This study demonstrates the value of multiparametric CMR in detecting myocardial and skeletal muscles involvement in IIM patients, and dynamic changes after effective treatment. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) multiparametric CMR could detect both myocardial and skeletal involvement in newly diagnosed IIM patients in comparision with normal controls. (2) In newly diagnosed IIM patients, the myocardial T1, T2, and ECV were correlated with LV volume, function, and the log NT-proBNP level, while skeletal T2 was significantly correlated with biomarkers reflecting disease activity. (3) The follow-up CMR showed significantly decreased myocardial T1, T2, and ECV, as well as skeletal T1, T2, and ECV, which may indicate that the involvement of myocardium and skeletal muscles was reversible. This is the first study to show the potential role of multiparametric CMR in non-invasively monitoring the treatment effect on both cardiac and skeletal systems of IIM patients.
Myocardial and skeletal muscles involvement in IIM
It is not uncommon for the myocardium to be affected in systemic inflammatory diseases. In this context, the clinical value of CMR parametric mapping techniques in quantifying myocardial tissue alterations has been gaining recognition in many diseases [
17]. Ntusi et al. demonstrated that T1 mapping could provide added value as a biomarker for diffuse myocardial fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients [
18]. Biesbroek et al. found that ECV and T1 mapping were significantly associated with the disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis patients and may be a potential marker for disease monitoring [
19]. In the present study, newly diagnosed IIM patients showed significantly elevated T1, T2, and ECV values in comparison with normal controls, and these findings are consistent with recent CMR studies of IIM patients [
10,
12]. We also found that the myocardial native T1, T2 and ECV values were significantly correlated with the NT-proBNP level, which may suggest that.
quantitative mapping parameters can be used as potential imaging markers for detecting subclinical cardiac involvement in newly diagnosed IIM patients. The significant correlation between myocardial ECV and serum CRP level, as well as the significant correlation between myocardial and skeletal T2 values, may indicate that the degree of myocardial inflammation is positively correlated with the systematic inflammation level. In addition, for the assessment of skeletal tissue characteristics, elevated skeletal T2 relaxation time was shown to be correlated with biomarkers such as the ESR, CK, CK-MB, and cTnT levels. Our findings suggested that the skeletal inflammation reflected by CMR multiparametric mapping techniques is related to the disease activity.
Dynamic changes in myocardial and skeletal tissue characteristics
CMR mapping technologies have shown good reproducibility and sensitivity in dynamic monitoring for different diseases. Hinojar et al. found that lupus myocarditis patients had elevated myocardial native T1 and T2 relaxation times and showed a significant decrease after intensive therapy, which suggests an attenuation of myocardial inflammation [
20]. Bohnen et al. found that native myocardial T1 and T2 measurements provide excellent performance for monitoring the healing of myocarditis with a significant decline based on the stage of acute myocarditis [
21]. Spieker et al. also found T2 mapping to be a good tool for monitoring myocardial inflammation in patients with suspected acute myocarditis [
22]. Alkhalil et al. demonstrated that the anatomical area at risk may best be quantified by T1 mapping undertaken in the first week after reperfusion [
23]. However, some previous studies have presented discrepant findings regarding the dynamic changes associated with cardiac involvement in IIM patients. Allanore et al. studied four patients and found markedly reduced LGE areas and decreased hypokinesia after 6 months of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy [
24]. In contrast, Mavrogeni et al. found that the signs of myocarditis were still positive on CMR reevaluation after 3 months of steroid treatment with clinical remission [
25]. Péter et al. reevaluated IIM patients 3 months after starting treatment by using echocardiography and found a significant improvement in LV and RV systolic function, despite also observing deterioration of diastolic dysfunction [
25]. The uncertain conclusions in previous studies may be attributable to differences in patient selection, approaches used to evaluate cardiac abnormalities, different follow-up intervals, and the insufficient sample sizes.
In the present study, we found that newly diagnosed IIM patients had significantly elevated T1, T2, and ECV values on both myocardium and skeletal muscles, which are consistent with the findings of previous studies [
10,
12]. In addition, we also demonstrated for the first time that multiparametric CMR can detect dynamic changes in both myocardial and skeletal tissue characteristics after effective treatment.
