Background
Research questions
Methods
Study design and participants
Variables
Non-drinking
Drinking patterns
Social and demographic variables
Health and health behaviours
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive trend analyses
Year | N | p-value trend | % Change 2005–2015 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
Types of non-drinkers | ||||||||||||||
All | 18 | 23 | 18 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 23 |
27
|
28
|
31
|
29
| 9699 | p < 0.001 | 61 |
Lifetime abstainer | 9 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
16
|
18
|
19
|
17
| 9699 | p < 0.001 | 89 |
Ex-drinker | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9699 | 0.371 | 0 |
Occasional drinker | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9699 | 0.028 | 43 |
Not drinking in the last week | ||||||||||||||
Not drinking in the last week | 35 | 42 | 39 | 43 |
42
|
48
|
45
|
48
|
48
|
52
|
50
| 9489 | p < 0.001 | 43 |
Not drinking in last week (drinkers only) | 22 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 26 | 31 |
29
|
30
|
30
|
34
|
33
| 7152 | p < 0.001 | 50 |
Drinking on heaviest drinking day | ||||||||||||||
Within limits | 22 | 16 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 14 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 17 | 22 | 9489 | 0.258 | 0 |
Above limit | 43 | 43 |
43
|
40
|
41
|
38
|
37
|
34
|
33
|
31
|
28
| 9489 | p < 0.001 | −35 |
Binge | 27 | 29 | 33 | 29 | 32 | 24 | 25 |
23
|
22
|
19
|
18
| 9489 | p < 0.001 | −35 |
Sub-groups analyses
Year | N | p-value trend | % Change 2005–2015 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
All | 18 | 23 | 18 | 23 | 24 |
26
| 23 |
27
|
28
|
31
|
29
| 9699 | p < 0.001 | 61 |
Age group | ||||||||||||||
16–17 | 28 | 31 | 26 | 38 | 42 | 33 | 38 |
44
|
44
|
50
|
48
| 2294 | p < 0.001 | 71 |
18–24 | 15 | 21 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 24 | 20 |
23
|
23
|
25
|
24
| 7405 | p < 0.001 | 60 |
Sex | ||||||||||||||
Males | 16 | 24 | 14 | 21 | 20 | 25 | 20 |
26
|
27
|
29
| 25 | 4368 | p < 0.001 | 56 |
Females | 20 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 29 |
32
|
33
| 5331 | p < 0.001 | 65 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
White | 14 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 19 | 17 |
23
|
20
| 8168 | p < 0.001 | 43 |
Non-white | 54 | 72 | 49 | 59 | 69 | 61 | 57 | 63 | 67 | 66 | 68 | 1531 | 0.421 | 26 |
Region | ||||||||||||||
North | 17 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 28 | 23 | 23 | 21 | 29 |
31
|
30
| 3258 | p < 0.001 | 76 |
South | 19 | 24 | 18 | 25 | 22 | 27 | 24 | 29 |
28
| 31 | 28 | 6441 | p < 0.001 | 47 |
Urban/Rural locality | ||||||||||||||
Urban | 19 | 25 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 24 |
29
|
29
|
31
|
32
| 7871 | p < 0.001 | 68 |
Town/Village | 16 | 14 | 9a | 13 | 12 | 21 | 23 | 16 | 19 |
28
|
26
| 1828 | p < 0.001 | 63 |
Area deprivation | ||||||||||||||
Least deprived | 13 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 18 |
21
| 20 |
24
|
23
| 5205 | p < 0.001 | 81 |
Most deprived | 25 | 31 | 22 | 30 | 30 | 34 | 32 | 35 | 37 |
38
| 36 | 4494 | p < 0.001 | 42 |
Household social class | ||||||||||||||
Managerial and Professional | 16 | 18 | 12b | 16 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
23
|
25
|
25
| 3168 | p < 0.001 | 54 |
Intermediate | 17 | 17 | 18 | 25 | 35 | 30 | 28 | 22 | 24 |
