Propofol TCI or sevoflurane anesthesia without muscle relaxant for thoracoscopic thymectomy in myasthenia gravis patients: a prospective, observational study

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder induced by neurotransmission defects at the neuromuscular junction characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue [1]. Along with immunotherapies, thymectomy has been recommended as the standard treatment therapy for MG patients [2, 3].

General anesthesia in myasthenic patients requires careful perioperative management due to its unpredictable interaction with anesthetic agents, particularly nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) [4]. Residual paralysis risks precipitating a postoperative myasthenic crisis or respiratory failure, while excess reversal with anticholinesterases may lead to a cholinergic crisis [5]. Although sugammadex is a rapid reversal of rocuronium- or vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block [6‐10], unsuccessful cases using sugammadex to reverse rocuronium in patients with MG were reported [11, 12], and sugammadex was not always available in some circumstances. Therefore, anesthesia without muscle relaxation for surgery in MG patients have still been considered [13].

Sevoflurane is a potent inhaled agent with low blood solubility and less airway excitation. It is commonly used for anesthesia due to its easily adjustable effect concentration and rapidly eliminated at the end of surgery [14]. Meanwhile, propofol is a short-acting anesthetic that can be infused continuously or via target-controlled infusion (TCI) systems. The latter technique provides the estimated effective concentration of the drug in the brain or in plasma and automatically adjusts the infusion rate to achieve the desired concentration [15]. Both anesthetics could be advantageous for patients with MG.

Here, we investigate the effectiveness of propofol TCI and sevoflurane for general anesthesia maintenance without muscle relaxants in MG patients undergoing thoracoscopic thymectomy and document perioperative complications.

No significant differences were noted among the groups regarding the characteristics of patients (Table 1). The time to achieve intubation criteria was shorter in group P than in group S (Table 2). The most frequent grades of the Cormack and Lehane scale recorded during laryngoscopy were I and II. Intubation conditions were excellent in 41 of the 45 patients in group P and in 43 of the 45 patients in group S with a single attempt, and the remaining patients were successfully intubated on the second attempt after supplementing propofol. The duration of intubation, anesthesia, or surgery was similar in both groups (Table 2).

Propofol use for induction was 83.7 ± 4.6 mg in group P and 133.1 ± 24.5 mg in group S, with a p value < 0.001 (Fig. 1B). The Ce of propofol in group P and the EtSevoflurane in group S used for maintaining anesthesia was in the range of 2.5–4 µg.ml⁻¹ and 1–2 age-adjusted MAC, respectively (Fig. 1A). The sufentanil consumption was comparable among groups (Fig. 1C). The heart rate and arterial blood pressure significantly decreased during the induction period but returned to the normal range after intubation with minimal changes throughout the entire procedure (Fig. 2); bradycardia and hypotension were more frequent in group S than in group P (Table 2). This hemodynamic instability was controllable with atropine and/or ephedrine.

The same depth of anesthesia level (Fig. 3A, B) and the same baseline neuromuscular transmission were observed. Compared to the baseline value, the TOF ratios in both groups were significantly decreased after induction of anesthesia with a p value < 0.05. The TOF ratio in group P decreased by 6.8%, 7.2%, and 8.4% at 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min, respectively. Sevoflurane provided a higher level of muscle relaxants, with values in group S of 10.3%, 14.2%, and 14.3% (p < 0.01, compared between groups; Fig. 3C). A lower value in the difference between RE and SE was observed in group S than in group P (p < 0.05 at the maintenance of anesthesia time points; Fig. 3D). All the above parameters in both groups returned to baseline values at the end of surgery. Intraoperative unexpected movement was gentle and not effective for the surgical procedure (Table 2).

After finishing the surgery, the time to eye opening and self-awareness were statistically difference between group P and group S; however, these differences were not clinically significant, and the time to extubation was similar in both groups (Table 2). All patients were extubated in the operating room. The arterial blood gas (pH value, SaO₂, and PaCO₂; Fig. 4) and spirometry (slow vital capacity-SVC, forced vital capacity-FVC, forced expiratory volume in the first second-FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio; Fig. 5) results showed minimal change between each time point check but no significant difference between groups. No patients suffered from respiratory failure, myasthenia, cholinergic crisis or other major cardiovascular complications.