Although the cellular and molecular pathophysiology underlying the myocardial involvement in IIM patients is not clear, the increased T2 relaxation time at baseline suggested that myocardial inflammation might be a major pathophysiological change in IIM patients [
26]. Consistent with this speculation, we found a significant decrease in the myocardial T2 relaxation time at follow-up, which paralleled the remission of clinical symptoms and improvements in serum inflammatory biomarkers. In addition, the significant reduction in the myocardial mass index could be partially explained by the remission of myocardial inflammation. Skeletal T2 also showed a significant decrease under clinical remission. This finding suggests that IIM patients have both myocardial and skeletal inflammation at the newly diagnosed period, and that acute inflammation and edema are reversible after effective treatment. Both myocardial and skeletal T2 values served as feasible and sensitive markers for detecting myocardial and skeletal inflammation and monitoring the therapeutic effects in IIM patients. Although we found that the clinical application of these changes may be limited due to their small absolute change values, the study still provides clues for the potential application of individualized dynamic monitoring of the effect of treatment.
We found that IIM patients had elevated T1 values at both newly diagnosed and clinical remission stages in comparison with normal controls. While a previous study found that native T1 shows high diagnostic accuracy in discriminating the acute and convalescent stages of myocarditis [
27], the inconsistent results of the current study indicate that the myocardial involvement in IIM patients may not only include acute inflammation but also diffuse fibrosis. The histological studies had demonstrated that the native T1 mapping relaxation time is affected by diffuse fibrosis [
28,
29] and myocardial inflammation [
30]. Whether the myocardial diffuse fibrosis in IIM patients is permanent or reversible over a longer term is not clear, and observational studies with a longer follow-up period are needed.
One previous study had demonstrated that in cases with coexisting inflammation and diffuse fibrosis, the ECV would reflect the sum of both pathologies [
31]. ECV has shown excellent discriminative value in differentiating myocarditis patients from healthy subjects [
21,
32], and declined significantly with the recovery of myocarditis [
21]. In our study, myocardial ECV provided good discriminative value between newly diagnosed IIM patients and normal controls, with a significant decrease in the ECV of both the myocardium and skeletal muscle at follow-up CMR. Thus, ECV is also a promising tissue characterization marker for detecting subtle abnormalities and monitoring the recovery from inflammation of myocardial and skeletal tissue.
In contrast to the findings for quantitative T1, T2, and ECV techniques, the T2W images showed limited ability to distinguish IIM patients from normal controls. This lack of sensitivity may be explained by the concurrent abnormality on skeletal muscles [
33]. The T2 mapping technique offered the advantages of quantitative measurement of T2 relaxation times without the need for skeletal muscles as reference. Our finding suggests that T2W images have limited value for evaluation of IIM patients, consistent with the findings of a previous study [
26].
In the current study, IIM patients with positive LGE at baseline still showed LGE during follow-up, without a significant decrease in the LGE extent. This may be explained by the fact that LGE reflects irreversible myocardial injury [
34]. Previous studies have indicated that the presence of LGE may reflect chronic and active myocardial inflammation [
34,
35].
Correlations between tissue characterization parameters and cardiac function and structure
In the current study, we found that elevated myocardial native T1, T2, and ECV significantly correlated with LV systolic dysfunction and enlargement, while the myocardial T2 value also correlated with RV dysfunction. These results suggest that myocardial inflammation and the possible presence of myocardial fibrosis in IIM patients can adversely impact cardiac function and structure.
Study limitations
This study had several limitations. First, this is a single-center study with a relatively small number of patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes and external validation are needed. Second, not all IIM patients enrolled at baseline underwent follow-up CMR scans. Although this could potentially lead to study bias, we focused on the subsequent observation CMR scans to analyze the dynamic changes in both myocardial and skeletal tissue characterizations. Third, the imaging data for the myocardium were not supported by biopsy findings. Future studies on the prognostic value of multiparametric CMR in IIM patients are required to validate these findings.