) and MRSA (n = 19) | Blood culture, bacteremia (n = 42), pneumonia (n = 8), vascular (n = 3), osteomyelitis (n = 1), skin (n = 1) | Hospital-onset (n = 28), community-onset (n = 14) | Not reported (NR) | Abnormal CXR (n = 36), vegetation on transthoracic echo (n = 1) | Antibiotics (n = 42), intubation and ventilation (n = 31), central venous catheter (n = 19) | NR | NR | NR | Death at 30 days (n = 28) |
De Pascale | 40 | MSSA (n = 14), MRSA (n = 26) | Tracheal aspirate and blood culture, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) (n = 40) and bacteremia (n = 19) | Late hospital-onset (n = 35), early hospital-onset (n = 5) | NR | NR | Antibiotics (n = 40), intubation and ventilation (n = 40) | Septic shock (n = 22), acute kidney injury (n = 4) | 11 (mean) | Yes (n = 40) | Death (n = 26) |
Duployez | 1 | MSSA (PVL-secreting) | Pleural drainage sample, pneumonia | Unclearc | Fever, cough, bloody sputum | Consolidation of left upper lobe, left pleural effusion, right ground glass opacities, bilateral cavitary lesions on CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), anticoagulation, upper left lobectomy | Necrotizing pneumonia, deterioration of respiratory, renal, and liver functions | 17 | Yes | Death |
Edrada | 1 | MSSA | Nasal and throat swab with PCR | Community-onset/carrier | Dry cough, sore throat | Unremarkable chest CT | Oseltamivir | None | 19 | No | Discharge |
ElSeirafi | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, dry cough, dyspnea | Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and ARDS on CXR | Antibiotics, IFN, ribavirin, plasma therapy, tocilizumab injections | Septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction | 16 | Yes | Death |
Filocamo | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, dyspnea | Bilateral ground glass opacities on chest CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, anakinra | Progressive cholestatic liver injury | 29 | Yes | Discharge |
Hamzavi | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Uncleard | Fever, cough, dyspnea, lethargy | Left pleural effusion on CXR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Multi-organ dysfunction | NR | Yes | Death |
Hoshiyama | 1 | MSSA | Throat swab and sputum sample | Uncleare | Cough | Normal labs | NR | NR | NR | No | Discharge |
“” | 1 | MSSA | Throat swab and sputum sample | Uncleare | Cough | Normal labs | NR | NR | NR | No | Discharge |
Hussain | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Community-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea, malaise | Bilateral reticular enhancement and heavily calcified aortic valve with mass effect on left atrial wall on chest CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, pantoprazole, amiodarone, heparin | Bleeding Dieulafoy’s lesion, fast atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury, multi-organ failure, intracerebral hematoma | 18 | Yes | Death |
Levesque | 1 | MSSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Hospital-onset | Fever, dry cough, dyspnea | Small intraventricular hemorrhage on head CT (day 39) | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, propofol, fentanyl, neuromuscular blocking agents, heparin, continuous platelet infusion, blood transfusions, IVIG, endobronchial clot removals, romiplostim, vincristine | ARDS, ICU-acquired neuromyopathy, acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, intraventricular hemorrhage, ventilator-associated pneumonia | At least 39 | Yes | Hospital |
Mirza | 1 | MRSA | Sputum sample | Carrier (chronic) | Chest pain, dyspnea | Bilateral upper lobe bronchial wall thickening and bronchiectasis with nodular and interstitial opacities on chest CT | Antibiotics, remdesivir | Meropenem-resistant pseudomonas | 6 | No | Discharge |
Patek | 1 | MSSA | Wound culture, cellulitis | Community-onset | Fever, erythema and erosions of right thumb and fourth digit, somnolence, decreased feeding | Elevated LFTs, bilateral perihilar streaking on CXR, neutropenia | Antibiotics, acyclovir, nasal cannula O2 | Hypoxic respiratory failure | 7 | Yes | Discharge |
Posteraro | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea | CXR and chest CT consistent with pneumonia | Antibiotics, antifungals, hydroxychloroquine, darunavir/ritonavir | Hypoxia, left leg re-amputation, septic shock | 53 | Yes | Death |
Rajdev | 1 | MSSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Community- and hospital-onsetf | Dyspnea | Bilateral consolidations on CXR, bilateral ground glass opacities and pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema on chest CT | Intubation and ventilation, epoprostenol, hydromorphone, neuromuscular blocking agents, ECMO | Anemia, epistaxis, oropharyngeal bleeding, ARDS | 47 | Yes | Discharge |
Rajdev | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgias | Diffuse bilateral pulmonary opacities on CXR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, remdesivir | Hypoxic respiratory failure, Guillan Barré syndrome | 23 | NR | Discharge |
