Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Journal of Gambling Studies
Erschienen in: Journal of Gambling Studies 3/2018

12.01.2018 | Original Paper

Profiling Online Poker Players: Are Executive Functions Correlated with Poker Ability and Problem Gambling?

verfasst von: Mauro Schiavella, Matteo Pelagatti, Jerker Westin, Gabriele Lepore, Paolo Cherubini

Erschienen in: Journal of Gambling Studies | Ausgabe 3/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Poker playing and responsible gambling both entail the use of the executive functions (EF), which are higher-level cognitive abilities. This study investigated if online poker players of different ability showed different performances in their EF and if so, which functions were the most discriminating for their playing ability. Furthermore, it assessed if the EF performance was correlated to the quality of gambling, according to self-reported questionnaires (PGSI, SOGS, GRCS). Three poker experts evaluated anonymized poker hand history files and, then, a trained professional administered an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Data analysis determined which variables of the tests correlated with poker ability and gambling quality scores. The highest correlations between EF test results and poker ability and between EF test results and gambling quality assessment showed that mostly different clusters of executive functions characterize the profile of the strong(er) poker player and those ones of the problem gamblers (PGSI and SOGS) and the one of the cognitions related to gambling (GRCS). Taking into consideration only the variables overlapping between PGSI and SOGS, we found some key predictive factors for a more risky and harmful online poker playing: a lower performance in the emotional intelligence competences (Emotional Quotient inventory Short) and, in particular, those grouped in the Intrapersonal scale (emotional self-awareness, assertiveness, self-regard, independence and self-actualization).
Fußnoten
1
The study design was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Milano-Bicocca and it complies with the guiding policies and principles for experimental procedures of both the World Medical Association of Helsinki and the Oviedo Convention.
 
