Background
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common malignancy in the world, which accounts for approximately 570,000 new cases and 500,000 deaths per year worldwide [
1]. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is one of the main pathological types, characterized by high incidence and poor prognosis [
2]. It’s estimated that the proportion of patients with EAC nearly doubled, from 35 to 61% over the past 30 years in the western countries, with a global incidence rate of 0.7 per 100,000 person-years [
3,
4]. Despite the tremendous progress has been made in therapy, including esophagectomy, radiation, chemotherapy and molecular targeted drugs, the 5-year survival rate still remains less 20% [
3]. Therefore, an optimal management aiding in the early detection and therapeutic improvements is imperative. The latest studies have shown ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic programmed cell death, has emerged to play an important role in tumor biology and may open up new opportunities for EAC [
5,
6].
Ferroptosis, firstly proposed by Stockwell BR lab in 2012, is a necrotic cell death modality that is morphologically, biochemically and genetically distinct from apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy [
7]. This process is marked by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via an iron-dependent mechanism [
7]. An initial characterization of the mechanism triggering ferroptosis is the cysteine depletion, which leads to the exhaustion of glutathione (GSH) in the intracellular [
7]. Hence fore, it’s conceivable a complex interplay that regulates the different cancer cells susceptibilities to ferroptosis should be a fruitful area in cancer research. A large amount studies have confirmed many genes are involved in the initiation and execution of ferroptosis in cancers [
8‐
10]. These discoveries shed light on the tumor ferroptotic plasticity and provide insights into how ferroptosis is associated with the persistence, dedifferentiation and expansion of cancer cells. In addition, evidences from several researches demonstrate the ferroptotic cells could interact with NK cells, CD8+ T cells and other immune cells by releasing some chemotaxis, thus modulating the anticancer immunity [
11‐
13]. However, it’s undeniable that much less clear about how the ferroptosis is elaborately regulated and it is far from applying the ferroptosis to cancer therapy.
A better understanding of ferroptosis is critical for immune surveillance and therapeutic management, as well as paving ways for further explorations. To our best known, there is scarce study exploring the link between the ferroptosis and EAC, and their relationships with survival in EAC patients have never been studied. In this study, we aim to investigate the ferroptosis-related genes (FRG) expression profiles and their values in the prognosis in EAC through the bioinformatics analysis. The results were verified in clinical specimens through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Methods
Acquisition of gene expression and clinical data
Gene expressions of transcriptome profiles and clinical data of EAC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) website at
https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/. The raw data of gene expression was normalized using the “limma” R package in R software. The 60 FRG were retrieved from previous published literatures and available in the Additional file
1: Table S1 [
14‐
17].
Identification of significantly different and prognostic genes
The significantly different genes (SDG) were identified using the “limma” R package with the Wilcoxon test. The cut-off values were determined according to the parameters, P < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05.
Univariate and multivariate cox regressions were used to evaluate the relationships between the SDG and the patients’ overall survival (OS). Patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups according to the risk score. The risk score was calculated by the following formula: \({\text{risk}}\;{\text{score}} = \sum\nolimits_{\left( {n = 1} \right)}^j {Coef\;j*{Xj},}\), with Coef j representing the coefficient and Xj representing the relative expression levels of each SDG standardized by z-score.
Interaction network and enrichment analysis
Next, the functional enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO), including the biological process, cellular component, and molecular function was performed by R software. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was also done using the same tool.
Development of ROC curves
Then, we combined the prognostic FRG with clinical information using the univariate cox regression. Significant prognostic factors (P < 0.05) were enrolled into multivariate cox regression to identify the independent prognostic risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to examine the sensitivity and specificity of survival prediction using the independent risk factors. The area under curve (AUC) of the ROC ranges from 0.5 to 1, with near 1 indicating perfect predictive ability and 0.5 indicating without predictive ability.
Immune cells and ferroptosis
We further evaluated the infiltrating scores of 16 immune cells and the activities of 13 immune-related pathways with the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) in the "gsva" R package [
18]. The annotated gene set file is provided in Additional file
2: Table S2. Moreover, the relationships between immune cells and prognostic genes were explored through TIMER database (
https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/).
Experimental validation
To verify SDG expression profiles in EAC and normal tissues, we conducted the experimental validation in 15 EAC patients’ specimens who received esophagectomy from 2019 January to 2020 June in Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine. Ten normal esophageal mucosal tissues were used as control. This study was approved by the Internal Review Board of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine.
