Introduction
The incidence of ischemic cerebrovascular strokes and transient ischemic attacks was about 5.0 per 1000 person per year [1]. The recurrence rate of ischemic stroke was reported to be 40% after 5 years of follow-up [2]. In other studies, the frequency of prior ischemic stroke in patients with acute ischemic stroke is about 11–25%. [3‐7]
Aspirin is the cornerstone of secondary stroke prevention [8]. It can cause a reduction in ischemic stroke of about 25% in high-risk patients [9]. Many situations are associated with the discontinuation of aspirin: before surgical interventions, hemorrhagic disorders, interactions with other drugs, the patient’s negligence, dementia, and drug intolerance. Because of the extended use of aspirin and the urge of its stopping for the above mentioned reasons, the occurrence of a prothrombotic effect after the discontinuation of aspirin therapy may play an important role in recurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular disease [1].
Anzeige
The rate of ischemic stroke after stop of aspirin has not been clearly studied [10]. Discontinuation of aspirin agents is a risk factor for stroke; however, it is underestimated by most physicians [11].
The cause of the increased rate of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) after stopping aspirin is a rebound prothrombotic effect, recurrence can occur 8–21 days after stopping aspirin use [11]. Stopping aspirin can result in a rebound effect involving platelet formation and aggregation [1].
The aim of this work was to study the effect of aspirin discontinuation in recurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular stroke.
Patients and methods
This is a descriptive case–control study, including 104 patients with recurrent ischemic stroke admitted to the inpatient neurology department of Suez Canal University Hospital, Egypt, and 104 controls that have a single old stroke attack that matched for age and sex. Both sexes were included with age over 18 years. We excluded patients with hemorrhagic stroke, a cardiac cause of stroke, and a history of cancer and patients who use of another antiplatelet or anticoagulant.
Anzeige
The following information was collected: full neurological history, history of current aspirin (75–300 mg/day) discontinuation including cause of discontinuation (switch to other antiplatelet, noncompliance, side effects, over the counter use), time of discontinuation in days (0–7 8–30, 31–180, and > 181), history of other drug discontinuation, and history of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Full neurological examination was done including assessment of stroke severity on admission by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) according to the scale; strokes were classified to mild, moderate, and moderate to severe [12]. Risk factors for ischemic stroke were evaluated by stroke chart [13] (Table 1).
Table 1
Chart for Risk Factors of Ischemic Stroke
Risk Factors | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking | Never smoked | Quit after smoking for less than 5 years | Current smoker less than 20/day | Current smoker more than 20/day | |
Exercise | 1 h strenuous activity at least 3 times per week | Very active once or twice a week | Moderately active once or twice a week | Very little physical activity | |
Diabetes | None known | N/a | Family history | Diabetic | |
Blood pressure | Normal | Mild high blood pressure | Moderate high blood pressure | Severe high blood pressure | |
Age | 0–44 | 45–64 | 65–74 | 75 + | |
Alcohol (male) | 0–4 standard drinks/week | Up to 4 drinks/day | More than 4 drinks a day 2 or more days a week | More than 6 drinks, 4 or more days a week | |
Alcohol (female) | 0–2 standard drinks a week | Up to 2 drinks a day | More than two drinks a day, 2 or more days a week | More than 4 drinks, 4 or more days a week | |
Weight | About average for height | Slightly overweight | Moderately overweight | Obese | |
Family history | No strokes known | A relative has had a stroke | A relative has had a stroke while younger than 65 | Several relatives have suffered from stroke | |
Cholesterol | Below average | Average | Moderately raised | Severely raised |
Investigations included brain CT (Siemens, Balance Somatom, single-slice instrument, Germany) or brain MRI (1.5 Tesla MR Imager, Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) for all patients, and the site of infarction was classified according to the Oxford classification (total anterior circulation, partial anterior circulation, lacunar infarction, and posterior circulation).
