Background
Methods
Data collection
Eligibility criteria
Definitions of variables
Statistical analyses
Univariable analyses
Model development
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristic | Frequency (%)/ median (Q1-Q3)/ mean (SD) | Total no. missing (%) | Univariable HR (95% CI) | p | Multivariable HR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 656 | |||||
Sex (female) | 179 (27.3) | 0 | 1.0 | |||
Male | 477 (72.7) | 1.04 (0.88; 1.24) | 0.6402 | |||
Age | 65.4 (11.0) | 0 | 0.99 (0.99; 1.00) | 0.0412 | ||
Reason palliative phase (incurable tumor) | 574 (87.5) | 0 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | |
Refusal of curative treatment | 82 (12.5) | 0.82 (0.65; 1.03) | 0.0895 | 1.39 (1.06; 1.82) | 0.0181 | |
Localisation (Oropharynx) | 215 (32.8) | 0 | 1.0 | - | ||
Oral cavity | 168 (25.6) | 1.09 (0.89; 1.34) | 0.4139 | |||
Hypopharynx | 114 (17.4) | 0.90 (0.72; 1.13) | 0.3762 | |||
Nasopharynx | 21 (3.2) | 0.90 (0.58; 1.41) | 0.6515 | |||
Supraglottic larynx | 68 (10.4) | 1.03 (0.78; 1.35) | 0.8570 | |||
Glottic larynx | 42 (6.4) | 1.16 (0.83; 1.62) | 0.3753 | |||
Unknown primary | 28 (4.3) | 0.97 (0.66; 1.44) | 0.8843 | |||
No. previous HNSCC (0) | 223 (34.0) | 0 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | |
1 | 305 (46.5) | 1.42 (1.19; 1.70) | < 0.0001 | 1.76 (1.40; 2.21) | < 0.0001 | |
2 | 106 (16.2) | 1.31 (1.03; 1.65) | 0.0249 | 1.73 (1.31; 2.29) | 0.0001 | |
3 / 4 | 22 (3.4) | 1.48 (0.95; 2.29) | 0.0821 | 2.00 (1.25; 3.20) | 0.0037 | |
Tumor stage (Stage I) | 8 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) | - | |||
Stage II | 16 (2.4) | - | ||||
Stage III | 48 (7.3) | - | ||||
Stage IVA | 198 (30.2) | - | ||||
Stage IVB | 84 (12.8) | - | ||||
Stage IVC | 301 (46.0) | - | ||||
Tumor type (primary) | 242 (36.9) | 0 | 1.0 | |||
Recurrent | 348 (53.0) | 1.34 (1.13; 1.58) | 0.0006 | |||
Residual | 66 (10.1) | 1.50 (1.14; 1.97) | 0.0039 | |||
cT (0) | 237 (36.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
1 | 24 (3.7) | 0.58 (0.37; 0.88) | 0.0111 | 0.77 (0.49; 1.21) | 0.2614 | |
2 | 51 (7.8) | 0.59 (0.43; 0.80) | 0.0008 | 0.80 (0.56; 1.15) | 0.2232 | |
3 | 74 (11.3) | 0.81 (0.62; 1.05) | 0.1092 | 1.10 (0.82; 1.48) | 0.5144 | |
4 | 269 (41.1) | 0.97 (0.82; 1.16) | 0.7739 | 1.41 (1.11; 1.78) | 0.0044 | |
cN (0) | 332 (50.8) | 2 (0.3) | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | |
1 | 67 (10.2) | 1.01 (0.78; 1.32) | 0.9218 | 1.17 (0.89; 1.56) | 0.2645 | |