Total RNA from EAC specimens and normal tissues was purified using RNAiso plus (Takara, Dalian, China). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from 1 μg of total RNA using a PrimeScript® RT reagent Kit with gDNA (genomic DNA) Eraser (Takara). TB Green® Premix Ex Taq® II kit (Takara) was used to detect the indicated RNA levels on the QuantStudio Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA) or the CFX96 Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, USA). The relative expression levels of the candidate FRG were normalized to endogenous GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). The primers synthesized and by GENEWIZ company, Suzhou, China. The primers are listed in Additional file
3: Table S3.
Next, paraffin-embedded sections were stained for IHC analysis at 4 µm thickness. IHC was performed with antibodies for NOX1 (1:150, ab131088, abcam), PTGS2 (1:50, ab169782, abcam), ALOX5 (1:100, ab169755, abcam) and TFRC (1:500, ab214039, abcam). Slides were incubated with primary antibody for 40 min at 37 °C, and secondary antibody for 20 min at 37 °C. Then, slides were incubated in streptavidin–horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) D for 16 min at 37 °C. The substrate, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) H2O2 was added for 8 min followed by hematoxylin and bluing reagent counterstaining at 37 °C. Vectastain Elite Kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) was used for visualization of immunostaining. The absence of protein expression was defined when none of cells showed staining. The protein expression was designated as the presence of staining of tumor cells, irrespective of the proportion or intensity.
Statistical analysis
Student’s t-test was used to compare gene expression differences between tumor and normal tissues. Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the correlations between the factors and patients’ OS. Log-rank test was used to compare the survival differences between high and low-risk groups. Kaplan–Meier curve was implemented to visualize the survival. Mann–Whitney test with P values adjusted by the BH method was used to compare the ssGSEA scores of immune cells or pathways between the high-risk and low-risk groups. All the statistics were done using the R software (version 4.0.2). P value < 0.05 was set as statistically significant for all the analyses.
Discussion
Cell death is a vital necessity for maintaining homeostasis, development and the prevention of excessively proliferative malignancy, such as cancer. To sustain the infinite self-renewal capacity, cancer cells exhibit the overwhelming demands for supply, including the energy metabolism, (anti)oxidant modification and iron intake [
14]. The iron-dependent mechanism makes cancer cells more susceptible to iron-catalyzed necrosis, namely ferroptosis [
7]. The proposal of ferroptosis has challenged the previous dogma that almost cell deaths were subject to the caspase-dependent apoptosis. Ferroptosis highlights the significance of iron metabolism and creates a new promising area in cancer management. This unique type of death has attracted considerable studies exploring the ferroptotic potential mechanisms and pathways in various cancers [
19‐
21]. However, the specific role of ferroptosis in EAC is unclear. In the current study, we systematically investigated the ferroptosis-related genes expression profiles in EAC. We found that almost half of genes (46.67%, 28/60) were expressed obviously different between the EAC and normal tissues. Functional enrichment analyses results showed these genes were mainly associated with iron-related pathways, such as metabolic and oxidative process. Survival analysis showed four genes (CARS1, GCLM, GLS2 and EMC2) had prognostic values. In addition, the immune cell enrichment analysis revealed the ferroptosis had a close connection with tumor immunity. These findings strongly implied the great potential roles of ferroptosis in EAC.
The essence of ferroptosis is a metabolic necrosis triggered by an iron-catalyzed excessive peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) [
7]. Non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation or auto-oxidation of lipids is indispensable for the initiation of the PUFAs oxidation [
22]. Beyond these, enzymatic lipid peroxidation is another chain reaction to catalyze the PUFAs mediated by lipoxygenase (LOX) family [
15,
23]. The toxic consequence of continuous oxidation is the loss of the membrane integrity, leading to the occurrence of ferroptosis ultimately. Consistent with these facts, functional enrichment analysis of this study demonstrated these different expressed FRG were mainly associated with the oxidative and iron-related reactions. In addition, the GO and KEGG results also showed there was a close link with GSH metabolism and biosynthesis. GSH, an anti-oxidant, could regulate the sensitivity and resistance of ferroptosis by serving as a cofactor for GPX4 (a member of enzymes) to reduce the lipid hydroperoxides [
24,
25]. GSH could be able to reduce the accumulation of phospholipid hydroperoxides and responsible for the detoxification. Direct or indirect inhibition of GSH can induce the initiation of ferroptosis [
8]. Therefore, it’s conceivable that, anti-cancer therapy that targeting GPX4 and/or GSH may bring satisfactory effect.
