Background
Methods
Ethical approval
Sample and procedure
Measures
Anxiety symptoms
HRQoL
Sociodemographics and negative life events
Anxiety level scoring
Statistical analysis
Results
HRQoL and high anxiety level | HRQoL and medium anxiety level | HRQoL and low anxiety level | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % |
M (SD) | N | % |
M (SD) | N | % |
M (SD) | |
Overall anxiety | |||||||||
Total (N = 1719) | 115 | 7.1 |
56.4 (10.5) | 161 | 9.9 |
62.8 (9.2) | 1355 | 83.1 |
75.4 (9.0) |
Gender | |||||||||
Girls | 91 | 10.4 |
55.8 (11.5) | 120 | 13.8 |
62.1 (9.1) | 655 | 75.6 |
73.3 (9.4) |
Boys | 24 | 3.4 |
58.8 (9.6) | 41 | 5.5 |
64.7 (9.3) | 705 | 91.2 |
77.3 (8.2) |
Age | |||||||||
12–13 | 40 | 6.2 |
59.7 (11.3) | 55 | 8.6 |
64.1 (9.4) | 547 | 85.2 |
78.7 (9.4) |
14 | 39 | 7.1 |
55.4 (10.5) | 62 | 11.3 |
62.4 (10.1) | 447 | 81.6 |
76.9 (10.7) |
15–17 | 40 | 8.4 |
50.8 (10.8) | 47 | 9.8 |
61.2 (8.7) | 393 | 81.8 |
74.8 (10.4) |
Perceived family economy | |||||||||
Normal | 76 | 6.2 |
57.5 (10.5) | 113 | 8.9 |
62.3 (8.9) | 1063 | 84.8 |
75.4 (8.9) |
Higher | 20 | 6.7 |
58.8 (9.5) | 33 | 11.4 |
66.6 (9.5) | 242 | 81.9 |
76.7 (8.6) |
Lower | 17 | 21.0 |
47.8 (8.7) | 15 | 18.5 |
57.8 (7.4) | 48 | 60.5 |
67.6 (10.0) |
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Norwegian | 109 | 7.1 |
56.2 (10.3) | 149 | 9.5 |
62.9 (9.1) | 1295 | 80.4 |
75.4 (9.0) |
Western immi | 3 | 6.8 |
59.2 (7.2) | 3 | 9.1 |
62.8 (11.8) | 33 | 84.1 |
73.6 (9.7) |
Non-western immi | 2 | 9.3 |
72.1 (10.0) | 7 | 21.9 |
62.3 (4.5) | 21 | 68.8 |
76.2 (8.7) |
Negative life events | |||||||||
No | 30 | 3.1 |
61.9 (7.9) | 60 | 6.2 |
67.1 (9.4) | 883 | 90.7 |
76.6 (8.2) |
Reported | 81 | 12.9 |
54.4 (10.7) | 98 | 15.7 |
60.1 (8.0) | 445 | 71.3 |
72.8 (9.8) |
Anxiety domains | |||||||||
OCD | 78 | 4.8 |
58.5 (10.7) | 113 | 6.9 |
64.2 (10.8) | 1440 | 88.2 |
74.3 (9.9) |
Social | 142 | 8.7 |
59.5 (11.4) | 149 | 9.1 |
65.9 (9.6) | 1340 | 82.2 |
74.9 (9.5) |
Panic/agora | 150 | 9.2 |
58.1 (10.4) | 214 | 13.1 |
66.2 (9.5) | 1267 | 77.7 |
75.7 (9.1) |
Separation | 72 | 4.4 |
60.1 (11.6) | 125 | 7.7 |
65.8 (10.7) | 1434 | 87.9 |
74.0 (10.2) |
Physical/inj | 154 | 9.4 |
65.6 (12.6) | 276 | 16.9 |
68.4 (10.5) | 1201 | 73.6 |
74.8 (9.9) |
GAD | 267 | 16.3 |
61.1 (10.7) | 225 | 13.8 |
69.4 (8.9) | 1139 | 69.8 |
76.2 (8.9) |
Total HRQoL | Physical HRQoL | Emotional HRQoL | Self-esteem HRQoL | Family HRQoL | Friends HRQoL | School HRQoL | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M/SD |
M/SD |
M/SD |
M/SD |
M/SD |
M/SD |
M/SD | |||||||||||||||
Low | Med | High | Low | Med | High | Low | Med | High | Low | Med | High | Low | Med | High | Low | Med | High | Low | Med | High | |
OCD |
74.2
|
64.2
|
58.5
|
75.6
|
64.2
|
55.5
|
80.8
|
65.4
|
56.4
|
65.5
|
54.2
|
48.1
|
84.1
|
76.7
