Acknowledgements
We thank all patients and staff who participated in these clinical trials at all the sites and the WWARN team for technical and administrative support. We specifically acknowledge the following investigators: Gabriel Carrasquilla, Francesco Checchi, Ogobara K Doumbo, Oumar Faye, Babacar Faye, Daddi Jima, Joel Jones, Moussa Koné, ElFatih Malik, Achille Massougbodji, Clara Menéndez, Carolyn Nabasumba, Ngouala Ndounga, Christian Nsanzabana, Oliver James Pratt, Issaka Sagara, Youry Se, Colin J Sutherland, Khadime Sylla, Roger CK Tine. Material has been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author and are not to be construed as official, or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The investigators have adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in AR 70-25.
The members of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network Falciparum Haematology Study Group are the authors of this paper: Rashid Mansoor (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK), Robert J Commons (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Darwin, Australia; Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Internal Medical Services, Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia), Nicholas M Douglas (Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia), Benjamin Abuaku (Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana), Jane Achan (Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium, UK), Ishag Adam (Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan), George O Adjei (Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana), Martin Adjuik (Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; INDEPTH NETWORK Secretariat, Accra, Ghana), Bereket H Alemayehu (ICAP at Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA), Richard Allan (The MENTOR Initiative, Burns House, Harlands Road, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, UK), Elizabeth N Allen (Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa), Anupkumar R Anvikar (National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India), Emmanuel Arinaitwe (Makerere University-University of California San Francisco Research Collaboration, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda), Elizabeth A Ashley (Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand), Hazel Ashurst (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Puji BS Asih (Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia), Nathan Bakyaita (Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; World Health Organization, Zambia), Hubert Barennes (Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida (ANRS), Paris, France; Unité d'Epidémiologie d'Intervention Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Institut Francophone pour la Médecine Tropicale, Vientiane, Lao PDR), Karen I Barnes (Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa), Leonardo Basco (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 198, Marseille, France; Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon), Quique Bassat (Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain), Elisabeth Baudin (Epicentre, Paris, France), David J Bell (Infectious Diseases Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom), Delia Bethell (US Army Medical Component-Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand), Anders Bjorkman (Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), Caroline Boulton (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), Teun Bousema (Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Njimegen, the Netherlands; Department of Infection and Immunity, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK), Philippe Brasseur (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal), Hasifa Bukirwa (Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda), Rebekah Burrow (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Verena I Carrara (Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand), Michel Cot (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mother and Child Health in the Tropics Research Unit, Cotonou, Benin; Université de Paris, Paris, France), Umberto D'Alessandro (MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia), Debashish Das (Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand), Sabyasachi Das (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia, Bukit Baru, Melaka, Malaysia), Timothy ME Davis (Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia), Meghna Desai (CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, CDC Atlanta, GA, USA; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya), Abdoulaye A Djimde (Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali), Arjen M Dondorp (Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Grant Dorsey (Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA), Chris J Drakeley (Department of Infection Biology, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, United Kingdom), Stephan Duparc (Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland), Emmanuelle Espié (Epicentre, Paris, France; GSK Vaccines, Rixensart, Belgium), Jean-Francois Etard (Epicentre, Paris, France; TransVIHMI (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD UMI 233 ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U 1175; Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France), Catherine Falade (Department of Pharmacolgy and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria), Jean Francois Faucher (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mother and Child Health in the Tropics Research Unit, Cotonou, Benin; Tropical Neuroepidemiology, INSERM UMR 1094, Limoges, France; Infectious diseases and tropical medicine department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France), Scott Filler (The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland), Carole Fogg (Epicentre, Paris, France; School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, UK), Mark Fukuda (US Army Directorate Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences – AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand), Oumar Gaye (Department of Medical Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal), Blaise Genton (Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland), Awab Ghulam Rahim (Medical Faculty, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, Afghanistan; MORU Tropical Health Network, Bangkok, Thailand), Julius Gilayeneh (National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Republic of Liberia), Raquel Gonzalez (Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique; ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic- Universitat de Barcelona, Spain), Rebecca F Grais (Epicentre, Paris, France), Francesco Grandesso (Epicentre, Paris, France), Brian Greenwood (Department of Diseases Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK), Anastasia Grivoyannis (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA), Christoph Hatz (University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland), Eva Maria Hodel (Swiss Tropical Institute and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, Ronald Ross Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK), Georgina S Humphreys (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Jimee Hwang (Malaria Branch and President's Malaria Initiative, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA), Deus Ishengoma (National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA), Elizabeth Juma (Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya), S Patrick Kachur (Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA), Piet