Our main findings indicate that both propofol TCI and sevoflurane provide effective and safe anesthesia for thoracoscopic thymectomy in MG patients without muscle relaxants. Maintaining anesthesia with sevoflurane achieved higher levels of muscular relaxation than with propofol TCI.

In recent years, the wide application of thoracoscopic and advanced anesthetic techniques for myasthenic patients has a good track record for safety [3]. Less invasive thymectomy approaches result in less intraoperative tissue damage, less intraoperative blood loss, a decreased inflammatory cytokine response, less anesthetic drug consumption, and less postoperative pain [18]. Thus facilitating a faster recovery of these patients. The advanced anesthetic delivery method and short-acting agents also help general anesthesia promote early recovery and minimize respiratory depression [19]. The anesthetic management of MG is individualized, taking into consideration the disease; its treatment; and the effects of surgery, anesthesia, and associated medications.

Induction with propofol and opioids can provide satisfactory conditions for tracheal intubation in MG without muscle relaxants [20]. In the present study, the intubation condition was good in all patients with propofol both via TCI and manual injection. Propofol displays rapid onset, short duration of action, and suppressed airway reflexes. After inducing anesthesia with propofol and sufentanil, patients quickly achieved the appropriate anesthesia level. Although the TOF ratio was approximately 90% at the time of intubation, most patients were successfully intubated after a single attempt. Using lidocaine spray to anesthetize the upper airway, the coughing reflex was also minimized [21]. Although hemodynamic changes were observed in both groups, the TCI technique seems to show less variable heart rate and blood pressure than the manual injection method. This can be explained by the difference in the dosage and infusion rate of propofol in the two methods. The adverse hemodynamic events were successfully treated with atropine and/or ephedrine. Total intravenous anesthesia for the management of myasthenics has also been reported with high freaquency hemodynamic instability in older patients [22].

We compared two techniques for maintaining anesthesia with propofol TCI and sevoflurane. These are the two most commonly used anesthetics with safe properties, ensuring deep anesthesia, fewer hemodynamic changes, and good quality of recovery. In this study, we used entropy to monitor the depth of anesthesia, and the drug concentrations were adjusted to achieve an appropriate anesthesia level [23, 24]. Meanwhile, propofol infused with computer-assisted TCI systems provides an optimal dose of anesthetic for individual patients, consequently maintaining a stable level of anesthesia. Sevoflurane was adjusted following the end-tidal concentration parameter. In terms of hypnosis, both techniques provide satisfactory anesthesia conditions with minimal hemodynamic changes and rapid recovery of consciousness. However, the results of this study showed that MG patients are more sensitive to sevoflurane than to propofol. In the maintenance of anesthesia, the TOF values of the sevoflurane group were significantly lower than those in the induction period and lower than the corresponding value of the propofol TCI group. The difference in muscular relaxation level was not only displayed in the TOF index but also in the difference between RE and SE values during maintenance. SE is derived from the isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG) signal representing brain activity, while RE is calculated based on the analysis of the power spectrum of the EEG signal and the interaction between different frequency components, including frontal electromyography [25]. Therefore, a lower value in the difference between RE and SE might present a higher level of facial muscular relaxation. A fade of the TOF ratio in myasthenic patients who underwent anesthesia with sevoflurane can also facilitate the surgeon’s work and guarantee the immobility of the patients during the operative procedure. Della Rocca G et al. investigated the perioperative conditions of general anesthesia without muscle relaxants, using either propofol or sevoflurane, for thymectomy in MG patients [21]. Although propofol was administered as a continuous infusion without monitoring the depth of anesthesia, they found that both techniques provided good intraoperative conditions and allowed for early extubation in the operating room after a trans-sternal procedure. In the present study, similar anesthetic agents were utilized in patients with comparable characteristics. However, these patients underwent laparoscopic thoracic surgery, which necessitated one-lung ventilation during the surgical procedure and an aggressive intraoperative movement may interrupt the procedure or even cause severe surgical complications. In addition, propofol was administered using the TCI method, and anesthesia maintenance was guided by state entropy parameters in all patients. Evidence from both studies suggests that anesthesia without muscle relaxants with propofol or sevoflurane is feasible for thymectomy in MG patients either undergoing trans-sternal or laparoscopic approaches.High concentrations of volatile anesthesia affect neuromuscular transmission, and these agents have been reported to provide dose-dependent neuromuscular relaxation in patients with MG. In our study, a significant decrease in T4/T1 at approximately 1–1.5 MAC sevoflurane was observed. Nitahara K et al. [26] found that the degree of reduction in the TOF index depends on the concentration; the baseline index of 81% was reduced to 64% at 1.7% sevoflurane and to 43% at 3.4% sevoflurane. However, 1.9 MAC of halothane and isoflurane had no inhibitory effects on T4/T1 in control patients [27]. Desflurane at 1–1.5 MAC resulted in a significant decrease in the TOF ratio compared with propofol in MG patients [28] and at 1.67 MAC in volunteers [29]. The potential mechanism of sevoflurane at high concentrations affects neuromuscular transmission by prolonging the refractory period and inhibiting synaptic acetylcholine mobilization and sensitization of the receptor [30]. The site of action is proposed to be both pre- and postsynaptic [31]. However, the cause of the gradual loss of muscle contraction responses after continuous stimulation (TOF) is due to an inhibitory effect on acetylcholine release at the presynaptic membrane. Therefore, sevoflurane was suggested to have a significant depressant action at presynaptic neuromuscular junctions.

