Background
Methods
Study setting
Data source
EDHS sample design and procedure
Analytic sample and population
Study variables
Outcome variables
Exposure variables
Covariates
Data analysis
Regression analysis
Result
Background characteristics
< − 2 SD1 | |||||||
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Variable | HAZ3 | WAZ4 | WHZ5 | Total | |||
Total n (weighted %) | 3478 (42.9) | 2472 (28.2) | 1007 (10.01) | 8505 (100) | |||
Child’s sex n (weighted %) | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
M | 1824 (44.7) | 1337 (30.4) | 575 (11.5) | 4312 (51) | |||
F | 1654 (41.1) | 1135 (25.9) | 432 (8.5) | 4193 (49) | |||
Child’s age in month n (weighted %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
0–11 | 267 (15.6) | 319 (15.3) | 331 (14.7) | 1943 (22.9) | |||
12–23 | 699 (44.8) | 500 (29.6) | 255 (13.5) | 1612 (18.6) | |||
24–35 | 817 (55.8) | 542 (33.9) | 145 (8.8) | 1515 (17.5) | |||
36–47 | 931 (55.3) | 584 (32.9) | 134 (6.1) | 1766 (21.2) | |||
48–59 | 764 (48.2) | 527 (31.6) | 142 (6.6) | 1669 (19.8) | |||
Maternal BMI n (weighted %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
< 17 kg/m2 | 317 (42.5) | 302 (41) | 158 (16.9) | 760 (5.9) | |||
17.0–18.4 kg/m2 | 738 (47.9) | 614 (37.6) | 260 (13.4) | 1622 (16.8) | |||
18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 2314 (43.0) | 1505 (25.9) | 563 (8.9) | 5646 (73.3) | |||
≥ 25 kg/m2 | 109 (22.3) | 51 (11.7) | 26 (7.2) | 477 (4.1) | |||
Maternal height n (weighted %) | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.93 | ||||
< 145 cm | 108 (61.3) | 77 (39.4) | 22 (10.3) | 177 (2.2) | |||
≥ 145 cm | 3370 (42.5) | 2395 (27.9) | 985 (10.0) | 8328 (97.8) | |||
Maternal age n (weighted %) | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.54 | ||||
15–19 | 108 (36.8) | 84 (25.4) | 49 (12.9) | 357 (3.9) | |||
20–24 | 639 (40.7) | 436 (26.1) | 199 (10.5) | 1675 (20.0) | |||
25–29 | 1069 (43.0) | 757 (28.8) | 300 (10.2) | 2638 (31.4) | |||
30–34 | 738 (44.9) | 542 (30.2) | 214 (9.0) | 1726 (19.6) | |||
35–39 | 575 (42.4) | 399 (25.8) | 148 (9.3) | 1348 (15.6) | |||
40–44 | 274 (48.3) | 207 (33.7) | 81 (11.3) | 571 (7.1) | |||
45–49 | 75 (42) | 47 (25.1) | 16 (7.0) | 190 (2.4) | |||
Maternal education in years n (weighted %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
No education | 2606 (45.3) | 1921 (30.6) | 770 (11.1) | 5897 (69.3) | |||
Primary | 790 (40.3) | 513 (24.6) | 2151 (8.1) | 12,174 (25.6) | |||
Secondary | 62 (19.3) | 32 (11.4) | 14 (3.1) | 289 (3.4) | |||
Higher | 20 (18) | 6 (4.8) | 18 (5.6) | 145 (1.7) | |||
Maternal parity n (weighted %)6 | 0.003 | 0.0.09 | 0.0.40 | ||||
