Noninvasive ventilation for avoidance of reintubation in patients with various cough strength

Cough strength has been widely used to manage patients being removed from mechanical ventilation after a successful weaning test [1‐6]. It is positively correlated with respiratory muscle strength [7]. Patients with weak cough are more likely to experience reintubation [1‐6], and reintubation is associated with an eightfold increase in nosocomial pneumonia and a fivefold increase in death [8, 9]. Thus, it is necessary to identify effective methods to avoid reintubation.

Immediate use of prophylactic noninvasive ventilation (NIV) after extubation reduces reintubation in patients at high risk for extubation failure [10‐13]. However, only one study enrolled patients with weak cough [13]. In that study, the authors enrolled only two patients with weak cough in the NIV group and three in the control group [13]. With such a small sample size, they failed to demonstrate the efficacy of prophylactic NIV in patients with weak cough. Further, to the best of our knowledge, no study to date has reported the efficacy of NIV in patients with strong cough. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether prophylactic NIV would benefit patients with various cough strengths.

The institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University approved this study. We prospectively enrolled patients who were scheduled for extubation after a successful spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) in a respiratory intensive care unit (ICU). We excluded patients younger than 18 years of age, with presence of a tracheostomy, or who refused to participate. Before enrollment, we obtained informed consent from the participants or their family members.

We managed the patients per our hospital’s protocols [6]. Every morning, we assessed each patient with regard to whether he or she met the criteria for removal of mechanical ventilation. We undertook an SBT if the following criteria were met: improvement or resolution of the underlying cause of acute respiratory failure, correction of arterial hypoxemia (ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen [PaO₂/FiO₂] ≥150, positive end-expiratory pressure ≤5 cmH₂O), body temperature ≤38 °C, respiratory rate ≤30 breaths/minute, heart rate ≤120 beats/minute, and hemodynamic stability [14, 15]. The SBT was carried out in pressure support ventilation mode for 120 minutes. The support pressure was set at 6 cmH₂O for an endotracheal tube inner diameter ≥7.5 mm and at 8 cmH₂O for an endotracheal tube inner diameter <7.5 mm [14, 16]. We defined failure of the SBT as the presence one of the following criteria: respiratory rate ≥35 breaths/minute; frequency/tidal volume (rapid shallow breathing index) >105; peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) <90 % at FiO₂ ≥ 0.5; heart rate ≥140 or ≤50 beats/minute; systolic blood pressure ≥180 or ≤90 mmHg; diminishing consciousness or diaphoresis; and clinical signs indicating respiratory muscle fatigue, labored breathing, or both. If no signs of SBT failure appeared after 120 minutes, the extubation was performed at the discretion of the attending physicians.

Before extubation, we recorded data for physiological variables, including Glasgow Coma Scale score. At the same time, from the nurse recording sheet, we recorded the suction frequency and volume of secretions preceding 24 h of extubation. We also measured the cough peak flow using a portable spirometer (Chestgraph HI-101; Chest M.I., Tokyo, Japan) [6]. Before measurement, we elevated the head of the bed to 30–45 degrees, cleared the airway secretions by suction, and oxygenated the patient with 100 % oxygen for 2 minutes. Next, we disconnected the ventilator, connected the spirometer to the endotracheal tube, and coached the patient to cough with as much effort as possible. We measured coughs three times, and the highest value was chosen. To avoid bias, the attending physicians were blind to the value of cough peak flow. Cough peak flow less than the median value was defined as weak cough.

After extubation, the attending physician determined whether the patient received prophylactic NIV or conventional oxygen treatment. We did not predefine the criteria for NIV. However, patients with weak hand-grip strength, high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, high Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, low PaO₂, and small volume of secretions were more likely to be ordered to receive prophylactic NIV. Prophylactic NIV (BiPAP Vision or V60; Philips Respironics, Monroeville, PA, USA) was immediately used after extubation. The face mask was the first choice. The appropriate size of the mask was selected according to the patient’s facial type. If a patient did not tolerate a face mask, a nasal mask was tried. The parameters of the ventilator were adjusted as follows. Expiratory positive airway pressure was set at 4–6 cmH₂O. Inspiratory positive airway pressure was adjusted by increments of 1–2 cmH₂O to obtain a tidal volume of around 8 ml/kg or to the maximum tolerated level for each patient. Usually, the inspiratory positive airway pressure was maintained at 12–20 cmH₂O. FiO₂ was set to maintain SpO₂ at around 95 %. After 24 h, weaning from NIV was considered according to hospital protocol [17].

Reintubation was also determined by attending physicians on the basis of the following indicators (one major criterion or at least two minor criteria). The major criteria were (1) respiratory arrest, (2) loss of consciousness, (3) heart rate <50 beats/minute with loss of alertness, (4) development of conditions necessitating intubation to protect the airway (coma or seizure disorders) or copious tracheal secretions requiring management, and (5) hemodynamic instability without response to fluids and vasoactive drugs. The minor criteria were (1) respiratory rate >35 breaths/minute, (2) pH <7.35 for hypoxemic patients and <7.30 for hypercapnic patients, (3) PaO₂ < 60 mmHg at FiO₂ > 0.5 or supplemental oxygen flow >10 L/minute, (4) persistent tachycardia, and (5) persistent activation of accessory respiratory muscles.

We recorded whether the patient was reintubated within 72 h and within 7 days postextubation. We also recorded the duration of ICU stay, duration of hospital stay, duration of postextubation ICU stay, and duration of postextubation hospital stay when a patient was discharged from or died in the hospital. We followed the patient up to 90 days postextubation or death, whichever came first.