In the emergence from anesthesia period, TOF ratios returned to the initial value, and there was no difference between the groups. The rapid elimination of propofol and the rapid kinetics (low blood-gas solubility coefficient) of sevoflurane allow rapid recovery of consciousness and early extubation [21]. In fact, extubation was performed in the operating room approximately 13 min after discontinuing anesthetic agents, without significant postoperative complications. Neither volatile nor intravenous anesthetics cause prolonged muscle relaxation in MG patients. The recovery time was similar in both groups, and the quality of recovery was good, as shown by a short time of self-awareness. Patients in both groups displayed adequate return of spontaneous breathing, airway reflexes, and muscle strength. Satisfactory postoperative pain relief facilitates respiratory function and prevents postoperative complications related to MG, such as myasthenic crisis or cholinergic crisis [32]. Our results reveal a stable pH value and PaCO₂ during the 3-day postoperative period; no hypoxemia or respiratory failure cases were observed at that time. Chevalley C et al. [33] found that postoperative artificial ventilation incidence is four times higher in patients with MG than in those without MG when giving balanced anesthesia, and that figure was fourteen times when using muscle relaxants. The advantages of early recovery might increase the treatment effectiveness of MG and reduce the length of hospital stay [34].

The main limitations of the present study are that it was conducted at a single center and included patients with MGFA classification I or II with initial symptoms of the disease. There is no evidence to draw conclusions about the effect of anesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane on MG patients with MGFA classification III or higher. We knew that the need for postoperative ventilation is dependent on the operation and the preoperative clinical extent of the MG with risk factors including disease duration longer than 6 years, comorbid respiratory diseases, a low vital capacity (< 50%) [35], and transsternal thymectomy [36]. Hence, from an anesthesia aspect, avoiding neuromuscular blocking drugs when possible, using short-acting anesthetics under guidance of anesthesia level monitoring and adequate postoperative pain control are suggested to improve the clinical outcomes of MG patients with surgical treatment.

The results of this study might suggest a general anesthetic technique using propofol via TCI system for induction and sevoflurane for maintenance without muscle relaxants for MG patients undergoing other surgery rather than thoracoscopic thymectomy.

In conclusion, we can confirm that anesthesia with propofol TCI or sevoflurane without muscle relaxants in myasthenic patients offered good intra- and postoperative conditions for thoracoscopic thymectomy. Sevoflurane achieved higher levels of muscle relaxation than propofol TCI for the maintenance of anesthesia. Postoperative neuromuscular function was not affected by these anesthetics.