33
|
33
| 1805 | p < 0.001 | 94 |
Routine manual | 19 | 27 | 21 | 25 | 23 | 28 | 24 |
32
|
33
|
34
| 25 | 3938 | 0.001 | 28 |
Educational status | ||||||||||||||
Full-time education | 23 | 29 | 25 | 28 | 26 | 30 | 27 | 33 | 33 |
38
| 36 | 4360 | p < 0.001 | 57 |
Not in FTE | 14 | 18 | 12 | 17 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 22 |
23
|
23
|
23
| 5326 | p < 0.001 | 64 |
Employment status | ||||||||||||||
Employed | 9 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 15 |
19
|
19
|
18
| 4103 | p < 0.001 | 100 |
Unemployed | 26 | 32 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 34 |
39
|
38
| 5552 | p < 0.001 | 46 |
Year |
N
| p-value trend | % Change 2005–2015 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
Health Behaviours | ||||||||||||||
Smoking status | ||||||||||||||
Non-smokers | 23 | 28 | 22 | 27 | 28 | 31 | 27 |
34
|
33
|
36
|
34
| 6393 | p < 0.001 | 50 |
Smokers | 12 | 14 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 3257 | 0.083 | 36 |
BMI category | ||||||||||||||
Normal/underweight | 17 | 23 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 25 | 21 |
28
|
27
|
30
| 26 | 5523 | p < 0.001 | 55 |
Overweight/obese | 17 | 22 | 15 | 21 | 17 | 22 | 25 | 21 | 24 |
29
|
29
| 2976 | p < 0.001 | 74 |
Fruit and vegetable consumption categories | ||||||||||||||
Five or more portions of fruit and veg | 20 | 24 | 18 | 24 | 29 | 27 | 23 | – | 25 | – | 26 | 2494 | 0.084 | 30 |
Three to four | 17 | 23 | 20 | 22 | 21 | 25 | 25 | – |
33
|
–
|
32
| 2843 | p < 0.001 | 91 |
0–2 | 18 | 23 | 16 | 22 | 21 | 26 | 22 | – | 26 | – | 28 | 2863 | 0.002 | 55 |
Physical Activity | ||||||||||||||
Low | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 43 | 39 | 35 | 1496 | 0.149 | −19 |
Medium | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25 | 30 | 30 | 1628 | 0.142 | 19 |
High | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15 | 23 | 22 | 1706 | 0.039 | 44 |
Health | ||||||||||||||
GHQ score | ||||||||||||||
Zero | 20 | 21 | – | 24 | 20 | 27 | – |
28
|
–
|
37
| – | 3619 | p < 0.001 | 79 |
One or more (less than optimal) | 14 | 23 | – | 20 | 27 | 22 | – | 23 | – | 22 | – | 2638 | 0.174 | 54 |
WEMWBS score | ||||||||||||||
Mid to high wellbeing | – | – | – | – | – | 24 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 30 | 29 | 3482 | 0.006 | 18 |
Low wellbeing |
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
| 23 | 23 | 24 | 30 | 29 | 27 | 2477 | 0.237 | 19 |
Longstanding illness (LSI) | ||||||||||||||
No longstanding illness | 18 | 23 | 19 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 23 |
27
|
28
|
31
|
30
| 7676 | p < 0.001 | 67 |
Longstanding illness | 20 | 25 | 13b | 23 | 29 | 33 | 24 | 27 | 26 |
30
| 25 | 2019 | 0.02 | 25 |
Interaction between year and sub-groups in pooled regression analyses
Ecological analyses among the population; correlations between non-drinking and heavy episodic drinking/mean units
Spearman correlation coefficient | p-value | Regression coefficient | (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome variable | ||||
Proportion Binge | −0.87 | p < 0.001 | −1.06 | (−1.56--0.54) |
Mean units | −0.85 | p < 0.001 | −0.22 | (−0.32--0.12) |
Outcome variable (calculated among drinkers only) | ||||
Proportion Binge | −0.81 | 0.03 | −1.00 | (−1.68- -0.31) |
Mean units | −0.84 | p < 0.001 | − 0.20 | (− 0.34--0.07) |