1 | 1354 (44.0) | 921 (28.6) | 366 (9.6) | 3242 (38.1) | |||
2 | 1703 (44.0) | 1241 (29.0) | 516 (10.6) | 4109 (48.3) | |||
≥ 3 | 421 (35.7) | 310 (23.8) | 125 (9.0) | 1154 (13.6) | |||
Maternal marital status n (weighted %) | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.07 | ||||
Never in union | 19 (49.3) | 10 (22.3) | 6 (9.6) | 51 (0.6) | |||
Married | 3044 (42.7) | 2195 (28.6) | 901 (10.4) | 7448 (87.6) | |||
Living with partner | 146 (40.2) | 93 (23.8) | 35 (5.8) | 424 (5.0) | |||
Widowed | 77 (45.4) | 44 (18.5) | 15 (4.0) | 165 (1.9) | |||
Divorced | 142 (49.8) | 100 (30.8) | 35 (10.1) | 286 (3.4) | |||
Separated | 50 (46.3) | 30 (28.5) | 15 (7.5) | 131 (1.5) | |||
Maternal smoking status n (weighted %) | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.85 | ||||
No | 3452 (42.9) | 2453 (28.3) | 1001 (10.0) | 8447 (99.7) | |||
Yes | 26 (64.7) | 19 (36.5) | 9 (11.3) | 58 (0.3) | |||
Place of residence n (weighted %) | < 0.001 | 0.0002 | < 0.001 | ||||
Urban | 371 (31.4) | 221 (16.9) | 115 (5.5) | 1401 (13) | |||
Rural | 3107 (44.6) | 2251 (29.9) | 892 (10.7) | 7104 (87) | |||
Household wealth index n (weighted %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Poorest | 1145 (47.3) | 925 (35.3) | 415 (13.4) | 2572 (22.4) | |||
Poor | 738 (46.0) | 531 (32.1) | 191 (12.8) | 1569 (21.9) | |||
Middle | 611 (44.8) | 356 (25.6) | 160 (9.1) | 1424 (20.8) | |||
Richer | 583 (43.4) | 356 (25.7) | 135 (7.8) | 1410 (19.9) | |||
Richest | 401 (28.3) | 223 (14.4) | 106 (5.2) | 1530 (15.0) | |||
Maternal BMI, mean (SE)7, kg/m2 | 20.01 (0.08) | < 0.0018 | 19.7 (0.10) | < 0.0018 | 19.7 (0.22) | < 0.0018 | 20.3 (0.06) |
Maternal height, mean (SE), cm | 155.4 (0.17) | < 0.001 | 155.6 (0.20) | < 0.001 | 156.2 (0.34) | 0.74 | 156.6 (0.14) |
Child age, mean (SE), months | 33.9 (0.37) | < 0.001 | 32.5 (0.45) | < 0.001 | 22.9 (0.82) | < 0.001 | 28.9 (0.26) |
Correlations between nutritional status of mothers and their children
Maternal Anthropometry (Pearson correlation coefficients) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Child anthropometry | BMI | Weight | Height |
0–59 months (n = 8505) | |||
1HAZ | 0.109 (0.088, 0.130) * | 0.203 (0.183, 0.224) * | 0.192 (0.171, 0.212) * |
2WAZ | 0.212 (0.192, 0.232) * | 0.281 (0.261, 0.301) * | 0.141 (0.120, 0.161) * |
3WHZ | 0.191 (0.170, 0.211) * | 0.178 (0.157, 0.198) * | − 0.026(− 0.047, − 0.005) |
0–11 months (n = 1943) | |||
HAZ | 0.099 (0.055, 0.143) * | 0.229 (0.186, 0.270) * | 0.261 (0.219, 0.302) * |
WAZ | 0.201 (0.158, 0.244) * | 0.281 (0.240, 0.322) * | 0.193 (0.150, 0.236) * |
WHZ | 0.163 (0.119, 0.206) * | 0.123 (0.079, 0.167) * | − 0.037(− 0.081, 0.008) |
