Introduction
Name of the theory | Statements of the theory |
---|---|
Mechanical displacement (by Costen) | Lack of support in lateral teeth or functional occlusal premature contacts lead to direct eccentric positioning of the condyle in the glenoid fossa; this leads to pain, ear symptoms, adverse muscle activity and TMD |
Trauma theory (by Zack and Speck) | The principal factor of TMD is micro-/macro-trauma; trauma can cause structural alternation to the muscles or directly to the joint structures |
Biomedical (by Reade) | Disorder is initiated by trauma; specific factors (malocclusion, parafunctions, occupational activities) cause the progression of the symptoms |
Osteoarthric (by Stegenga) | Osteoarthrosis is a main cause of TMD; muscular symptoms and systemic diseases are secondary to TMJ pathology |
Muscle (by Travell and Rinzler) | Masticatory muscles are the primary etiologic factor to TMD; myalgia (caused by chronic myospasm) is secondary to parafunctions and can refer pain to TMJ |
Neuromuscular (by Ramfjord) | Occlusal problems cause TMDs, the loss of occlusal equilibrium leads to the incoordination of muscles and spasms |
Psychophysiological (by Schwartz and Laskin) | TMD occurs outside of the physical factors; psychosocial factors play a crucial role in TMD pathogenesis – the main factor of hypertension and overcontraction of the muscle is due to the parafunctions performed to relieve stress |
Psychosocial theory (by Dworkin) | Emotional disturbances induce hyperactivity of the muscles and lead to parafunctional habits and occlusal anomalies; the muscle contractivity is accentuated with teeth clenching, and repeatability leads to pain |
Review
Materials and methods
Conservative treatment
Therapeutic exercises
Occlusal splint therapy
Type of occlusal appliances | Activity | Recommendations |
---|---|---|
Reflex appliances e.g., Interceptor, Anterior Plateau, NTI-tss | Prevent habitual tooth contact and thus prevent gnashing and clenching temporarily, which positively influences the resultant tooth and muscle complaints. | Indicated for acute symptoms that can be attributed to an overloading of the involved tissue (short-term appliances). |
Stabilization appliances e.g., Michigan type splint | Create ideal occlusion, synchronous tooth contact in a centric condyle position in static occlusion and an anterior tooth position with disclusion in the lateral teeth region in dynamic occlusion. | Can be used on a short-term and long-term basis, for acute or chronic symptoms and also in psychological and physiological overloading reactions. |
Repositioning appliances e.g., Anterior repositioning splint, Farrar type splint, Gelb type splint | The temporomandibular joint or joints is/are set in a therapeutic position by the splint to support healing and to maintain a symptom-free joint posture. | Used for the treatment of temporomandibular joint diseases such as anterior disc displacement with and without reduction, temporomandibular joint compression, retral displacement of the condyle and osteoarthritis. Can be used as a short-term or long-term therapy. |
Massage therapy
Type of movement in massage procedure | Manner of performing | Result |
---|---|---|
Effleurage, Kneading | Soothing, stroking, circular movements of skin and underlying tissues (performed at the end or beginning of therapeutic session) | Warming up the muscles, providing blood and lymph flow, increasing blood level in the massaged tissues (improved blood flow in small vessels) |
Friction | Pressure of fingertips in trigger points therapy; the pressure is increased in particular, sensitive points until the release | Remodeling tissues locally (reconstruction of muscular microstructure); effective in short-term pain relief (activates pain-gate mechanism) |
Stretching (“petrissage”) | Rolling of the muscles | Increasing the range of movement and pain relief, decreasing muscle contraction |
Manual therapy
Other physiotherapeutic techniques
Pharmacotherapy and minimally invasive and invasive procedures
Oral and injectable pharmacotherapy
Acupuncture
Drug therapy and alternatives in rheumatoid disorders
Surgical procedures
Conclusions
Type of the disease entity acc. ICD-10a
| Treatment modalities | Type and year of the selected confirming article | Authors |
---|---|---|---|
Pain disorders: | |||
1. Myalgia, Myofascial pain (M79.1) | Counselling; Occlusal splint therapy; Massage; Manual therapy; Other physiotherapeutic techniques; Oral and injectable drug therapy | Review (1994) | Ramfjord et al. [34] |
Original (2004) | Magnusson et al. [35] | ||
Original (2009) | Hamata et al. [32] | ||
2. Arthralgia (M26.62) | Review (2012) | Miernik et al. [26] | |
3. Headache attributed to TMD (G44.89) | Original (2003) | Hilbert et al. [46] | |
Review (2007) | Smith [44] | ||
4. Tension-type headache (G44.2) | Review (2010) | Cairns [65] | |
Original (2008) | Guarda-Nardini et al. [71] | ||
Joint disorders: | |||
1. Disc displacement (M26.63) | Counselling; Therapeutic exercises; Occlusal splint therapy; Massage; Manual therapy; Other physiotherapeutic techniques; Oral and injectable drug therapy; Minimally invasive and invasive surgical procedures | Original (2013) | Bae et al. [30] |
Review (1994) | Ramfjord et al. [34] | ||
2. Degenerative joint disease (M19.91) | Original (2004) | Magnusson et al. [35] | |
3. Subluxation (S03.0XXA) | Original (2009) | Hamata et al. [32] | |
4. Derangement of TMJ (K07.6) | Review (2012) | Miernik et al. [26] | |
5. Arthritis of TMJ (K07.6) | Original (2003) | Hilbert et al. [46] | |
6. Injuries of TMJ (S03.0-dislocation; S01.4-open wound; S02.6-fracture) | Review (2007) | Smith [44] | |
Original (1996) | Schiffman et al. [63] | ||
Review (2010) | Cairns [65] | ||
Original (2007) | Gunson et al. [67] | ||
Original (2013) | Emara et al. [70] | ||
Original (2014) | Vos et al. [87] | ||
Original (2013) | Sidebottom et al. [93] | ||
Bruxism: | |||
1. Psychogenic (F45.8) | Counselling; Psychotherapy; Occlusal splint therapy; Massage; Other physiotherapeutic techniques; Oral and injectable drug therapy | Review (1994) | Ramfjord et al. [34] |
Original (2004) | Magnusson et al. [35] | ||
2. Sleep related (G47.63) | Original (2009) | Hamata et al. [32] | |
Review (2012) | Miernik et al. [26] | ||
Original (2003) | Hilbert et al. [46] | ||
Review (2006) | Medlicott et al. [51] | ||
Review (2010) | Cairns [65] | ||
Original (2008) | Guarda-Nardini et al. [71] | ||
Excessive attrition of teeth (K03.0) | Counselling; Occlusal splint therapy; Prosthodontic rehabilitation | Review (1994) | Ramfjord et al. [34] |
Original (2004) | Magnusson et al. [35] | ||
Review (2011) | Johansson et al. [37] | ||
Anomalies of dental arch relationship (K07.2); Dentofacial anomalies (K07.0; K07.1); Unilateral condylar hyperplasia or hypoplasia (K10.8) | Counselling; Occlusal splint therapy; Prosthodontic rehabilitation; Orthodontic therapy; Invasive surgical procedures | Review (1994) | Ramfjord et al. [34] |
Original (2004) | Magnusson et al. [35] | ||
Review (2011) | Johansson et al. [37] | ||
Original (1997) | Gerbino et al. [94] | ||
Original (2013) | Abrahamsson et al. [95] |