|
69.9
|
77.6
|
67.9
|
62.9
|
61.4
|
56.7
|
58.0
|
9.9 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 14.8 | 15.7 | 18.2 | 12.9 | 17.3 | 15.8 | 18.2 | 18.8 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 15.2 | 16.9 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | |
Social |
74.9
|
65.9
|
59.5
|
76.4
|
65.8
|
58.5
|
81.8
|
69.6
|
58.1
|
66.5
|
55.0
|
48.0
|
84.4
|
78.3
|
73.7
|
78.6
|
68.9
|
62.1
|
61.8
|
57.4
|
56.0
|
9.5 | 9.6 | 11.4 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 17.5 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 17.9 | 17.9 | 17.8 | 18.1 | 13.6 | 14.7 | 16.3 | 12.9 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 9.2 | 8.2 | 9.1 | |
Panic/Agora |
75.7
|
66.2
|
58.1
|
77.6
|
64.8
|
55.1
|
82.6
|
69.9
|
56.9
|
67.3
|
56.6
|
44.8
|
85.1
|
77.5
|
71.9
|
78.8
|
69.3
|
64.6
|
61.9
|
58.6
|
55.8
|
9.1 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 13.8 | 14.3 | 16.3 | 11.4 | 14.9 | 16.4 | 17.5 | 16.9 | 17.6 | 12.9 | 15.2 | 17.7 | 13.0 | 14.3 | 15.9 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 8.6 | |
Separation |
74.0
|
65.8
|
60.1
|
75.5
|
64.8
|
57.2
|
80.4
|
69.2
|
57.1
|
65.1
|
56.9
|
51.4
|
83.7
|
77.7
|
75.6
|
77.6
|
68.8
|
63.4
|
61.4
|
57.4
|
56.4
|
10.2 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 16.8 | 13.3 | 17.2 | 16.2 | 18.5 | 17.9 | 20.3 | 14.1 | 14.9 | 15.7 | 13.6 | 15.8 | 16.2 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 9.1 | |
Physical/Inj |
74.8
|
68.3
|
65.6
|
76.7
|
66.9
|
64.1
|
81.0
|
72.7
|
69.9
|
65.8
|
59.7
|
55.5
|
84.4
|
79.0
|
77.9
|
77.9
|
72.6
|
69.7
|
61.9
|
59.1
|
56.4
|
9.9 | 10.5 | 12.6 | 14.7 | 15.2 | 18.5 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 18.5 | 19.8 | 13.3 | 15.6 | 17.6 | 13.8 | 14.1 | 16.0 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 9.1 | |
GAD |
76.2
|
69.4
|
61.1
|
78.4
|
68.8
|
58.8
|
83.4
|
75.3
|
60.6
|
68.6
|
57.6
|
48.8
|
85.1
|
81.0
|
74.9
|
79.2
|
73.7
|
66.1
|
62
|
59.5
|
57.3
|
8.9 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 16.2 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 16.6 | 17.3 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 14.4 | 13.2 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 8.9 | |
Overall anxiety |
75.4
|
62.8
|
56.4
|
77.1
|
61.8
|
52.9
|
82.5
|
66.8
|
52.4
|
66.8
|
52.4
|
44.5
|
84.8
|
75.7
|
82.9
|
78.8
|
66.0
|
60.6
|
61.8
|
56.9
|
56.2
|
9.1 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 13.9 | 14.3 | 16.5 | 11.1 | 17.5 | 15.8 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 17.2 | 13.3 | 14.8 | 14.4 | 12.8 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.9 | |
Effect size |
1.37
|
1.93
|
1.08
|
1.59
|
1.07
|
2.20
|
0.82
|
1.29
|
0.65
|
0.14
|
0.93
|
1.29
|
0.54
|
0.62
| |||||||