Ramos-Martinez | 1 | MSSA | Blood culture, bacteremia (central venous catheter-associated) | Hospital-onset | Fever, meningitis, right infrapopliteal deep vein thrombosis | Mild mitral insufficiency on transthoracic echo | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, central venous catheter, corticosteroids, tocilizumab | Native valve endocarditis, progressive sepsis | At least 20 | Yes | Death |
Randall | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Fever, cough, dyspnea | NR | Intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, central venous catheter | Respiratory distress | 3 | NR | Death |
“” | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Hypoxia (positive COVID test) | NR | Corticosteroids, remdesivir, central venous catheter | Septic shock | 14 | NR | Death |
“” | 1 | MRSA | Blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Hypoxia (positive COVID test) | NR | Corticosteroids | Cardiac arrest | 10 | Yes | Death |
Regazzoni | 1 | MSSA | Nasal swab and blood culture, bacteremia | Hospital-onset | Bilateral pneumonia (positive COVID test) | Ischemic areas with hemorrhagic transformation on head CT and MRI, large vegetations on aortic valve with regurgitation on transesophageal echo | Antibiotics, corticosteroids | Severe systemic inflammatory response | At least 10 | NR | Hospital |
Sharifipour | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Hospital-onset | Cough, dyspnea, sore throat | NR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 13 | Yes | Discharge |
“” | 1 | MRSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia (ventilator-associated) | Hospital-onset | Cough, dyspnea, sore throat | NR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation | Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 9 | Yes | Death |
Son | 4 | MRSA | Sputum sample, pneumonia (n = 4) | Hospital-onset (n = 4) | Pneumonia (positive COVID test) | NR | Antibiotics (n = 4), corticosteroids (n = 4) | NR | 42 (mean) | Yes | Death (n = 3) |
Spannella | 1 | MSSA | Bronchoalveolar lavage, pneumonia | Community-onset | Fever, cough, emesis | Bilateral ground glass opacities and multiple areas of consolidation on CXR | Antibiotics, metoprolol, amiodarone, continuous positive-pressure airway | Atrial fibrillation, respiratory failure, altered mental status, tachycardia, severe hypoxemia | 27 | Yes | Death |
Spoto | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia | Unclearg | Fever, dyspnea, respiratory distress following chemoimmunotherapy | Bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation in the middle/upper lobes on chest CT | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine | ARDS | 5 | NR | Death |
Valga | 1 | MSSA | Tracheal aspirate, pneumonia | Hospital-onset | Fever, dry cough | NR | Antibiotics, intubation and ventilation, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, IFN beta, heparin | ARDS, multi-organ failure | 47 | Yes | Discharge |
Infection characteristics
Diagnoses and treatments
Complications and outcomes
Total (%) | |
---|---|
Gender
| |
Male | 75 (65.3 ) |
Female | 37 (32.1) |
Unspecified | 3 (2.6) |
Staphylococcal Species
| |
MSSA | 59 (51.3) |
MRSA | 57 (49.6) |
Co-infection
| |
Klebsiella pneumoniae
| 6 (5.2) |
Candida spp. | 6 (5.2) |
Enterococcus spp. | 5 (4.3) |
Hemophilus influenzae
| 2 (1.7) |
Escherichia coli
| 2 (1.7) |
Proteus mirabilis
| 2 (1.7) |
Acinetobacter baumannii
| 2 (1.7) |
Bacillus spp. | 1 (0.9) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis
| 1 (0.9) |
Micrococcus spp. | 1 (0.9) |
Pseudomonas spp. | 1 (0.9) |
Morganella morganii
| 1 (0.9) |
Citrobacter werkmanii
| 1 (0.9) |
S. maltophilia
| 1 (0.9) |
Hepatitis C | 1 (0.9) |
Herpes simplex virus | 1 (0.9) |
Group B Streptococcus | 1 (0.9) |
None | 83 (72.2) |
S. Aureus Diagnostic Test
| |
Blood culture | 74 (64.3) |
Tracheal aspirate | 46 (40.0) |
Sputum sample | 11 (9.5) |
Nasal swab | 2 (1.7) |
Lower respiratory tract sample | 2 (1.7) |
Chronic carrier | 2 (1.7) |
Wound culture | 1 (0.9) |
S. aureus Diagnosis
| |
Bacteremia | 74 (63.4) |
Pneumonia | 64 (55.7) |
Ventilator-associated | 44 (38.3) |
Endocarditis/vasculitis | 4 (3.5) |
Cellulitis | 2 (1.7) |
Chronic carrier | 2 (1.7) |
Osteomyelitis | 1 (0.9) |
Not reported | 2 (1.7) |
S. Aureus
Infection Onset | |
Hospital | 88 (76.5) |
Community | 19 (16.5) |
Unclear | 7 (6.1) |
Complications
| |
Sepsis/Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome | 27 (23.5) |
Acute kidney injury | 6 (5.2 |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 5 (4.3) |
Pneumonia | 5 (4.3) |
Multi-organ dysfunction/failure | 5 (4.3) |
Bleeding/coagulopathy | 5 (4.3) |
Hypoxic respiratory failure | 3 (2.6) |
Myopathy/neuropathy | 3 (2.6) |
Abscess formation | 2 (1.7) |
Confusion and altered mental status | 2 (1.7) |
Atrial fibrillation | 2 (1.7) |
Endocarditis | 2 (1.7) |
Anemia | 1 (0.9) |
Cardiac arrest | 1 (0.9) |
Thrombocytopenia | 1 (0.9) |
Re-amputation | 1 (0.9) |
Cholestatic liver injury | 1 (0.9) |
Not reported | 3 (2.6) |
ICU
| |
Yes | 62 (53.9) |
No | 5 (4.3) |
Not reported | 48 (41.8) |
Outcome
| |
Death | 71 (61.7) |
Discharge | 41 (35.7) |
Hospital | 2 (1.7) |
Hospice | 1 (0.9) |