SPSS version 17.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to analyze the data. Mean and SD values were used to report normally distributed continuous variables. The difference in two groups was analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t test. Median and interquartile range values were used to report non-normally distributed continuous variables. The difference between two groups was analyzed with the Mann–Whitney U test. For grouped data, the chi-square and/or Fisher’s exact test was used. The cumulative 90-day survival probability was analyzed by creating Kaplan-Meier curves, and the difference between two groups was analyzed by log-rank test. p < 0.05 was considered to signify statistical significance.

We enrolled 356 patients in this study between January 2011 and May 2016. The median value of cough peak flow was 70 L/minute. The proportions of patients who received NIV were 60 % (108 of 180 patients) among those with cough peak flow ≤70 L/minute and 40 % (71 of 176 patients) among those with cough peak flow >70 L/minute. The demographics of the patients are summarized in Table 1.

In patients with cough peak flow ≤70 L/minute, NIV reduced reintubation at 72 h postextubation (10 of 108 [9 %] vs. 25 of 72 [35 %], p < 0.01) and 7 days postextubation (26 of 108 [24 %] vs. 35 of 72 [49 %], p < 0.01) compared with the control group (Table 2). It also reduced postextubation 90-day mortality (46 of 108 [43 %] vs. 44 of 72 [61 %], p = 0.02). In addition, NIV was a protective factor for reintubation at 72 h and 7 days postextubation (OR = 0.19, p < 0.01; OR = 0.33, p < 0.01) (Table 3). It also was a protective factor for death at 90 days postextubation (OR = 0.40, p = 0.02). Furthermore, patients in the NIV group had higher survival within 90 days postextubation (p = 0.03 by log-rank test) (Fig. 1).

In patients with cough peak flow >70 L/minute, NIV did not reduce reintubation (at 72 h postextubation: 4 of 71 [6 %] vs. 6 of 105 [6 %], p > 0.99; 7 days postextubation: 6 of 71 [9 %] vs. 9 of 105 [9 %], p > 0.99) or postextubation 90-day mortality (15 of 71 [21 %] vs. 16 of 105 [15 %], p = 0.32) compared with the control group (Table 2), nor was NIV associated with reintubation or postextubation 90-day mortality (Table 3). In addition, survival rates within 90 days postextubation were similar between the two groups (p = 0.32 by log-rank test) (Fig. 2).

The subgroup analysis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is summarized in Table 4. Prophylactic NIV was a protective factor for reintubation at 72 h postextubation (OR = 0.11, p < 0.01) and 7 days postextubation (OR = 0.27, p = 0.01) in patients with cough peak flow ≤70 L/minute. It was also a protective factor for death at postextubation 90 days in patients with weak cough (OR = 0.27, p = 0.01). However, prophylactic NIV was not associated with reintubation or postextubation 90-day mortality in patients with cough peak flow >70 L/minute.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the efficacy of NIV in preventing reintubation in patients with weak cough strength (<70 L/minute). It also shows that when cough strength was >70 L/minute, reintubation was rare and NIV was not needed.

Respiratory muscle function is associated with ventilator weaning. Patients with greater respiratory muscle strength are more likely to wean from mechanical ventilation [18, 19], and respiratory muscle strength is positively correlated with cough peak flow [7]. Therefore, cough peak flow can serve as a predictor for successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Several studies have reported that patients with lower cough peak flow had higher probability of reintubation [1‐6]. However, how to reduce or avoid reintubation in this population is still unclear.

NIV reduces the work of breathing in patients with acute respiratory failure [20]. Given the advantages of NIV, it has been widely used in postextubation periods [10‐13, 21, 22]. However, NIV benefited neither the entire population nor an unselected COPD population when it was used immediately after extubation [21, 22], but immediate use of NIV after extubation benefited patients at high risk for reintubation [10‐13]. In our present study, we demonstrate that prophylactic NIV benefited patients with weak cough, including the COPD population, but that it did not benefit patients with strong cough with or without COPD. The results of this study may help practitioners to improve postextubation management.

To our knowledge, only one other study to date has been aimed at demonstrating the efficacy of prophylactic NIV in a high-risk population that included patients with weak cough [13]. In that study, the authors enrolled only five patients with weak cough. With such a small sample size, they failed to demonstrate the efficacy of prophylactic NIV in patients with weak cough. Further, they assessed the cough strength using Airway Care Score (a semiquantitative scale that includes six dimensions). However, cough peak flow is objective and has been widely used in cough strength assessment [1‐6]. So, we selected a more objective and widely accepted measure to assess cough strength, which may be much easier to use in guiding clinical practitioners to manage ventilator weaning.

In patients with cough peak flow >70 L/minute, prophylactic NIV did not reduce reintubation or postextubation 90-day mortality. It indicated that patients with strong cough possibly received no benefit from prophylactic NIV. However, use of a high-flow nasal cannula benefited low-risk patients when it was used immediately after planned extubation [23]. Further, compared with NIV, it also showed benefits in patients with acute respiratory failure [24]. Thus, a high-flow nasal cannula was a good choice for postextubation management in patients with strong cough.

Our study may be limited by the methodology we used. It was an observational study, and the attending physicians determined whether the patients received NIV or conventional oxygen treatment. Patients with more serious illness were more likely to receive NIV. This led to unequal demographics between the NIV and control groups. However, we used multivariable logistic regression analysis and found that NIV was a protective factor for reintubation and for death at 90 days postextubation in patients with weak cough. Although a cohort study has less evidentiary strength than a randomized controlled study, our study with a large sample size shows the efficacy of prophylactic NIV in patients with weak cough strength.

The median value of cough peak flow was 70 L/minute in a large planned extubation population. Prophylactic NIV benefited patients with weak cough with or without COPD, but not in patients with strong cough.