Introduction
Methods
Study groups
Complement, cytokines, soluble adhesion molecules
Statistical analysis
Results
Surgical parameters and patient data | Non-POEE (n = 46) | POEE (n = 29) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 8.8 ± 4.4 | 9.8 ± 3.6 | 0.23* |
Body weight (kg) | 27.3 ± 11.9 | 35.0 ± 13.7 | 0.009+ |
Gender (F/M) | 23/23 | 16/13 | NS† |
Aortic cross-clamping (min) | 34.0 ± 27.8 | 47.7 ± 34.7 | 0.13* |
CPB (min) | 65.9 ± 37.1 | 98.4 ± 62.9 | 0.04+ |
Surgery + anesthesia (min) | 177.1 ± 58.5 | 213.7 ± 98.6 | 0.10* |
Reperfusion (min) | 18.7 ± 18.2 | 25.4 ± 29.0 | 0.54+ |
Hypothermia (minimal temperature °C) | 30.6 ± 3.1 | 30.7 ± 2.8 | 0.80* |
Length of stay on ICU (days) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 0.25+ |
Mechanical ventilation on ICU (hours) | 10.1 ± 5.0 | 11.7 ± 6.6 | 0.36+ |
Discharge (days after surgery) | 9.4 ± 5.2 | 10.7 ± 4.7 | 0.031+ |
Conclusion
Parameter (units) | Non-POEE (n) | POEE (n) | P-value | Classifier |
---|---|---|---|---|
C1-inhibitor (mg/l) | 937 ± 270 (46) | 888 ± 342.0 (29) | 0.49* | C |
C3 (mg/l) | 1329 ± 200 (46) | 1467 ± 325.0 (29) | 0.022* | C |
C5 (mg/l) | 128.7 ± 54.3 (46) | 177.4 ± 87.4 (28) | 0.001+ | C |
C5a (mg/l) | 0.45 ± 0.36 (46) | 0.73 ± 1.08 (29) | 0.09+ | S |
C5a/C5-ratio | 0.38 ± 0.29 (46) | 0.51 ± 0.72 (28) | 0.39+ | S |
TNF-α (ng/l) | 36.2 ± 118.8 (45) | 63.5 ± 222.4 (29) | 0.028+ | |
IL-10 (ng/l) | 1.50 ± 4.89 (46) | 3.95 ± 11.15 (29) | 0.18+ | S |
sL-selectin (μg/l) | 1299 ± 294 (44) | 1434 ± 37 (24) | 0.27* | S,C |
% lymphocytes | 41.7 ± 11.0 (46) | 34.9 ± 10.1 (29) | 0.010* | |
% neutrophils | 46.7 ± 11.3 (46) | 54.9 ± 11.8 (29) | 0.005* | S |
Neutrophils (cells/μl) | 3506 ± 1500 (45) | 4219 ± 1490 (27) | 0.086* | C |
Monocytes (cells/μl) | 579 ± 219 (45) | 634 ± 242 (27) | 0.23* | S |
Eosinophils (cells/μl) | 218 ± 195 (45) | 206 ± 226 (27) | 0.83+ | C |
Serum protein (g/l) | 72.3 ± 5.0 (41) | 70.9 ± 5.9 (28) | 0.27* | S |
Hematocrit (%) | 37.3 ± 5.0 (44) | 40.2 ± 10.8 (27) | 0.14+ | S,C |
Partial thrombin time (s) | 35.9 ± 3.7 (45) | 35.2 ± 4.6 (28) | 0.56* | C |
Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.2 ± 0.3 (45) | 4.1 ± 0.5 (28) | 0.55* | C |
Body weight (kg) | 27.3 ± 11.9 (46) | 35.0 ± 13.7 (29) | 0.008+ | S |
Prediction (% correct) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical outcome | Patients (n) | Non-POEE | POEE | |
SPSS | ||||
Non-POEE | (all patients) | 46 | 80.4 | 19.6 |
(ASD) | (25) | (80.0) | (20.0) | |
(residual) | (21) | (81.0) | (19.0) | |
POEE | (all patients) | 29 | 13.8 | 86.2 |
(ASD) | (14) | (14.3) | (85.7) | |
(residual) | (15) | (13.3) | (86.7) | |
Negative/positive predictive values | 90.2 | 73.5 | ||
(ASD) | (90.9) | (70.5) | ||
(residual) | (89.4) | (76.4) | ||
CLASSIF1 | ||||
Non-POEE | (all patients) | 46 | 97.8 | 4.3* |
(ASD) | (25) | (96.0) | (4.0) | |
(residual) | (21) | (100.0) | (4.7)* | |
POEE | (all patients) | 29 | 27.6 | 72.4 |
(ASD) | (14) | (35.7) | (64.3) | |
(residual) | (15) | (20.0) | (80.0) | |
Negative/positive predictive values | 84.9 | 91.3 | ||
(ASD) | (82.7) | (90.0) | ||
(others) | (87.5) | (92.3) |
SPSS classifier | CLASSIF1 classifier | ||
---|---|---|---|
Parameter (pi) | Coefficients (ci)* | Parameters | POEE patients classification mask** |
C1-Inhibitor | - | ||
C3 | + | ||
C5 | 0.005105 | C5 | + |
C5a/C5-ratio | 0.788609 | ||
IL-10 | 0.086488 | ||
sL-selectin | 0.001721 | sL-selectin | + |
% Neutrophils | 0.024991 | ||
Neutrophil count | + | ||
Monocyte count | 0.002542 | ||
Eosinophil count | - | ||
Hematocrit | 0.06021 | Hematocrit | + |
Serum protein | -0.136055 | ||
Body weight | 0.067000 | ||
Partial thrombin time | - | ||
Potassium | - | ||
(Constant | -0.939490) |
Inflammatory response
Clinical implications
Key messages
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The development of postoperative edema and effusion (POEE) in children after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery can be predicted preoperatively.
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POEE develops on the background of a pre-existing immune activation.
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The immune activation has cellular (neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte counts, hematocrit) and humoral (C1-inhibitor, C3, C5a/C5, IL-10, sL-selectin, partial thrombin time, serum potassium) components.
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Preoperative normalization of the immune activation status has the potential of decreasing the intensive care treatment and the overall level of postoperative complications.