12–23 months (n = 1612) | |||
HAZ | 0.126 (0.078, 0.174) * | 0.232 (0.185, 0.277) * | 0.214 (0.167, 0.260) * |
WAZ | 0.250 (0.204, 0.295) * | 0.331 (0.287, 0.374) * | 0.151 (0.103, 0.199) * |
WHZ | 0.204 (0.156, 0.250) * | 0.254 (0.208, 0.300) * | 0.015(− 0.034, 0.064) |
24–35 months (n = 1515) | |||
HAZ | 0.137 (0.088, 0.187) * | 0.205 (0.156, 0.253) * | 0.153 (0.103, 0.053) |
WAZ | 0.201 (0.152, 0.203) * | 0.251 (0.203, 0.298) * | 0.103 (0.053, 0.153) * |
WHZ | 0.155 (0.105, 0.203) * | 0.156 (0.106, 0.205) * | − 0.010(− 0.061, 0.040) |
36–47 months (n = 1766) | |||
HAZ | 0.092 (0.046, 0.138) * | 0.195 (0.150, 0.240) * | 0.191 (0.146, 0.236) * |
WAZ | 0.179 (0.134, 0.224) * | 0.271 (0.227, 0.314) * | 0.127 (0.081, 0.173) * |
WHZ | 0.166 (0.120, 0.211) * | 0.182 (0.137, 0.227) * | − 0.036(− 0.082, 0.011) |
48–59 months (n = 1669) | |||
HAZ | 0.099 (0.051, 0.146) * | 0.200 (0.153, 0.246) * | 0.228 (0.182, 0.273) * |
WAZ | 0.250 (0.204, 0.294) * | 0.294 (0.250, 0.338) * | 0.142 (0.095, 0.189) * |
WHZ | 0.258 (0.212, 0.302) * | 0.197 (0.151, 0.243) * | − 0.072(− 0.119, − 0.024) |
Screening for child undernutrition based on maternal BMI
95% Confidence Interval | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric indices | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV1 | NPV2 | 3AUC |
0–59 months (n = 8505) | |||||
4HAZ (< − 2) | 30.3 (28.8, 31.9) | 73.6 (72.4, 74.9) | 44.3 (42.3, 46.3) | 60.4 (59.2, 61.7) | 0.52 (0.51, 0.529) |
5WAZ (< −2) | 37.1 (35.1, 39) | 75.7 (74.6, 76.8) | 38.5 (36.5, 40.4) | 74.6 (73.5, 75.7) | 0.564 (0.553, 0.575) |
6WHZ (< −2) | 41.5 (38.4, 44.6) | 73.8 (72.8, 74.8) | 17.5 (16, 19.1) | 90.4 (89.6, 91.1) | 0.577 (0.561, 0.593) |
0–11 months (n = 1943) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 29.2 (23.8, 35.1) | 76.3 (74.2, 78.3) | 16.4 (13.2, 20.1) | 87.1 (85.3, 88.8) | 0.528 (0.498, 0.557) |
WAZ (< −2) | 31 (26, 36.4) | 76.8 (74.7, 78.9) | 20.8 (17.3, 24.8) | 85 (83.1, 86.8) | 0.539 (0.512, 0.567) |
WHZ (< −2) | 32 (27, 37.3) | 77.1 (75, 79.1) | 22.3 (18.6, 26.3) | 84.7 (82.7, 86.5) | 0.546 (0.518, 0.573) |
12–23 months (n = 1612) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 34.5 (31, 38.1) | 70 (66.9, 72.9) | 46.8 (42.4, 51.2) | 58.2 (55.3, 61.2) | 0.522 (0.499, 0.545) |
WAZ (< −2) | 43.6 (39.2, 48.1) | 73.3 (70.6, 75.9) | 42.3 (38, 46.7) | 74.3 (71.6, 76.9) | 0.584 (0.559, 0.61) |
WHZ (< − 2) | 50.2 (43.9, 56.5) | 71.5 (69, 73.9) | 24.9 (21.2, 28.8) | 88.4 (86.4, 90.3) | 0.608 (0.575, 0.641) |
24–35 months (n = 1515) | |||||
HAZ (< − 2) | 29.9 (26.7, 33.1) | 73.8 (70.4, 77) | 57.1 (52.3,61.9) | 47.3 (44.3, 50.4) | 0.518 (0.496, 0.541) |
