Sheeja et al., investigated anti-inflammatory activities of acetone and petroleum ether extracts of
Plumbago zeylanica L. leaves using in vivo experimental models at two dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.). The acetone extract significantly decreased inflammation in rats induced by carrageenan compared to the control group. Study revealed anti-inflammatory activity of the extract may be linked to reduction in prostaglandin synthesis and release, rather than preformed inflammatory agents [
30‐
32]. In another study Thanigavelan et al., investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of
Plumbago zeylanica L. root bark through in-vitro human red blood cell membrane protective activity,
and in-vivo through carrageenan induced rat paw oedema and complete freund’s adjuvant induced chronic inflammatory model in rat. In both acute and chronic model of inflammation, hydroalcoholic extract of root bark of
Plumbago zeylanica L. showed moderate anti-inflammatory response at the dosage of 250 mg/kg b.w comparable with standard indomethacin. Carrageenan injection is the biphasic occurrence that contributes to the development of paw oedema in the rat. Study indicated, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity might be due to prostaglandins inhibition [
33]. Further Nile et al., studied anti-inflammatory activity of root and shoot extracts of
Plumbago zeylanica L. at a concentration of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL using diene-conjugate and β-glucuronidase assays [
34]. Later on, Subramaniyan et al., investigated dichloromethane extract of
Plumbago zeylanica L. against carrageenan-induced paw oedema at the doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. Study showed inhibition effect of oedema was comparable to diclofenac (standard drug). Study suggested that the inhibition effect may be attributed to its free radical scavenger activity and protection of apoptosis [
35]. In another research Poosarla et al., investigated a freeze-dried ethyl acetate fraction (PZE-6) of
Plumbago zeylanica L., roots for the management of joint inflammation. Study showed PZE-6 substantially suppressed arthritis by reducing paw volume, clinical score and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. In addition, PZE-6 was found to inhibit the development of inflammation in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats [
36]. As reported by Zaki et al., plumbagin prominently hampered high mobility group box 1 expression and subsequently quelled inflammatory cascades, as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity [
37].