Introduction
Mode of preparation | Administration form | Therapeutical application and characterization |
---|---|---|
Aqueous extracts | ||
Extracts with ethanol (tincture, fluid extracts) | Drops, inhalations, gargle solutions | Contain about 20–60% alcohol |
Extracts with wine | Tonics, medicated wines | Contain about 16% alcohol |
Spissum extracts | Baths, gels, soft gelatin capsules | Baths are in particular useful in early infections and should not be used when body temperature is increased |
Alcoholic distillates | Contain essential oils, e.g. spirit of melissa | Contain 40–80% alcohol |
Steam distillates | Essential oils | Most essential oils have to be diluted (e.g. in sunflower, peanut, almond oil 1/9) to avoid mucosal irritation or combined with a plant oil for skin preparations |
Tea | Infusion | For small plant parts, thermolabile and volatile ingredients |
Decoction | For not easily dissoluble plant parts and ingredients | |
Maceration (cold preparation) | Plant parts where hot preparation would damage or release damaging ingredients | |
Juices | Fresh-squeezed plant juices | Contain four times more active ingredients than tea |
Creams, ointments, gels | Inunctions, fomentations | Selection and application according to skin moisture |
Dry preparations (shredded, pulverized) | Tablets, dragees, pastilles, pellets, capsules | For systemic application |
Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis
Main mode of action | Phytotherapeutics | Characterization |
---|---|---|
Antiphlogistic | Chamomile flower, myrtle, thyme herb, sage leaf | α-Bisabolol and chamazulene in camomile inhibit the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase of arachidonic acid cascade |
Antitussive-mucous releasing | Marshmallow leaf or root, ribwort plantain leaf, iceland moss thallus | Contain polysaccharides which swell with water |
Antitussive-mucolytic (saponins) | Cowslip flower, thyme herb, english ivy leaf, mullein flower | Decrease mucous viscosity by decreasing the surface tension of water |
Respiratory relieving, secretolytic | Mint oils (eucalyptus leaf and branch, peppermint leaf, mugo pine) | Central inhibitory effect by thermosensitive nerves |
Cave: Kratschmer reflex in children | ||
Menthol, camphor, 1,8-cineol | Depolarization of thermoreceptors by inhibition of calcium influx | |
Antimicrobial | Garden nasturtium haulm, horseradish root | Contains mustard oils |
Antipyretic | Lime flower, willow bark, european elder berry | The lacking acetyl group in salicin in elder avoids side effects of ASA |
Immunomodulating | Echinacea root, chamomile flower | Stimulation of the unspecific cellular and humoral immune response |
Cave: application duration, autoimmune and systemic diseases |
Phytotherapeutic pharmaceutical | Indication | Administration form | Dose |
---|---|---|---|
Angocin®, REPHA GmbH Biologische Arzneimittel, Langenhagen, Germany | Phytotherapeutic pharmaceutical with antibacterial properties against grampositive and gramnegative strains, virostatic and antimycotic effects | Film tablet | 4–5 tablets 3–5 times per day, children (4–8 years) 2–3 tablets 3–5 times per day |
Acute infections (e.g. acute pharyngotonsillitis, acute laryngitis, acute sinusitis) | |||
Bronchipret®, Bionorica AG, Neumarkt, Germany | Acute and chronic bronchitis | Drops, syrup or film tablet | Drops: 40 drops 4 times per day, adolescents (12–18 years) 28 drops 4 times per day, children (6–11 years) 20 drops 4 times per day |
Expectorant | |||
Syrup: 5.4 ml 3 times per day, babies (−12 month) 1.1 ml 3 times per day, infants (−2 years) 2.2 ml 3 times per day, children (−6 years) 3.2 ml 3 times per day, children (−12 years) 4.3 ml 3 times per day | |||
Tablets: 1 tablet 3 times per day | |||
Contramutan® N, manufactured by A. Nettermann & Cie. GmbH, Cologne, Germany | Acute infectious of the upper airways (e.g. acute laryngopharyngitis) | Drops, syrup or tablet | Drops: 5–10 drops up to 12 times per day, children (6–12 years) 4–7 dops up to 12 times per day, children (1–6 years) 3-5 drops up to 12 times per day; after symptom relief intake is reduced to 3 times per day |
Syrup: 15 ml every hour, children 5 ml every hour; after symptom relief intake is reduced to 3 times per day | |||
Tablets: 1 tablet up to 12 times per day, children 1 tablet up to 6 times per day; after symptom relief intake is reduced to 1–3 times per day | |||
Equisil® N, Dr. Gustav Klein GmbH & Co KG, Zell am Hamersbach, Germany | Intermediate cough state (productive and dry) | Syrup | 2.5 ml 3 times per day |
Esberitox®, Schaper & Bruemmer GmbH & Co KG, Salzgitter, Germany | Acute infectious of the upper airways (e.g. acute laryngopharyngitis) | Drops, tablet | 50 drops or 3 tablets 3 times per day, babies 10 drops or 1 tablet once per day, children (−6 years) 15 drops or 1–2 tablets twice per day, children (−12 years) 25 drops or 2 tablets twice per day |
GeloMyrtol® forte, G. Pohl Boskamp GmbH & Co KG, Hohenlockstadt, Germany | Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis | Gastro-resistant capsule | 1 capsule 3–4 times per day for acute infections, 1 capsule twice for chronic infections |
Acute and chronic bronchitis | |||
Postoperative convalescence | |||
Pregnancy | |||
Imupret®, Bionorica AG, Neumarkt, Germany | Chronic tonsillitis, tracheitis, adenoid hyperplasia | Dragee or drops | 2 dragees or 25 drops 5–6 times per day, children (−12 years) 1 dragee or 15 drops once per day, babies and infants 5–10 drops 5–6 times per day; after symptom relief intake is reduced to 3 times per day for 7 days |
Lomaherpan®, Lomapharm Rudolf Lohmann GmbH KG, Emmerthal, Germany | Skin or mucosa infections with herpes simplex virus | Cream | 10–20 mg per cm2 2–4 times per day |
Otikon Otic® solution, Healthy-On Ltd., Petach-Tikva, Israel | Acute otitis media | Ear drops | 5 drops 3 times per day |
Prospan®, Engelhard Arzneimittel, Niederdorfelden, Germany | Productive cough | Drops, liquid, syrup, suppository, fizzy tablet or film tablet | Drops: 24 drops 3 times per day, children (4–10 years) 16 drops 3 times per day, children (1-year) 12 drops 3 times per day |
Expectorant | |||
Liquid: 5 ml 3 times per day | |||
Syrup: 5–7.5 ml 3 times per day, children (6–9 years) 5 ml 3 times per day, children (1–5 years) 2.5 ml 3 times per day, children (−12 month) 1.5 ml twice per day | |||
Suppositories: school children 1 supp. 3 times per day, babies and infants 1 supp. twice per day | |||
Brausetabletten: 1 tablet twice per day, children (4–12 years) ½ tablet 3 times per day | |||
Film tablets: 2 tablets 3 times per day | |||
Sinupret®, Bionorica AG, Neumarkt, Germany | Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, | Drops, liquitab®, dragee | 50 drops, 2 dragees or 2 liquitabs three times per day, children (6–12 years) 25 drops, 1 dragee or 1 liquitab per day, children (2–6 years) 15 drops per day |
Acute and chronic bronchitis | |||
Postoperative convalescence | |||
Pregnancy | |||
Tesalin® N, Zeller Medical AG, Romanshorn, Switzerland | Allergic rhinitis | Film tablets | 1 tablet 2–3 times per day |