WAZ (< −2) | 37.1 (33, 41.3) | 76.8 (74, 79.4) | 47.1 (42.3, 51.9) | 68.7 (65.8, 71.4) | 0.569 (0.545, 0.594) |
WHZ (< −2) | 37.9 (30, 46.4) | 72.8 (70.4, 75.2) | 12.9 (9.85, 16.4) | 91.7 (89.9, 93.3) | 0.554 (0.513, 0.595) |
36–47 months (n = 1766) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 28.6 (25.7, 31.6) | 72.6 (69.4, 75.6) | 53.7 (49.2, 58.2) | 47.7 (44.9, 50.5) | 0.506 (0.485, 0.527) |
WAZ (< −2) | 34.1 (30.2, 38.1) | 75 (72.4, 77.4) | 40.2 (35.9, 44.9) | 69.7 (67.1, 72.2) | 0.545 (0.552, 0.568) |
WHZ (< −2) | 44.8 (36.2, 53.6) | 73.3 (71.1, 75.5) | 12.1 (9.38, 15.3) | 94.2 (92.7, 95.4) | 0.591 (0.547, 0.634) |
48–59 months (n = 1669) | |||||
HAZ (< − 2) | 29.6 (26.4, 33) | 73 (70, 75.9) | 48.1 (43.5, 52.7) | 55.1 (52.3, 58) | 0.513 (0.491, 0.535) |
WAZ (< −2) | 37.8 (33.6, 42.1) | 76.3 (73.7, 78.7) | 42.3 (37.8, 47) | 72.6 (70, 75.2) | 0.57 (0.546, 0.594) |
WHZ (< −2) | 48.6 (40.1, 57.1) | 73.7 (71.5, 75.9) | 14.7 (11.6, 18.2) | 93.9 (92.4, 95.2) | 0.612 (0.569, 0.654) |
95% Confidence Interval | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthropometric indices | Sensitivity | Specificity | 1PPV | 2NPV | 3AUC |
0–59 months (n = 8505) | |||||
4HAZ (< −2) | 3.11 (2.55, 3.74) | 98.6 (98.3, 98.9) | 61 (53.4, 68.2) | 59.5 (58.5, 60.6) | 0.509 (0.505, 0.512) |
5WAZ (< −2) | 3.11 (2.47, 3.88) | 98.3 (98, 98.6) | 43.5 (36.1, 51.1) | 71.2 (70.3, 72.2) | 0.507 (0.504, 0.511) |
6WHZ (< −2) | 2.18 (1.37, 3.29) | 97.9 (97.6, 98.2) | 12.4 (7.96, 18.2) | 88.2 (87.5, 88.9) | 0.501 (0.496, 0.505) |
0–11 months (n = 1943) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 6.37 (3.75, 10) | 98.5 (97.8, 99) | 40.5 (25.6, 56.7) | 86.8 (85.2, 88.3) | 0.524 (0.509, 0.539) |
WAZ (< −2) | 5.96 (3.96, 9.15) | 98.6 (97.9, 99.1) | 45.2 (29.8, 62.3) | 84.2 (82.5, 85.8) | 0.523 (0.509, 0.536) |
WHZ (< −2) | 2.11 (0.85, 4.31) | 97.8 (97, 98.5) | 16.7 (6.79, 31.4) | 83 (81.2, 84.6) | 0.5 (0.491, 0.508) |
12–23 months (n = 1612) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 3.43 (2.21, 5.07) | 98.4 (97.3, 99.1) | 61.5 (44.6, 76.6) | 57.1 (54.6, 59.6) | 0.509 (0.501, 0.517) |
WAZ (< −2) | 3.6 (2.15 (5.63) | 98.1 (97.1, 98.8) | 46.2 (30.1, 62.8) | 69.4 (67, 71.6) | 0.509 (0.499, 0.518) |
WHZ (< −2) | 3.53 (1.63, 6.59) | 97.8 (96.9, 98.5) | 23.1 (11.1, 39.3) | 84.4 (82.5, 86.1) | 0.507 (0.495, 0.519) |
24–35 months (n = 1515) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 1.96 (1.12, 3.16) | 99.3 (98.3, 99.8) | 76.2 (52.8, 91.8) | 46.4 (43.8, 49) | 0.506 (0.501, 0.512) |
WAZ (< −2) | 1.85 (0.89, 3.37) | 99.9 (98, 99.4) | 47.6 (25.7, 70.2) | 64.4 (61.9, 66.8) | 0.504 (0.497, 0.51) |