The survival analysis and prognostic ROC models were developed based on four genes (CARS1, GCLM, GLS2 and EMC2) in this study. The FRG can be roughly classified into four categories according to their functions in ferroptosis: iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, (anti)oxidant metabolism (CARS1, GCLM) and energy metabolism (GLS2, EMC2) [
14,
15]. Among these, GLS2 (Glutaminase) is an independent risk factor for OS in patients with EAC in our study. The human GLS2 gene is located in chromosome 12, consisting of 18 kb and 18 exons [
26]. The GLS2 could regulate the biosynthesis of GSH during the process of ferroptosis and serve as a target of p53 gene [
27]. It’s been confirmed that GLS2 has complex connections with cancers, and the up- or down-regulated expression level is significantly associated with patients’ survival in different cancers [
28‐
30]. Hence, it’s easy to understand that the roles of GLS2 are likely to be tumor type-specific, and it enhances the notion that the implication of GLS2 in ferroptosis needs to be carefully interpreted in a context-dependent manner. These studies are in line with our results, pointing out GLS2 has positive correlation with patients’ prognosis. It’s reasonable to hypothesize the abnormal of GLS2 could promote the development of tumor through regulating the ferroptotic pathway. Although the mechanisms by which the GLS2 mediates the ferroptosis and leads to cancer remain elusive, Niu et al. [
31] gave us a hint that the occurrence of cancer may be a consequence of ferroptosis regulated by the miRNA/GLS2 axis.
GSH is the most abundant antioxidant in the cell, which synthetizes from glutamate, cysteine and glycine [
14,
32]. GCLM, also known as glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier, is the first-rate limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis. The inhibition of GCLM will induce the ferroptosis. The gene expression profiles show the GCLM level is up-regulated in many tumors [
33,
34]. Moreover, the GCLM expression level is negatively associated with patients’ relapse-free survival (RFS) and OS [
33]. Our analysis is consistent with these findings, suggesting the GCLM is an oncogene (HR > 1) in EAC. The existence of GLCM that drives ferroptosis has important implications for cancer therapy. A recent study by Sharma P identified the Andrographis, a medicine herb, could overcome the colorectal cancer chemoresistance by regulating the ferroptosis genes, such as GCLM [
34]. Therefore, drugs that target ferroptosis can be exploited and provide an efficient strategy for clinical application. CARS1 alias: CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase), is still at infancy in the area of ferroptosis. Study shows that knockdown of CARS1 could cause increased transsulfuration pathway activity, and resistance to ferroptosis [
14,
15]. EMC2, also referring to TTC35, is ER (endoplasmic reticulum) membrane protein complex subunit 2. This gene shares similarities with other ferroptosis-related genes, and its knockdown suppresses erastin-induced ferroptosis [
14].
The notion that immunity promotes or suppresses the tumor is well accepted, and one of the most impactful anti-cancer therapies developed in recent years is the immune checkpoint therapy. Our results demonstrated that the immune statue was significantly different between the low-risk and high-risk EAC patients, including the DCs, CD8+ T cells, type I IFN response, type II IFN response et.al. In addition, the prognostic genes (GCLM, GLS2) have significant correlations with CD8+ T cells, indicating the complexity between ferroptosis and immunity. The enigmatic and sophisticated relations linking immunity with ferroptosis are being gradually revealed with the progress of the experimental trials in vivo and vitro. Researchers found DCs in tumor-bearing hosts accumulate plenty of lipids and PUFAs, causing the impaired ability to present the antigen and stimulate the inadequate CD8+ T cells responses [
35,
36]. This lends support to the idea that DCs and CD8+ T cells contribute to the ferroptosis through regulating the lipids and PUFAs. As expected, experiment ex vivo demonstrated that T cell lipid peroxidation could induce ferroptosis and prevent immunity to infection in the study by Matsushita et al. [
37]. Consistent with the results of Matsushita et al. preclinical models have confirmed CD8+ T cells could enhance ferroptosis-specific lipid peroxidation and increase ferroptosis by releasing the IFN-γ (II IFN), thus increasing the efficacy of immunotherapy [
12]. In this study, we found the contents of DCs and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the low-risk group than those in high-risk group. One plausible explanation is DCs and CD8+ T cells activate the ferroptosis process by releasing signals, such as IFN-γ. Additionally, we also found the type I IFN (IFN-α, β) was also higher in the low-risk group, indicating the type I IFN may be necessary to initiate the ferroptosis. However, it’s undeniable that more work is warranted to confirm the above results.
The strength of this study is that we performed a systematically analysis based on the national database for the first time, and summarized the current knowledge about the ferroptosis genes in the EAC. Notably, it should be aware that the methods provided in this study did not meet all the requirements for the gene expression levels. Meanwhile, there are some limitations in our study. Firstly, the clinical information downloaded from the TCGA is incomplete, especially the therapy, which may be helpful to understand whether FRG are biomarkers of treatment. Secondly, the mechanism how ferroptosis modulates the precise process of EAC is unclear. Lastly, the prognostic model needs to be verified in a large-scale and multicenter clinical cohort. Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does provide a comprehensive overview of FRG profiles in EAC and these limitations can be solved if there are enough data in the future.
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