Background
Methods
Study setting
Data collection and analysis
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Statistical analysis
Results
Antibiotic prescribing at the department level
All patients | UUTSI | LUTSI | RASI | EASI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TH, N = 6171 | NTH, N = 6263 | TH, N = 284 | NTH, N = 741 | TH, N = 748 | NTH, N = 824 | TH, N = 1394 | NTH, N = 748 | TH, N = 482 | NTH, N = 763 | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Age in years | ||||||||||
0–17 |
677 (11)
a
| 377 (6) | 21 (7) | 36 (5) |
45 (6)
a
| 15 (2) |
139 (10)
a
| 26 (3) | 72 (15) | 91 (12) |
18–39 | 2018 (33) |
2757 (44)
a
| 159 (56) | 425 (57) | 69 (9) | 119 (14) | 320 (23) |
281 (38)
a
| 239 (50) | 419 (55) |
40–59 | 1773 (29) | 1689 (27) | 78 (27) | 197 (27) | 150 (20) | 148 (18) | 453 (32) | 222 (30) | 108 (22) | 188 (25) |
≥ 60 |
1703 (28)
a
| 1440 (23) | 26 (9) | 83 (11) | 484 (65) | 542 (66) | 482 (35) | 219 (29) | 63 (13) | 65 (8) |
Male |
4601 (75)
a
| 4384 (70) | 218 (77) | 546 (74) | 719 (96) | 812 (99) |
1182 (85)
a
| 532 (71) | 347 (72) | 610 (80) |
Female | 1570 (25) |
1879 (30)
a
| 66 (23) | 195 (26) | 29 (4) | 12 (1) | 212 (15) |
216 (29)
a
| 135 (28) | 153 (20) |
Patients prescribed AB | 5430 (88) | 5402 (86) | 251 (88) | 624 (84) | 748 (100) | 823 (100) |
1393 (100)
a
| 628 (84) |
482 (100)
a
| 719 (94) |
Total number of AB prescriptions (Np) | 12,213 | 9598 | 563 | 1055 | 1624 | 1453 | 2767 | 1240 | 1435 | 1679 |
Prescriptions adherent to WHOLEM, Np (percentage of total nr. of prescriptions) |
8039 (66)
a
| 4019 (42) |
309 (55)
a
| 346 (33) |
753 (46)
a
| 346 (24) |
1736 (63)
a
| 510 (41) |
1054 (73)
a
| 790 (47) |
Prescriptions adherent to NLEMI, Np (percentage of total nr. of prescriptions) |
9119 (75)
a
| 5487 (57) | 342 (61) | 592 (56) |
880 (54)
a
| 592 (41) |
2025 (73)
a
| 734 (59) |
1173 (82)
a
| 984 (59) |
Average length of hospital stay, days [SD] |
9.9 [10.0]
a
| 4.6 [3.9] |
9.1 [7.8]
a
| 3.8 [3.2] |
13.0 [11.3]
a
| 5.0 [3.2] |
9.8 [7.2]
a
| 5.1 [4.0] |
11.1 [9.5]
a
| 6.3 [5.3] |
Average length of AB treatment, days [SD] |
9.5 [7.6]
a
| 4.4 [3.2] |
8.6 [6.9]
a
| 3.6 [2.6] |
11.5 [9.0]
a
| 4.9 [3.0] |
7.8 [5.3]
a
| 4.4 [3.4] |
9.0 [7.4]
a
| 5.5 [4.0] |
AB prescribed for 1 day | 36 (1) | 221 (7) | 7 (2) | 96 (13) | 6 (1) | 44 (5) | 14 (1) | 41 (5) | 9 (2) | 40 (5) |
DDD/100 patient days | 72.5 |
110.5
a
| 89.5 |
112.3
a
| 84.6 |
102.1
a
| 78.3 |
116.1
a
| 74.9 |
106.0
a
|
Total nr. of AB doses administered | 65,288 | 28,600 | 2759 | 2950 | 9415 | 4733 | 13,890 | 4060 | 6270 | 7980 |
Total nr. of AB doses prescribed using generic names |
16,322 (25)
a
| 1716 (6) |
607 (22)
a
| 118 (4) |
2542 (27)
a
| 142 (3) |
4584 (33)
a
| 203 (5) |
1693 (27)
a
| 399 (5) |
Total nr. of AB doses administered parenterally | 34,613 (53) |
19,639 (79)
a
| 1335 (41) |
2245 (76)
a
| 3672 (39) |
2603 (55)
a
| 8195 (59) |
3370 (83)
a
| 4582 (75) |
7339 (92)
a
|
Diagnosis panorama
Diagnosis groups (ICD-10 codes) | TH, n = 2908 (100) | NTH, n = 3076 (100) |
---|---|---|
n (%) [%] | n (%) [%] | |
Upper urinary tract surgery indications (UUTSI) | 284 (10) [100] |
741(24) [100]
a
|
Kidney/ureter calculi (N20) | 280 [99] |
734 [99]
a
|
Other | 4 [32] | 7 [1] |
Lower urinary tract surgery indications (LUTSI) | 748 (26) [100] | 824 (27) [100] |
Benign prostate hyperplasia (N40) | 522 [70] | 558 [68] |
Urethral/bladder calculi (N21) | 89 [12] |
142 [17]
a
|
Urethral stricture (N35) | 85 [11] | 66 [8] |
Prostate cancer (C61) | 29 [4] | 30 [4] |
Bladder cancer (C67) | 10 [1] | 10 [1] |
Urethral disease* (N36) | 9 [1] | 10 [1] |
Other | 4 [< 1] | 8 [< 1] |
Routine abdominal surgery indications (RASI) |
1394 (48) [100]
a
| 748 (24) [100] |
Hernia (K40-K46) |
965 [69]
a
| 312 [42] |
Other gastric/duodenal disease (K31) | 113 [8] | 151 [20] |
Biliary calculi (K80) | 73 [5] | 110 [15] |
Anal fissure/fistula (K60) |
103 [7]
a
| 30 [4] |
Malignancy in GI-tract (C15-C26) | 78 [6] | 51 [7] |