A Kager (Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Erasmus Kamugisha (Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania), Moses R Kamya (Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda), Corine Karema (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Quality and Equity Healthcare, Kigali, Rwanda), Kassoum Kayentao (Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitologic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Bamako, Mali), Adama Kazienga (Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), Jean-René Kiechel (Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland), Poul-Erik Kofoed (Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Paediatrics, Kolding Hospital, IRS University of Southern Denmark, Denmark), Kwadwo Koram (Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana), Peter G Kremsner (Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute for Tropical Medicine, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany), David G Lalloo (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Clinical Research Programme), Moses Laman (Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia), Sue J Lee (Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Bertrand Lell (Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon), Amelia W Maiga (Malaria Research and Training Center, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odonto-stomatology, University of Bamako, Mali), Andreas Mårtensson (Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child health (IMCH), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden), Mayfong Mayxay (Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos), Wilfred Mbacham (The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon), Rose McGready (Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Hervé Menan (Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire), Didier Ménard (Institut Pasteur, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, Paris, France), Frank Mockenhaupt (Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Germany), Brioni R Moore (School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia), Olaf Müller (Institute of Global Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany), Alain Nahum (Centre de Recherches Entomologiques de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin), Jean-Louis Ndiaye (Department of Parasitology, Research and Training Unit in Health Sciences, University of Thies, Senegal), Paul N Newton (Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Billy E Ngasala (Malaria Research, Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Parasitology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Frederic Nikiema (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso), Akindeh M Nji (The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon), Harald Noedl (Malaria Research Initiative Bandarban, Vienna, Austria), Francois Nosten (Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Bernhards R Ogutu (Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kisumu, Kenya), Olusola Ojurongbe (Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria), Lyda Osorio (CIDEIM International Center for Medical Research and Training, Cali, Colombia), Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso), Seth Owusu-Agyei (Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana), Anil Pareek (Medical Affairs and Clinical Research, Ipca Laboratories Limited, Kandivli, Mumbai, India), Louis K Penali (Malariology Department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire), Patrice Piola (Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Unité d'Epidémiologie, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Epicentre, Paris, France), Mateusz Plucinski (Malaria Branch and President's Malaria Initiative, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA), Zul Premji (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), Michael Ramharter (Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany), Caitlin L Richmond (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Lars Rombo (Uppsala University, Sweden), Cally Roper (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK), Philip J Rosenthal (Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA), Sam Salman (Medical School, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia), Albert Same-Ekobo (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Yaoundé, University of Yaoundé, Cameroon), Carol Sibley (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Sodiomon B Sirima (Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou BURKINA FASO), Frank M Smithuis (Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit (MOCRU), Yangon, Myanmar; Médecins sans Frontières-Holland, Yangon, Myanmar), Fabrice A Somé (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso), Sarah G Staedke (Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda), Peter Starzengruber (Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria), Nathalie Strub-Wourgaft (Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland), Inge Sutanto (Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia), Todd D Swarthout (Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK; NIHR Mucosal Pathogens Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Din Syafruddin (Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia), Ambrose O Talisuna (World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa), Walter R Taylor (Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Emmanuel A Temu (UNOPS/RBM Partnership to End Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland), Julie I Thwing (Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA), Halidou Tinto (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso; Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso), Emiliana Tjitra (National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia), Offianan A Touré (Malariology Department, Institut Pasteur, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire), T Hien Tran (Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme (MOP), Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam), Johan Ursing (Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden), Innocent Valea (Unité de Recherche Paludisme et Maladies Tropicales Négligées, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso), Giovanni Valentini (Alfasigma, Rome, Italy), Michele van Vugt (Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Tropical Medicine & Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Lorenz von Seidlein (Farafenni Field Station, Medical Research Council Laboratories, The Gambia; Mahidol Oxford University Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand), Stephen A Ward (Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK), Vincent Were (Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya), Nicholas J White (Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Charles J Woodrow (Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), William Yavo (Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; University of Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire), Adoke Yeka (Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda), Issaka Zongo (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso), Julie A Simpson (Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Melbourne, Australia), Philippe J Guerin (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Kasia Stepniewska (WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Ric N Price (Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, UK)