WHZ (< −2) | 0.69 (0.18, 3.78) | 98.5 (97.8, 99.1) | 4.76 (0.12, 23.8) | 90.4 (88.8, 91.8) | 0.496 (0.489, 0.504) |
36–47 months (n = 1766) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 2.9 (1.92, 4.19) | 98.3 (97.2, 99.1) | 65.9 (49.4, 79.9) | 47.6 (45.2, 50) | 0.506 (0.499, 0.513) |
WAZ (< −2) | 2.23 (1.19, 3.78) | 97.6 (96.6, 98.4) | 31.7 (18.1, 48.1) | 66.9 (64.6, 69.1) | 0.499 (0.492, 0.507) |
WHZ (< −2) | 2.24 (0.46, 6.4) | 97.7 (96.8, 98.3) | 7.32 (1.54, 19.9) | 92.4 (91.1, 93.6) | 0.5 (0.486, 0.513) |
48–59 months (n = 1669) | |||||
HAZ (< −2) | 3.14 (2.02, 4.64) | 98.9 (98, 99.5) | 70.6 (52.5, 84.9) | 54.7 (52.3, 57.2) | 0.51 (0.503, 0.517) |
WAZ (< −2) | 3.23 (1.89, 5.11) | 98.5 (97.6, 99.1) | 50 (32.4, 67.6) | 68.8 (66.5, 71) | 0.509 (0.5, 0.57) |
WHZ (< −2) | 1.41 (0.17, 5) | 97.9 (97.1, 98.6) | 5.88 (0.72, 19.7) | 91.4 (90, 92.7) | 0.497 (0.486, 0.507) |
Screening for child undernutrition based on maternal height
Logistics regression
Variables | Stunting | Underweight | Wasting | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Child’s sex | ||||||
Male | 1.13 (1.03, 1.23) * | 1.14 (1.04, 1.26) * | 1.21 (1.10, 1.33) ** | 1.23 (1.12, 1.36) ** | 1.34 (1.17, 1.53) ** | 1.36 (1.18, 1.55) ** |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Child’s age in months | ||||||
0–11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
12–23 | 4.81 (4.09, 5.65) ** | 4.93 (4.18, 5.82) ** | 2.28 (1.95, 2.69) ** | 2.28 (1.93, 2.69) ** | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.04) |
24–35 | 7.35 (6.24, 8.66) ** | 7.83 (6.61, 9.27) ** | 2.84 (2.42, 3.33) ** | 2.97 (2.52, 3.51) ** | 0.52 (0.42, 0.63) ** | 0.50 (0.40, 0.62) ** |
36–47 | 7.00 (5.97, 8.21) ** | 7.10 (6.03, 8.36) ** | 2.52 (2.15, 2.94) ** | 2.46 (2.10, 2.89) ** | 0.40 (0.32, 0.49) ** | 0.37 (0.30, 0.46) ** |
48–59 | 5.30 (4.51, 6.23) ** | 5.51 (4.67, 6.50) ** | 2.35 (2.01, 2.75) ** | 2.33 (1.98, 2.75) ** | 0.45 (0.37, 0.56) ** | 0.42 (0.34, 0.52) ** |
Maternal BMI | ||||||
< 18.5 kg/m2 | 1.21 (1.10, 1.34) ** | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 1.83 (1.66, 2.03) ** | 1.68 (1.52, 1.87) ** | 2.00 (1.75, 2.29) ** | 1.90 (1.65, 2.19) ** |
≥ 18.5 kg/m2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal height | ||||||
< 145 cm | 2.30 (1.70, 3.12) ** | 2.52 (1.81, 3.51) ** | 1.91 (1.41, 2.58) ** | 1.99 (1.45, 2.72) ** | 1.06 (0.67, 1.66) | 1.07 (0.67, 1.69) |
≥ 145 cm | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal age | ||||||
15–19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–24 | 1.42 (1.11, 1.82) * | 1.23 (0.94, 1.61) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.49) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.47) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.51) |