2
Computed as \(\tanh (1.96/\sqrt{33}) \approx 0.33\).
 
3
Here, by random it is meant that either sign has 50% probability of being extracted.
 
Literatur
Abbott, M., Binde, P., Hodgins, D., Korn, D., Pereira, A., Volberg, R., et al. (2013). Conceptual framework of harmful gambling: An international collaboration. Guelph, ON: The Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre (OPGRC).
Anderson, P. (2008). Models of executive function. In V. Anderson, R. Jacobs, & P. Anderson (Eds.), Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A lifespan perspective (pp. 3–21). London: Taylor & Francis.
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Assanangkornchai, S., McNeil, E. B., Tantirangsee, N., Kittirattanapaiboon, P., & Thai National Mental Health Survey Team. (2016). Gambling disorders, gambling type preferences, and psychiatric comorbidity among the Thai general population: Results of the 2013 national mental health survey. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 410–418.
Bar-On, R. (1996). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-I): A test of emotional intelligence. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Bar-On, R. (1997). BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (BarOn EQ-i). Technical manual. Toronto: Multi-Health System, Inc.
Bar-On, R. (2002). BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory—Short (BarOn EQ-i:S). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Bar-On, R. (2005). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psichotema, 14, 1–28.
Barrault, S., & Varescon, I. (2013). Cognitive distortions, anxiety, and depression among regular and pathological gambling online poker players. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(3), 183–188.CrossRef
Berg, E. A. (1948). A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. Journal of General Psychology, 39, 15–22.CrossRefPubMed
Brevers, D., Bechara, A., Cleeremans, A., & Noël, X. (2013). Iowa Gambling Task (IGT): Twenty years after—Gambling disorder and IGT. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 665.
Brevers, D., & Noël, X. (2013). Pathological gambling and the loss of willpower: A neurocognitive perspective. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 3(21592), 1–16.
Brown, J. (1958). Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 10(1), 12–21.
Caffara, P., Gardini, S., Zonato, F., Concari, L., Dieci, F., Copelli, S., et al. (2011). Italian norms for the Freedman version of the Clock Drawing Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(9), 982–988.CrossRef
Camerer, C. F., Ho, T.-H., & Chong, J.-K. (2004). A cognitive hierarchy model of games. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3), 861–898.CrossRef
Cella, M., Dymond, S., & Cooper, A. (2010). Impaired flexible decision-making in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1–2), 207–210.CrossRefPubMed
Cherubini, P., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2004). Does everyone love everyone? The psychology of iterative reasoning. Thinking & Reasoning, 10(1), 31–53.CrossRef
Coricelli, G., & Nagel, R. (2009). Neural correlates of depth of strategic reasoning in medial prefrontal cortex. PNAS, 106(23), 9163–9168.CrossRefPubMed
Costa-Gomes, M. A., Crawford, V. P., & Iriberri, N. (2009). Comparing models of strategic thinking in Van Huyck, Battalio, and Beil’s coordination games. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(2–3), 365–376.CrossRef
Crawford, V. P., Costa-Gomes, M. A., & Iriberri, N. (2013). Structural models of nonequilibrium strategic thinking: Theory, evidence, and applications. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(1), 5–62.CrossRef
Crawford, V. P., & Iriberri, N. (2007). Level-k auctions: Can a nonequilibrium model of strategic thinking explain the winner’s curse and overbidding in private-value auctions? Econometrica, 75(6), 1721–1770.CrossRef
Della Sala, S., MacPherson, S., Phillips, L., Sacco, L., & Spinnler, H. (2003). How many camels are there in Italy? Cognitive estimates standardised on the Italian population. Neurological Sciences, 24, 10–15.CrossRefPubMed
Dowling, N. A., Cowlishaw, S., Jackson, A. C., Merkouris, S., Francis, K., & Christensen, D. R. (2015). Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 516–39.CrossRef
Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I., & Pillon, B. (2000). A frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology, 55, 1621–1626.CrossRefPubMed
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Technical report, Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA).
Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25–42.CrossRef
Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Winocur, G., Shulman, K., & Delis, D. (1994). Clock drawing: A neuropsychological analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Golden, C. (1978). Stroop color and word test. IL: Stoelting Company.
Goodie, A. S., Doshi, P., & Young, D. L. (2012). Levels of theory-of-mind reasoning in competitive games. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 25, 95–108.CrossRef
Grant, D., & Berg, E. (1948). A behavioural analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a weigl-type card sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404–411.CrossRefPubMed
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Chamberlain, S. R., & Schreiber, L. R. (2012). Neurocognitive dysfunction in strategic and non-strategic gamblers. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 38(2), 336–340.CrossRef
Gvirts, H. Z., Harari, H., Braw, Y., Shefet, D., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Levkovitz, Y. (2012). Executive functioning among patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and their relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 143(1–3), 261–264.CrossRefPubMed
Hedden, T., & Zhang, J. (2002). What do you think i think you think? Strategic reasoning in matrix games. Cognition, 85(1), 1–36.CrossRefPubMed
Holdem Manager Team. (2009). Holdem Manager Instruction Manual 1.09.
Holtgraves, T. (2009). Evaluating the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 105–20.CrossRefPubMed
Iliceto, P., Fino, E., Cammarota, C., Giovani, E., Petrucci, F., Desimoni, M., et al. (2015). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS). Journal Of Gambling Studies, 31(1), 225–242.CrossRefPubMed
Johansson, A., Grant, J., Kim, S., Odlaug, B., & Gtestam, K. (2009). Risk factor for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 67–92.CrossRefPubMed
Johansson, U., & Sönströd, C. (2009). Fish or shark—Data mining online poker. In 5th International conference on data mining—DMIN 09, Las Vegas, USA.
Jonsdottir, I., Nordlund, A., Ellbin, S., Ljung, T., Glise, K., Währborg, P., et al. (2013). Cognitive impairment in patients with stress-related exhaustion. Stress, 16(2), 181–190.CrossRefPubMed
Kerr, A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2004). Development of “hot” executive function: The children’s gambling task. Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 148–157. Development of Orbitofrontal Function.
Kertzman, S., Lowengrub, K., Aizer, A., Nahum, Z., Kotler, M., & Dannon, P. (2006). Stroop performance in pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Research, 142(1), 1–10.CrossRefPubMed