Cholecystitis (K81) | 30 [2] | 43 [6] |
Anal abscess (K61) | 10 [< 1] | 28 [4] |
Other disease in anal region** (K62) | 10 [< 1] | 8 [1] |
Colon polyposis (K63.2) | 9 [< 1] | 5 [< 1] |
Other | 3 [< 1] | 10 [< 1] |
Emergency abdominal surgery indications (EASI) | 482 (17) [100] |
763 (25) [100]
a
|
Appendicitis (K35-K37) | 268 [56] |
459 [60]
a
|
Intestinal obstruction (K56) | 132 [27] | 202 [27] |
Peritonitis (K56) | 80 [17] | 99 [13] |
Other | 2 [< 1] | 3 [< 1] |
Antibiotic prescribing in four selected surgical diagnoses groups
UUTSI | LUTSI | RASI | EASI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TH, N = 563 | NTH, N = 1055 | TH, N = 1624 | NTH, N = 1453 | TH, N = 2767 | NTH, N = 1240 | TH, N = 1435 | NTH, N = 1679 | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Tetracyclines (J01A), n (% of N) | 32 (6) | 2 (< 1) | 50 (3) | 0 | 233 (8) | 6 (< 1) | 98 (7) | 2 (< 1) |
Amphenicols (J01B), n (% of N) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Penicillins (J01C), n (% of N) | 17 (3) | 42 (4) | 77 (5) | 80 (6) | 219 (8) | 80 (6) | 131 (9) | 147 (9) |
Penicillins with extended spectrum (J01CA), x (% of n) | 3 (18) | 2 (5) | 5 (6) | 4 (5) | 21 (10) | 16 (20) | 0 | 10 (7) |
Penicillins combinations including enzyme inhibitors (J01CR), x (% of n) | 14 (82) | 40 (95) | 72 (94) | 76 (95) | 198 (90) | 64 (80) | 131 (100) | 137 (93) |
Other beta-lactam antibiotics (J01D), n (% of N) | 70 (12) | 239 (23) | 220 (14) | 191 (13) | 535 (19) | 332 (27) | 218 (15) | 296 (18) |
First-generation cephalosporins J01DB, x (% of n) | 19 (27) | 7 (3) | 49 (22) | 1 (< 1) | 149 (28) | 17 (5) | 50 (23) | 11 (4) |
Second-generation cephalosporins J01 DC, x (% of n) | 0 | 9 (4) | 13 (6) | 24 (13) | 23 (4) | 41 (12) | 5 (2) | 29 (10) |
Third-generation cephalosporins J01DD, x (% of n) | 51 (72) | 222 (93) | 158 (72) | 166 (87) | 363 (68) | 272 (82) | 162 (74) | 254 (86) |
Fourth-generation cephalosporins J01DE, x (% of n) | 0 | 1 (< 1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (< 1) | 0 | 0 |
Carbapenems J01DH, x (% of n) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (< 1) | 1 (< 1) | 2 (< 1) |
Sulfonamids and trimethoprim (J01E), n (% of N) | 11 (2) | 0 | 85 (5) | 0 | 100 (4) | 0 | 16 (1) | 0 |
Macrolids and lincosamids (J01F), n (% of N) | 38 (7) | 0 | 180 (11) | 2 (< 1) | 405 (15) | 3 (< 1) | 94 (7) | 8 (< 1) |
Macrolids (J01FA), x (% of n) | 0 | 0 | 4 (2) | 0 | 3 (< 1) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 |
Lincosamids (J01FF), x (% of n) | 38 (100) | 0 | 176 (98) | 2 (100) | 402 (99) | 3 | 93 (99) | 8 (100) |
Aminoglycosides (J01G), n (% of N) | 76 (13) | 269 (26) | 328 (20) | 449 (31) | 486 (18) | 250 (20) | 189 (13) | 225(13) |
Quinolones (J01 M), n (% of N) | 216 (38) | 281 (27) | 609 (38) | 543 (37) | 315 (11) | 114 (9) | 263 (18) | 145 (9) |
Fixed-dose combinations (J01R), n (% of N) | 3 (1) | 160 (15) | 22 (1) | 155 (11) | 37 (1) | 298 (24) | 17 (1) | 399 (24) |
Quinolones and imidazole derivatives*, x (% of n) | 0 | 2 (1) | 0 | 17 (11) | 0 | 26 (9) | 0 | 22 (6) |
Cephalosporins and enzyme inhibitors, x (% of n) | 3 (100) | 158 (99) | 22 (100) | 138 (89) | 37 | 272 (91) | 17 (100) | 377 (94) |
Other antibiotics (J01X), n (% of N) | 100 (18) | 62 (6) | 53 (3) | 33 (2) | 437 (16) | 157 (13) | 408 (28) | 457 (27) |
Imidazole derivatives (J01XD)**, x (% of n) | 100 (100) | 62 (97) | 53 (100) | 31 (94) | 437 (100) | 157 (100) | 408 (100) | 453 (99) |
Other antibiotics (J01XX), x (% of n) | 0 | 2 (3) | 0 | 2 (6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (1) |
Discussion
Strengths and limitations
-
Large patient group with no exclusion due to demographic variables
-
Disease panorama similar to other Indian settings
-
Data collection during a long time period decrease confounding by seasonal change
-
No data on actual surgeries collected
-
No data on antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogens in the setting