Statistical analysis
Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0. (Armonk, NY, IBM Corp). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Shapiro, and D’agstino tests were used to verify the normality of distribution of variables. Comparisons between groups for categorical variables were assessed using chi-square test. Student t test was used to compare two groups for normally distributed quantitative variables. Regression was used to detect the most independent/affecting factor for recurrence cases. Results were considered significant at an alpha level of 5%.
Ethical considerations
An informed written consent was taken from each patient or family. All data or investigations obtained from every patient were confidential and were not used outside the study. All the cost of the investigations was afforded by the researcher. Participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without giving any reason and will be excluded from the study.
The study was approved from the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, on July 18, 2017 (Research# 3141).
Results
This study included 104 patients with recurrent ischemic stroke and 104 as control. In patients, males represent 65 (62.5%), and females 39 (37.5%) while in controls, males represent 64 (61.5%), and females 40 (38.5%). The mean age for patients was 64.2 ± 7.9 and for control was 64.3 ± 7.3; no significant statistical difference between both groups was found regarding sex and age. Risk factors of stroke showed no significant statistical difference between both groups (Table 2).
Table 2
Demographic data and Risk factors of stroke in cases and control
Cases (n = 104) | Control (n = 104) | Test of sig. | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 65 (62.5%) | 64 (61.5%) | χ2 = 0.020 | 0.886 |
Female | 39 (37.5%) | 40 (38.5%) | ||
Age (years) | 64.2 ± 7.9 | 64.3 ± 7.3 | t = 0.037 | 0.971 |
Smoking | 59 (56.7%) | 59 (56.7%) | χ2 = 0.0 | 1.000 |
Hypertension | 8 (7.7%) | 9 (8.7%) | χ2 = 0.064 | 0.800 |
Diabetes mellitus | 16 (15.4%) | 17 (16.3%) | χ2 = 0.036 | 0.849 |
Statin discontinuation | 23 (22.1%) | 23 (22.1%) | χ2 = 0.0 | 1.000 |
Risk factors of stroke | ||||
Very low risk | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | χ2 = 0.035 | 0.983 |
Moderate risk | 43 (41.3%) | 42 (40.4%) | ||
High risk | 40 (38.5%) | 40 (38.5%) | ||
Very high risk | 21 (20.2%) | 22 (21.2%) | ||
According to aspirin discontinuation, 51% of patients discontinue aspirin compared to 28.8% of the control group with significant statistical difference between both groups. Cause of discontinuation showed no significant difference between both groups. According to time of discontinuation, no patients develop stroke when aspirin stopped for 0–7 days and nearly half of the patients (25/53) discontinue aspirin for 8–30 days before stroke with significant statistical difference between both groups (Table 3). Other drug discontinuation showed no significant difference between both groups; however, there was a significant difference between both groups according to history of NSAID use (Table 3).
Table 3
Comparison between the two studied groups according to aspirin use
Cases (n = 104) | Control (n = 104) | Test of sig. | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Aspirin Discontinuation | 53 (51.0%) | 30 (28.8%) | χ2 = 9.100* | 0.003* |
Cause of discontinuation | ||||
Switch to other antiplatelet | 9 (8.7%) | 5 (4.8%) | χ2 = 0.006 | 0.997 |
Non compliance | 32 (30.8%) | 18 (17.3%) | ||
Side effects | 12 (11.5%) | 7 (6.7%) | ||
Over the counter use | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Time of discontinuation (days) | ||||
0–7 | 0 (0%) | 6 (5.8%) | χ2 = 16.249* | < 0.001* |
8–30 | 25 (24%) | 18 (17.3%) | ||
31–180 | 13 (12.5%) | 4 (3.8%) | ||
> 181 | 15 (14.4%) | 2 (1.9%) | ||
Other drug discontinuation | ||||
No | 77 (74%) | 66 (63.5%) | χ2 = 3.156 | 0.237 |
Statins | 25 (24%) | 33 (31.7%) | ||
Antihypertensives | 2 (1.9%) | 5 (4.8%) | ||
History of NSAID use | 2 (1.9%) | 13 (12.5%) | χ2 = 8.694* | 0.003* |
Table 4 shows the relation between time of discontinuation and risk factors of stroke. very high-risk patients were associated with stroke in 8–30 days of discontinuation, high-risk patients were associated with stroke in 181–365 days of discontinuation while moderate-risk patients were associated with stroke in 31–180 days of discontinuation with significant statistical difference. In contrast, in the control, no significant difference exists between time of discontinuation and risk factors of stroke.