25–29 | 1.57 (1.24, 1.99) ** | 1.22 (0.94, 1.60) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.69) * | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.76, 1.50) |
30–34 35–39 | 1.72 (1.35, 2.20) ** 1.71 (1.33, 2.20) ** | 1.26 (0.96, 1.65) 1.16 (0.88, 1.53) | 1.49 (1.14, 1.94) * 1.37 (1.04, 1.79) * | 1.25 (0.94, 1.65) 1.09 (0.82,1.46) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) 0.78 (0.55, 1.10) | 1.12 (0.79, 1.60) 1.01 (0.70, 1.45) |
40–44 | 2.12 (1.61, 2.81) ** | 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) | 1.85 (1.37, 2.49) ** | 1.36 (0.99, 1.87) * | 1.04 (0.71, 1.52) | 1.40 (0.94, 2.09) |
45–49 | 1.50 (1.04, 2.17) * | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.71, 1.61) | 0.71 (0.46, 1.08) | 0.58 (0.32, 1.05) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.46) |
Maternal education | ||||||
No education | 4.95 (3.08, 7.96) ** | 3.00 (1.82, 4.95) ** | 11.1 (4.93, 25.4) ** | 5.33 (2.31, 12.3) ** | 2.57 (1.26, 5.27) * | 1.62 (0.76, 3.45) |
Primary | 3.57 (2.21, 5.77) ** | 2.58 (1.56, 4.26) ** | 7.15 (3.14, 16.3) ** | 4.20 (1.82, 9.68) * | 1.88 (0.91, 3.89) | 1.27 (0.60, 2.69) |
Secondary | 1.71 (0.99, 2.96) | 1.82 (1.03, 3.19) * | 2.88 (1.18, 7.07) * | 2.62 (1.06, 6.48) * | 0.87 (0.36, 2.13) | 0.68 (0.28, 1.70) |
Higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal parity | ||||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) * | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) |
≥ 3 | 0.80 (0.70, .92) * | 0.74 (0.63 0.86) ** | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.99) * | 0.95 (0.77, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) |
Place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 2.16 (1.90, 2.45) ** | 1.37 (1.12, 1.68) * | 2.48 (2.12,2.88) ** | 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) | 1.61 (1.31, 1.97) ** | 0.82 (0.60, 1.11) |
Household wealth index | ||||||
Poorest | 2.26 (1.97, 2.59) ** | 1.70 (1.38, 2.10) ** | 3.29 (2.80, 3.88) ** | 2.23 (1.76, 2.82) ** | 2.58 (2.07, 3.23) ** | 2.23 (1.60, 3.10) ** |
Poor | 2.50 (2.15, 2.91) ** | 1.89 (1.51, 2.35) ** | 3.00 (2.51, 3.58) ** | 2.10 (1.64,2.69) ** | 1.86 (1.45, 2.39) ** | 1.72 (1.21, 2.43) * |
Middle | 2.12 (1.81, 2.47) ** | 1.59 (1.28, 1.99) ** | 2.59 (2.16, 3.11) ** | 1.86 (1.45, 2.39) ** | 1.70 (1.32, 2.20) ** | 1.60 (1.12, 2.28) * |
Richer | 1.98 (1.70, 2.32) ** | 1.45 (1.17, 1.80) ** | 1.98 (1.64, 2.38) ** | 1.42 (1.12, 1.81) * | 1.42 (1.09, 1.85) ** | 1.39 (0.98, 1.95) |
Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |