Background
Methods
Participants and recruitment
Study design and procedures
Foods to avoid | Foods to favor |
---|---|
Grains: | Grains: |
Wheat | Oats |
Rye | Rice |
Barley | Quinoa |
Corn | Buckwheat |
Amaranth | |
Legumes: | Sorghum |
Soybeans | Millet |
Chickpeas | Teff |
Peanuts | |
Legumes: | |
Fruits: | Lentils |
Citrus fruits (all) | |
Bananas | Fruits: |
Apples | Pears |
Apricots | |
Vegetables: | Blueberries |
Nightshade family (tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, | Plums |
potatoes) | |
Allium genus (onions, garlic) | Vegetables: |
Sweet potatoes, yams | Artichokes |
Celery | Asparagus |
Broccoli, Cauliflower | |
Other: | Brussels sprouts |
Animal products (all)a | Cabbage, Bok choy |
Nuts and seeds (all) | Carrots |
Chocolate | Greens: Chard, Kale, Collards, Mustard, Spinach, |
Sugar | Lettuce |
Coffee | Zucchini, other hard and soft squashes |
Tea | |
Alcohol | Condiments: |
Olive oil | |
Vanilla extract | |
Brown rice syrup | |
Maple syrup | |
Salt |
Dependent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Recruitment
Variable | All participantsa | Group 1 (N=21) | Group 2 (N=21) | p valueb |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women N | 39 | 19 (90%) | 20 (95%) | 0.55 |
College degree or higher N | 40 | 20 (95%) | 20 (95%) | 0.32 |
White race N | 35 | 18 (86%) | 17 (81%) | 0.68 |
Hispanic N | 4 | 3 (14%) | 1 (5%) | 0.29 |
Nonvegetarian N | 37 | 18 (86%) | 19 (90%) | 0.63 |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p valuec | |
Age (y) | 45.7 (12.7) | 49 (13.5) | 42.4 (11.1) | 0.09 |
Weight (kg) | 76.9 (19.8) | 78.0 (22.6) | 75.7 (17.1) | 0.71 |
BMI | 27.6 (6.0) | 27.7 (6.4) | 27.5 (5.8) | 0.90 |
Illness duration (y) (N=26) | 23.7 (12.6) | 24.7 (13.8) | 22.7 (11.7) | 0.69 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 191.1 (36.9) | 195.6 (42.5) | 186.9 (31.1) | 0.46 |
VAS (cm) (N=41) | 6.4 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.4) | 6.7 (1.9) | 0.38 |
Headache number (per wk) (N=40) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.6 (2.1) | 0.50 |
Headache intensity, scale 0–10 (N=37) | 4.2 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.7) | 0.20 |
Headache duration, hrs (N=38) | 5.8 (3.4) | 6.5 (3.3) | 5.1 (3.5) | 0.19 |
Headache days (per wk) (N=40) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.2) | 0.64 |
Diet adherence
Changes on clinical measurements
Diet period | Supplement period | Effect Sizee | p valuef | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 16 weeks | Change | Baseline | 16 weeks | Change | |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Body weight (kg) (N=42) | 76.7 (20.2) | 73.1 (19.4) | -3.6 (3.8)a | 74.9 (19.7) | 74.8 (19.9) | -0.1 (2.4) | -3.5 (4.4) | < 0.001 |
BMI (N=42) | 27.5 (6.2) | 26.2 (5.9) | -1.3 (1.3)a | 26.9 (6.0) | 26.8 (6.1) | 0.0 (0.9) | -1.3 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (N=41)g | 189.5 (38.8) | 175.8 (42.7) | -13.7 (32.0)c | 184.7 (33.6) | 185.4 (38.0) | 0.7 (26.2) | -14.4 (40.5) | 0.03 |
HDL (N=42) | 61.1 (15.7) | 55.3 (14.3) | -5.8 (15.2)d | 61.9 (14.1) | 60.7 (14.3) | -1.2 (10.0) | -4.6 (19.0) | 0.12 |
LDL (N=41) | 108.8 (33.6) | 99.8 (34.5) | -9.0 (26.3)d | 103.1 (28.3) | 105.5 (32.7) | 2.3 (22.7) | -11.1 (33.6) | 0.04 |
Ratio (N=41) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.7) | -0.1 (1.2) | 0.75 |
Triglycerides (N=41) | 95.9 (44.3) | 102.7 (42.1) | 6.8 (51.9) | 96.3 (35.1) | 96.2 (51.7) | -0.1 (49.2) | 6.9 (77.6) | 0.57 |
Log triglycerides (N=41) | 1.94 (0.20) | 1.98 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.21) | 1.96 (0.16) | 1.94 (0.18) | -0.01 (0.15) | 0.05 (0.28) | 0.25 |
VAS (cm) (N=41) | 6.0 (2.7) | 3.8 (3.0) | -2.1 (3.2)b | 4.9 (2.8) | 4.2 (2.8) | -0.7 (2.3) | -1.4 (4.0) | 0.03 |
Headache number (per wk) (N=40)h | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.8) | -0.3 (1.2) | 2.2 (2.1) | 1.8 (2.2) | -0.4 (0.9) | 0.1 (1.3) | 0.61 |
Headache intensity (N=37) | 4.3 (1.9) | 3.3 (1.9) | -1.0 (1.7)c | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.3 (2.0) | -0.5 (1.5) | -0.5 (2.5) | 0.20 |
Headache duration, hrs (N=38) | 6.2 (4.0) | 5.2 (4.0) | -0.9 (2.9) | 5.2 (3.9) | 4.8 (4.0) | -0.3 (2.5) | -0.6 (4.4) | 0.44 |
Headache days (per wk) (N=40) | 2.0 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.5) | -0.3 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.7) | 1.7 (1.6) | -0.4 (0.8) | 0.1 (1.3) | 0.62 |
Medicated headache number (N=36) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.5) | -0.2 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.5) | 1.1 (1.1) | -0.3 (0.8) | 0.0 (1.7) | 0.90 |
% headaches medicated (N=36) | 65.1 (33.5) | 46.0 (32.7) | -19.2 (39.3)c | 52.6 (32.4) | 49.4 (34.4) | -3.2 (21.2) | -16.0 (48.5) | 0.04 |
Diet period | Supplement period | Effect Size | p valuee | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 16 weeks | Change | Baseline | 16 weeks | Change | |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Body weight (kg) (N=36)f | 75.0 (18.7) | 71.1 (17.3) | -3.9 (3.8)a | 73 (17.7) | 72.9 (18.1) | 0.0 (2.6) | -3.9 (4.6) | <0.001 |
BMI (N=36) | 26.9 (5.7) | 25.5 (5.2) | -1.4 (1.4)a | 26.2 (5.4) | 26.2 (5.6) | 0.0 (1.0) | -1.4 (1.6) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (N=35)g | 185.9 (36.8) | 169.3 (35.5) | -16.5 (32.8)c | 181.2 (31.7) | 181.3 (36.4) | 0.1 (25.4) | -16.7 (41.5) | 0.02 |
HDL (N=36) | 60.9 (16.5) | 54.6 (15.0) | -6.3 (16.1)d | 60.9 (14.7) | 60.4 (14.8) | -0.6 (10.4) | -5.7 (19.9) | 0.09 |
LDL (N=35) | 105.5 (32.1) | 94.2 (27.9) | -11.3 (27)d | 100.5 (26.2) | 101.7 (30.9) | 1.2 (20.4) | -12.2 (33.6) | 0.04 |
Ratio (N=35) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.2 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.0 (1.2) | 0.85 |
Triglycerides (N=35) | 95.2 (46.4) | 101.9 (43.5) | 6.7 (56) | 96.6 (36.6) | 96.5 (55.0) | -0.1 (53.2) | 6.7 (83.7) | 0.64 |
Log triglycerides (N=35) | 1.93 (0.2) | 1.97 (0.18) | 0.04 (0.23) | 1.95 (0.17) | 1.94 (0.19) | -0.01 (0.16) | 0.05 (0.30) | 0.30 |
VAS (cm) (N=35) | 6.0 (2.7) | 3.6 (3.0) | -2.4 (3.2)a | 4.7 (2.8) | 4.1 (2.8) | -0.6 (2.3) | -1.8 (3.9) | 0.01 |
Headache number (per wk) (N=35) | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.9) | -0.3 (1.2) | 2.1 (2.0) | 1.8 (2.2) | -0.4 (0.9) | 0.0 (1.3) | 0.95 |
Headache intensity (N=33) | 4.3 (1.8) | 3.1 (1.8) | -1.2 (1.7)b | 3.6 (1.9) | 3.2 (2.0) | -0.4 (1.5) | -0.8 (2.4) | 0.07 |