Table 4
Comparison of time of aspirin discontinuation and different grades of risk factors score in both groups
Risk factors of stroke | Time of discontinuation (days) | χ2 | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–7 | 8–30 | 31–180 | 181–365 | |||
Cases |
(n = 0)
|
(n = 25)
|
(n = 13)
|
(n = 15)
| ||
Moderate risk | – | 4 (16%) | 7 (53.8%) | 0 (0%) | 19.110* | 0.001* |
High risk | – | 10 (40%) | 2 (15.4%) | 13 (86.7%) | ||
Very high risk | – | 11 (44%) | 4 (30.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | ||
Control |
(n = 6)
|
(n = 18)
|
(n = 4)
|
(n = 2)
| ||
Moderate risk | 3 (50%) | 4 (22.2%) | 3 (75%) | 0 (0%) | 6.254 | 0.389 |
High risk | 2 (33.3%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | ||
Very high risk | 1 (16.7%) | 6 (33.3%) | 1 (25%) | 1 (50%) | ||
Anzeige
According to NIHSS score in patients, minor stroke was present in 19 (18.3%), moderate stroke in 52 (50.0%), and moderate to severe stroke in 33 (31.7%). In patients who discontinue aspirin (53), minor stroke was present in 11 (20.8%), moderate stroke in 17 (32.1%), and moderate to severe stroke in 25 (47.2%).
The Oxford classification of the site of stroke showed that in patients, the total anterior circulation infarct was present in 17 (16.3%), partial anterior circulation infarct in 45 (43.3%), lacunar infarct in 32 (30.8%), and posterior circulation infarct in 10 (9.6%) and in control 19 (18.3%) 41 (39.4%), 34 (32.7%), and 10 (9.6%), respectively, with no significant difference existing between both groups.
In patients who discontinue aspirin (53), total anterior circulation infarct was present in 13 (24.5%), partial anterior circulation in 8 (15.1%), lacunar infarct in 22 (41.5%), and posterior circulation in 10 (18.9%).
Table 5 showed the multivariate analysis logistic regression to detect the most independent/ affecting factor for recurrence cases, only aspirin discontinuation and history of NSAID use was significantly associated with stroke recurrence.
Table 5
Univariate and multivariate analysis to detect the most independent/ affecting factor for recurrence cases
Univariate | #Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%C.I) | p | OR (95%C.I) | p | |
Sex (female) | 0.960 (0.548–1.681) | 0.886 | – | – |
Age (years) | 0.999 (0.964–1.036) | 0.971 | – | – |
Smoking | 1.000 (0.578–1.731) | 1.000 | – | – |
Hypertension | 0.880 (0.326–2.376) | 0.800 | – | – |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.930 (0.442–1.958) | 0.849 | – | – |
Statin discontinuation | 1.000 (0.519–1.925) | 1.000 | – | – |
Aspirin Discontinuation | 2.563 (1.446–4.544) | 0.001* | 2.331 (1.303–4.171) | 0.004* |
History of NSAID use | 0.137 (0.030–0.625) | 0.010* | 0.168 (0.036–0.777) | 0.022* |
Anzeige
Discussion
We found that 53 (51%) of recurrent stroke patients discontinue aspirin compared to 30 (28.8%) of the control group with significant statistical difference between both groups. Among patients who stopped aspirin, we found that no stroke occurs when aspirin stopped for 0–7 days, 25 (48%) in period of 8–30 days, 13 (24%) in period of 31–180 days and 15 (28%) in period of > 181 days.