ANOVA | F(21,630) = 334.6* | F(21,654) = 223.4* | F(21,653) = 471.7* | F(21,654) = 125.3* | F(21,651) = 76.1* | F(21,636) = 157.1* | F(21,652) = 36.9* |
Multivariate correlates of children’s mental health difficulties
Predictor variables |
B
|
SE B
|
β
| R2
| ΔF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 Background and negative life events
|
0.23
*
|
67.9
*
| |||
Gender | |||||
Female | Ref. | ||||
Male | 33.3 | 2.9 | 0.26* | ||
Age (12–17) | −9.9 | 1.7 | −0.13* | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
Norwegian | Ref. | ||||
Western immigrant | 2.2 | 9.3 | 0.01 | ||
Non-Western immigrant | 11.7 | 10.7 | 0.02 | ||
Perceived family economy | |||||
Like most families | Ref. | ||||
Better than most families | 5.1 | 3.8 | 0.03 | ||
Lower than most families | −49.3 | 6.7 | −0.16* | ||
Reported negative life events | −39.2 | 2.9 | −0.29* | ||
Step 2; Medium anxiety level (analysis 1)
|
0.31
*
|
52.9
*
| |||
Gender | |||||
Female | Ref. | ||||
Male | 28.1 | 5.6 | 0.22* | ||
Age (12–17) | −9.9 | 1.6 | −0.13* | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
Norwegian | Ref. | ||||
Western immigrant | −1.5 | 8.8 | 0.00 | ||
Non-Western immigrant | 12.2 | 10.2 | 0.03 | ||
Perceived family economy | |||||
Like most families | Ref. | ||||
Better than most families | 6.8 | 3.6 | 0.04 | ||
Lower than most families | −44.9 | 6.4 | −0.15* | ||
Reported negative life events | −32.8 | 2.9 | −0.25* | ||
Obsessive compulsive, medium anxiety symptoms | −25.7 | 5.6 | −0.09* | ||
Social phobia, medium anxiety symptoms | −22.7 | 4.9 | −0.10* | ||
Panic/agora fear, medium anxiety symptoms | −20.7 | 4.3 | −0.10* | ||
Separation anxiety, medium anxiety symptoms | −24.8 | 5.3 | −0.10* | ||
Physical injury fear, medium anxiety symptoms | −15.9 | 3.7 | −0.09* | ||
Generalised anxiety, medium anxiety symptoms | −5.6 | 4.2 | −0.03 | ||
Step 2; High anxiety level (analysis 2)
|
0.39
*
|
80.2
*
| |||
Gender | |||||
Female | Ref. | ||||
Male | 18.9 | 2.8 | 0.15* | ||
Age (12–17) | −7.6 | 1.5 | −0.10* | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
Norwegian | Ref. | ||||
Western immigrant | −0.5 | 8.3 | 0.00 | ||
Non-Western immigrant | 14.6 | 9.6 | 0.03 | ||
Perceived family economy | |||||
Like most families | Ref. | ||||
Better than most families | 8.1 | 3.3 | 0.05* | ||
Lower than most families | −33.6 | 6.0 | −0.11* | ||
Reported negative life events | −25.9 | 2.7 | −0.19* | ||
Obsessive compulsive, high anxiety symptoms | −24.7 | 6.6 | −0.08* | ||
Social phobia, high anxiety symptoms | −33.8 | 5.3 | −0.14* | ||
Panic/agora fear, high anxiety symptoms | −35.4 | 5.4 | −0.16* | ||
Separation anxiety, high anxiety symptoms | −9.9 | 6.9 | −0.03 | ||
Physical injury fear, high anxiety symptoms | −11.4 | 4.6 | −0.05* | ||
Generalised anxiety, high anxiety symptoms | −30.4 | 4.5 | −0.17* |