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Erschienen in: Perioperative Medicine 1/2016

Open Access 01.12.2016 | Editorial

Prophylaxis and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in enhanced recovery protocols: Expert Opinion statement from the American Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER)

verfasst von: Ruchir Gupta, Roy Soto

Erschienen in: Perioperative Medicine | Ausgabe 1/2016

Abstract

International experience and evidence-based practices have shown that reduction in variability through use of protocolized perioperative care improves surgical outcomes and reduces costs to patients and healthcare systems. In this series of Expert Opinions, we provide consensus recommendations for the various components of perioperative care to aid with the development of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols.
Hinweise
An erratum to this article can be found at http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s13741-016-0034-3.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Dr. RG wrote the initial draft of the Expert Opinion. Dr. RS performed further research and edited the final draft. Both authors performed literature searches as it relates to the topic of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

Ruchir Gupta is a member of the organizational committee of the American Society for Enhanced Recovery, and Roy Soto is a member of the board of directors for the American Society for Enhanced Recovery. Both are also founding members of this organization.
Abkürzungen
ASER
American Society for Enhanced Recovery
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
PONV
postoperative nausea and vomiting

Main text

Parameter definition

Early ambulation, early feeding, and early return of bowel function are linked with quicker recovery, earlier discharge, and improved satisfaction. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common complication following abdominal surgical procedures with patient (young age, female sex, history of motion sickness), anesthetic (use of opioids and volatile anesthetics), and surgical (length of case, use of insufflation, manipulation of the bowel) factors contributing to its incidence and severity. Nausea and vomiting should be viewed as existing on a continuum, and sequelae and patient discomfort vary based on patient experience, surgical procedure, and recovery profile. Guidelines for its avoidance and treatment are based on evidence-based literature, expert opinion, and professional association recommendations [ASPAN’S evidence-based clinical practice opinion for the prevention and/or management of PONV/PDNV. J Perianesth Nurs 2006 [Gan et al. 2007] Gan et al. 2014. Gan et al. 2003.

Discussion

Prophylaxis of PONV is based on a number of risk factors [Apfel et al. 1999, presented here as modifiable and non-modifiable:
1.
Modifiable risk factors
a.
Use of volatile anesthetics
 
b.
Intraoperative use of opioids
 
c.
Surgical/anesthetic time
 
d.
Smoking (tobacco use decreases PONV risk)
 
 
2.
Non-modifiable risk factors Apfel et al. 2012a
a.
Female sex
 
b.
Young age (<50)
 
c.
History of PONV
 
d.
Surgical location (abdominal/pelvic, ENT, breast)
 
e.
Surgical technique (laparoscopic)
 
 
The number of medications/techniques used for prophylaxis is dictated by the numbers of risk factors present. Patients with ≤1 risk should be considered at low risk, and those with ≥3 should be considered at high risk [Apfel et al. 2012b]. Prophylaxis and treatment should rely on modification of anesthetic technique, if possible, and the use of medications that work at a variety of receptor sites allowing for full multimodal benefit. Non-pharmacologic techniques include ensuring appropriate analgesia and hydration, acupuncture/acupressure, and aromatherapy. Pharmacologic techniques include medications that work at different receptor sites:
1.
Serotonin antagonists (e.g., ondansetron)
 
2.
Dopamine antagonists (e.g., droperidol, metoclopramide)
 
3.
Anticholinergics (e.g., scopolamine)
 
4.
Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine)
 
5.
Steroids (e.g., dexamethasone)
 
6.
Others (e.g., trimethobenzamide)
 

Conclusion

ASER Expert Opinion

All patients should receive PONV prophylaxis during the perioperative period. The numbers of medications used for treatment and prophylaxis should be determined by the number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Medications used should represent different mechanisms of action in an attempt to achieve multimodal benefit Tramèr 2001.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to make no acknowledgements at this time.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

Dr. RG wrote the initial draft of the Expert Opinion. Dr. RS performed further research and edited the final draft. Both authors performed literature searches as it relates to the topic of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

Ruchir Gupta is a member of the organizational committee of the American Society for Enhanced Recovery, and Roy Soto is a member of the board of directors for the American Society for Enhanced Recovery. Both are also founding members of this organization.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:693–700.CrossRefPubMed Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:693–700.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gan TJ et al. Consensus opinions for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2014;118:85–113.CrossRefPubMed Gan TJ et al. Consensus opinions for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2014;118:85–113.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Apfel CC, Philip BK, Cakmakkaya OS, Shilling A, Shi YY, Leslie JB, et al. Who is at risk for postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery? Anesthesiology. 2012a;117:475–86.CrossRefPubMed Apfel CC, Philip BK, Cakmakkaya OS, Shilling A, Shi YY, Leslie JB, et al. Who is at risk for postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery? Anesthesiology. 2012a;117:475–86.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Apfel CC, Heidrich FM, Jukar-Rao S, Jalota L, Hornuss C, Whelan RP, et al. Evidence-based analysis of risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 2012b;109:742–53.CrossRefPubMed Apfel CC, Heidrich FM, Jukar-Rao S, Jalota L, Hornuss C, Whelan RP, et al. Evidence-based analysis of risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 2012b;109:742–53.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Tramèr MR. A rational approach to the control of postoperative nausea and vomiting: evidence from systematic reviews. Part I. Efficacy and harm of antiemetic interventions, and methodological issues. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:4–13.CrossRefPubMed Tramèr MR. A rational approach to the control of postoperative nausea and vomiting: evidence from systematic reviews. Part I. Efficacy and harm of antiemetic interventions, and methodological issues. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:4–13.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Eubanks S, et al. Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:62–712.CrossRefPubMed Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Eubanks S, et al. Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:62–712.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1615–283.CrossRefPubMed Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1615–283.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat ASPAN’S evidence-based clinical practice opinion for the prevention and/or management of PONV/PDNV. J Perianesth Nurs 2006;21:230–50 ASPAN’S evidence-based clinical practice opinion for the prevention and/or management of PONV/PDNV. J Perianesth Nurs 2006;21:230–50
Metadaten
Titel
Prophylaxis and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in enhanced recovery protocols: Expert Opinion statement from the American Society for Enhanced Recovery (ASER)
verfasst von
Ruchir Gupta
Roy Soto
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2016
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Perioperative Medicine / Ausgabe 1/2016
Elektronische ISSN: 2047-0525
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13741-016-0029-0

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