2 | 214 (32.7) | 1.02 (0.86; 1.22) | 0.7814 | 1.22 (0.99; 1.50) | 0.0562 | |
3 | 41 (6.3) | 0.92 (0.66; 1.28) | 0.6172 | 1.67 (1.17; 2.40) | 0.0052 | |
cM (0) | 353 (54.0) | 2 (0.3) | 1.0 | - | 1.0 | |
1 | 301 (46.0) | 1.23 (1.06; 1.44) | 0.0080 | 1.51 (1.22; 1.88) | 0.0001 | |
ACE-27 (0) | 60 (9.1) | 0 | 1.0 | - | ||
1 | 80 (12.2) | 0.83 (0.59; 1.17) | 0.2870 | |||
2 | 311 (47.4) | 1.26 (0.96; 1.67) | 0.0990 | |||
3 | 205 (31.3) | 1.48 (1.11; 1.98) | 0.0080 | |||
Smoking (current) | 258 (44.1) | 71 (10.8) | 1.0 | - | ||
former | 262 (44.8) | 0.95 (0.80; 1.12) | 0.5326 | |||
non-smoker | 65 (11.1) | 0.78 (0.59; 1.03) | 0.0847 | |||
Pack years | 39.0 (22.0–50.0) | 217 (33.1) | 1.002 (0.998; 1.005) | 0.2239 | ||
Alcohol (current) | 268 (50.6) | 126 (19.2) | 1.0 | - | ||
former | 163 (30.8) | 1.05 (0.87; 1.26) | 0.6252 | |||
non-drinker | 99 (18.7) | 0.88 (0.69; 1.13) | 0.3332 | |||
No. alcohol units per week | 14.0 (2.0–35.0) | 223 (34.0) | - | |||
Body Mass Index | 22.1 (4.4) | 126 (19.2) | 0.972 (0.948; 0.997) | 0.0266 | ||
Weight loss in the 6 months before diagnosis kg* | 5.0 (0.0–9.0) | 157 (23.9) | 1.03 (1.02; 1.04) | < 0.0001 | 1.03 (1.01; 1.04) | < 0.0001 |
WHO performance (0) | 92 (16.2) | 89 (13.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
1 | 261 (46.0) | 1.54 (1.21; 1.96) | 0.0005 | 1.54 (1.19; 2.00) | 0.0009 | |
2 | 130 (22.9) | 1.79 (1.37; 2.34) | < 0.0001 | 1.80 (1.37; 2.36) | < 0.0001 | |
3 / 4 | 84 (14.8) | 3.68 (2.65; 5.11) | < 0.0001 | 4.16 (2.95; 5.85) | < 0.0001 | |
Marital status (alone) | 265 (41.3) | 14 (2.1) | 1.0 | |||
married/together | 377 (58.7) | 1.03 (0.88; 1.20) | 0.7544 | |||
Serum Hemoglobin mmol/L ** | 7.7 (1.3) | 409 (62.3) | - | |||
Internally validated C index | 0.66 |
Univariable analysis
Model development
Characteristic | Coefficients (β) | Shrinked coefficients (β) |
---|---|---|
No. previous HNSCC (0) | - | |
1 | 0.5641 | 0.5027918 |
2 | 0.5471 | 0.4876394 |
3 / 4 | 0.6946 | 0.6191086 |
Reason of palliative phase (incurable tumor) | - | |
refusal of curative treatment | 0.3285 | 0.2927975 |
cT (0) | - | |
1 | -0.2606 | -0.2322771 |
2 | -0.2243 | -0.1999223 |
3 | 0.0984 | 0.08770556 |
4 | 0.3418 | 0.304652 |
cN (0) | - | |
1 | 0.1605 | 0.1430563 |
2 | 0.2000 | 0.1782633 |
3 | 0.5154 | 0.4593846 |
cM (0) | - | |
1 | 0.4154 | 0.370253 |
Weight loss in the in the 6 months before diagnosis kg | 0.0279 | 0.02486774 |
WHO performance (0) | - | |
1 | 0.4343 | 0.3870988 |
2 | 0.5884 | 0.5244507 |
3 / 4 | 1.4251 | 1.270215 |