Headache duration (N=33) | 6.1 (4.1) | 4.8 (3.6) | -1.3 (2.7)c | 4.5 (3.2) | 4.4 (3.6) | -0.1 (2.4) | -1.2 (3.9) | 0.08 |
Headache days (per wk) (N=35) | 2.0 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.6) | -0.3 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.6) | -0.3 (0.7) | 0.0 (1.2) | 0.99 |
Number medicated (N= 35) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.6) | -0.3 (1.6) | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.1) | -0.2 (0.7) | -0.1 (1.7) | 0.73 |
% medicated (N= 35) | 65.2 (31.8) | 41.3 (31.3) | -23.8 (38.8)b | 50.1 (32.3) | 46.1 (33.6) | -4.0 (22.5) | -19.8 (49.7) | 0.02 |
Changes in reported pain
Changes in mood
Order effects
Diet group (N=21) | Supplement group (N=21) | Effect size | p valuec | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 16 weeks | Change | Baseline | 16 weeks | Change | |||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (95% CI) | ||
Body weight (kg)d | 78.0 (22.6) | 73.8 (22.1) | -4.3 (4.5)a | 75.7 (17.1) | 75.3 (18.1) | -0.4 (2.9) | -3.9 (-6.2 to -1.5) | 0.002 |
BMI | 27.7 (6.4) | 26.2 (6.3) | -1.5 (1.7)a | 27.5 (5.8) | 27.3 (6.1) | -0.2 (1.1) | -1.4 (-2.2 to -0.5) | 0.003 |
Total cholesterole | 195.6 (42.5) | 173.6 (48.9) | -22.0 (41.7)b | 186.9 (31.1) | 185.6 (37.2) | -1.3 (30.0) | -20.7 (-43.6 to 2.1) | 0.07 |
HDL | 62.2 (17.6) | 57.3 (17.1) | -4.9 (19.1) | 62.9 (12.9) | 58.8 (12.1) | -4.1 (9.5) | -0.8 (-10.2 to 8.6) | 0.86 |
LDL | 111.0 (35.4) | 95.5 (38.8) | -15.5 (34.4) | 104.9 (27) | 107.2 (32.7) | 2.4 (27.0) | -17.8 (-37.3 to 1.7) | 0.07 |
Ratio | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.8) | -0.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.9) | 0.2 (0.8) | -0.3 (-0.9 to 0.3) | 0.25 |
Triglycerides | 107.8 (41.2) | 101.1 (35.5) | -6.7 (53.0) | 95.5 (38.2) | 98.1 (68.3) | 2.6 (61.5) | -9.3 (-45.6 to 27.1) | 0.61 |
Log triglycerides | 2.01 (0.15) | 1.98 (0.16) | -0.03 (0.21) | 1.95 (0.18) | 1.93 (0.23) | -0.02 (0.16) | 0.0 (-0.1 to 0.1) | 0.85 |
VAS (cm) | 6.1 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.9) | -3.1 (3.0)a | 6.7 (1.9) | 6.0 (2.0) | -0.7 (2.4) | -2.4 (-4.1 to -0.7) | 0.007 |
Headache number (per wk) | 2.1 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.7) | -0.5 (1.0)b | 2.6 (2.1) | 2.3 (2.4) | -0.3 (1.0) | -0.2 (-0.9 to 0.4) | 0.46 |
Headache intensity | 3.9 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.8) | -1.2 (1.8)b | 4.5 (1.7) | 4.5 (2) | 0.0 (1.5) | -1.2 (-2.3 to -0.1) | 0.04 |
Headache duration, hrs | 6.5 (3.3) | 5.2 (4.4) | -1.3 (3.0) | 5.1 (3.5) | 5.1 (2.8) | 0.0 (2.3) | -1.6 (-3.5 to 0.4) | 0.15 |
Headache days (per wk) | 2.1 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.6) | -0.4 (0.9)b | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.5) | -0.2 (0.9) | -0.3 (-0.8 to 0.3) | 0.38 |
Medicated headache number | 1.6 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | -0.6 (0.7)a | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.9) | -0.2 (0.7) | -0.5 (-0.9 to 0.01) | 0.06 |
% headaches medicated | 61.8 (28.5) | 44.3 (30.5) | -17.5 (37.8)b | 66.1 (29.6) | 64.1 (32.5) | -1.9 (24.1) | -15.5 (-36.1 to 5) | 0.13 |