Lesieur, H., & Blume, S. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184–1188.CrossRefPubMed
Lesieur, H., & Blume, S. (1993). Revising the South Oaks Gambling Screen in different settings. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(3), 213–223.CrossRef
Loeber, S., Duka, T., Welzel, H., Nakovics, H., Heinz, A., Flor, H., et al. (2009). Impairment of cognitive abilities and decision making after chronic use of alcohol: The impact of multiple detoxifications. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 44(4), 372–381.CrossRef
Lorains, F., Cowlishaw, S., & Thomas, S. (2011). Prevalence of comorbid disorders in problem and pathological gambling: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys. Addiction, 106(3), 490–8.CrossRefPubMed
Lundqvist, T. (2005). Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: Comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 81(2), 319–330. Cannabinoids: Interactions with other drugs.CrossRef
Marañón, D., Amayra, I., Uterga, J., & Gómez-Esteban, J. (2011). Neuropsychological impairment in Parkinson’s disease without dementia. Psicothema, 23(4), 732–737.PubMed
Marazziti, D., Dell’Osso, M. C., Conversano, C., Consoli, G., Vivarelli, L., Mungai, F., et al. (2008). Executive function abnormalities in pathological gamblers. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 4(7), 1–6.
Mazzocco, M. M. M., Murphy, M. M., Brown, E. C., Rinne, L., & Herold, K. H. (2013). Persistent consequences of atypical early number concepts. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(486), 486.PubMedPubMedCentral
Nagel, R. (1995). Unraveling in guessing games: An experimental study. American Economic Review, 85(5), 1313–1326.
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 1–18). Boston, MA: Springer.
Novelli, G., Papagno, C., Capitani, E., Laiacona, N., Vallar, G., & Cappa, S. (1986). Tre test clinici di ricerca e produzione lessicale. Taratura su soggetti normali. Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia e Psichiatria, 47(4), 477–506.
Palomäki, J., Laakasuo, M., & Salmela, M. (2013). this is just so unfair! A qualitative analysis of loss-induced emotions and tilting in on-line poker. International Gambling Studies, 13(2), 255–270.CrossRef
Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. (1959). Short-term retention ofindividual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(3), 193–198.CrossRefPubMed
Phillips, L., Wynn, V., Gilhooly, K., Dalla Sala, S., & Logie, R. (1999). The role of memory in the Tower of London task. Memory, 7(2), 209–231.CrossRefPubMed
Phillips, L., Wynn, V., McPherson, S., & Gilhooly, K. (2001). Mental planning and the Tower of London task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 54(2), 579–97.CrossRef
PokerTracker Team. (2013). Statistical reference guide.
Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., McLaughlin, S. D., Wu, R., Rounsaville, B. J., & O’Malley, S. S. (2001). Gender-related differences in the characteristics of problem gamblers using a gambling helpline. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(9), 1500–1505.CrossRefPubMed
R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rash, C., Weinstock, J., & Van Patten, R. (2015). A review of gambling disorder and substance use disorders. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 17(7), 3–13.
Raven, J. (2008). SPM Standard Progressive Matrices. Standardizzazione Italiana (Organizzazioni (Speciali ed.). Firenze: Giunti O.S.
Raven, J., Raven, J., & Court, J. (2003). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales (Harcourt Assessment ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2004). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769.CrossRefPubMed
Reitan, R. (1955). The relation of the Trial Making Test to organic brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 393–394.CrossRefPubMed
Robinson, A., Heaton, R., Lehman, R., & Stilson, D. (1980). The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48(5), 605–14.CrossRefPubMed
Roca, M., Torralva, T., López, P., Cetkovich, M., Clark, L., & Manes, F. (2008). Executive functions in pathologic gamblers selected in an ecologic setting. Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology, 21(1), 1–4.CrossRef
Savage, C. R., Baer, L., Keuthen, N. J., Brown, H. D., Rauch, S. L., & Jenike, M. A. (1999). Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45(7), 905–916.CrossRefPubMed
Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 298(1089), 199–209.CrossRefPubMed
Shallice, T., & Evans, M. (1978). The involvement of the frontal lobes in cognitive estimation. Cortex, 14, 294–303.CrossRefPubMed
Siler, K. (2010). Social and psychological challenges of poker. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(3), 401–420.CrossRefPubMed
Spinnler, H., & Tognoni, G. (1987). Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici. Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences Supplementary, 8, 1–20.
Stahl, D. O., & Wilson, P. W. (1995). On players’ models of other players: Theory and experimental evidence. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 218–254.CrossRef
Sweeney, J., Kmiec, J., & Kupfer, D. (2000). Neuropsychologic impairments in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders on the CANTAB neurocognitive battery, biological psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry, 48(7), 674–84.CrossRefPubMed
van Timmeren, T., Daams, J. G., van Holst, R. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2018). Compulsivity-related neurocognitive performance deficits in gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 204–217.CrossRef
Velligan, D., & Bow-Thomas, C. (1999). Executive function in schizophrenia. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 4(1), 24–33.PubMed
Venturini, R., Lombardo Radice, M., & Imperiali, M. (1983). Il color-word o il test di Stroop. Organizzazioni Speciali.
Wynne, H. (2002). Introducing the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Edmonton, AB: Wynne Resources.
Metadaten
Titel
Profiling Online Poker Players: Are Executive Functions Correlated with Poker Ability and Problem Gambling?
verfasst von
Mauro Schiavella
Matteo Pelagatti
Jerker Westin
Gabriele Lepore
Paolo Cherubini
Publikationsdatum
12.01.2018
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Gambling Studies / Ausgabe 3/2018
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3602
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9741-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2018

Journal of Gambling Studies 3/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Original Paper

Are Treatment Outcomes Determined by Type of Gambling? A UK Study

Original Paper

Co-development of Problem Gambling and Depression Symptoms in Emerging Adults: A Parallel-Process Latent Class Growth Model

Original Paper

Problem Gambling and Delinquent Behaviours Among Adolescents: A Scoping Review

Original Paper

An Analysis of Treatment-Seeking Behavior in Individuals with Gambling Disorder

Original Paper

Do Simulated Gambling Activities Predict Gambling with Real Money During Adolescence? Empirical Findings from a Longitudinal Study

Original Paper

Daily Fantasy Football and Self-Reported Problem Behavior in the United States

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Bildnachweise