This agrees with Maulaz and colleagues [11] who claimed that the stroke can occur 8–21 days after stopping aspirin use and withholding aspirin for 5–7 days is risk-free. Also, Sibon and Orgogozo [14] mentioned that 4.49% of strokes were related to a recent aspirin discontinuation, but all cases developed between 6 and 10 days after discontinuation (p < 0.0001). Also, Weimar and colleagues [15] reported that stroke was associated with absolute excess risk of 0.77% within 30 days after discontinuation of aspirine + extended-release dipyridamole.
On other hand, Rodriguez and colleagues [1] reported that 10.0% of patients had discontinued recently (31–180 days), and 4.3% had discontinued in the past (181–365 days) and that the risk was higher in patients who had stopped use 1 to 15 days before the event.
These findings can be explained by rebound effect after aspirin withdrawal [16]. The cause of the increased rate of stroke after stop aspirin is a rebound prothrombotic effect [11]. Halting of aspirin results in a rebound effect involving platelet formation and aggregation, thus the increase in events immediately after aspirin is discontinued [1]. Stimulatory effect on platelet basal production of arachidonic acid metabolites occurs when measured 3 weeks after stopping aspirin therapy and suggested the induction of a new platelet population with higher cyclooxygenase activity [17].
Anzeige
We found no significant difference between both groups in relation to stopping statins or antihypertensives; however, there was significant statistical difference between both groups according to history of NSAID use, as 13 (12.5%) of control were found to use NSAIDs; on other hand, only 2 (1.9%) of patients use it, which may suggest a protective role of NSAIDs.
Support this finding Rodriguez and colleagues [1], who mentioned that there was no observed increase in the risk of stroke/TIA among the subgroup of patients who concomitantly took aspirin and non-cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), despite a possible interference of NSAIDs with aspirin’s antiplatelet activity.
We found that non-compliance was the major cause of discontinuation in our patients which occur in 32 patients out of 53 patients who stop aspirin. This comes in accordance with Rodriguez and colleagues [1] who claimed that patient nonadherence was the major cause for discontinuation of aspirin therapy which in turn leads to increased stroke risk. On the other hand, Maulaz and colleagues [11] mentioned that the main reasons for stop aspirin were surgery, decision of the treating physician’s that therapy had no clear clinical benefit, bleeding, negligence, and dementia.
We found that patients who stop aspirin for 8–30 days were associated with a very high-risk score, patients who stop aspirin for 31–180 days were associated with a moderate-risk score, and patients who stop aspirin for 181–365 days were associated with a high-risk score with significant statistical difference. Maulaz and colleagues [11] reported that discontinuation of aspirin is a significant risk factor for a cerebral stroke in the 4 weeks after aspirin discontinuation and the mean interval between treatment withdrawal and stroke was 9.5 days. Recent discontinuers (31–180) had a significant greater risk (40%) for ischemic stroke, and past discontinuers (> 180) had a non-significant greater risk (25%) [1].
In our patients, 50% (N = 52/104) showed a moderate NIHSS score. In patients who discontinue aspirin, 47.2% (N = 25/53) showed severe NIH score. These findings indicate that more sever stroke may follow aspirin discontinuation and no previous data to our knowledge deal with this point.
The Oxford classification showed that partial anterior circulation infarct was present in 45 (43.3%) of patients and 41 (39.4%) in the control group. This comes in accordance with Mead and colleagues [18], who found that partial anterior circulation infarcts were present in 34% of stroke patients. Also, Bamford and colleagues [19] reported that partial anterior circulation infarcts were associated with the highest risk of early (within 3 months) recurrence of stroke. The suspected embolic origin of partial anterior circulation and our exclusion of cardiac cause may refer to undiagnosed cardiac patients as paroxysmal AF.
In patients who discontinue aspirin, lacunar infarct was present in 22 (41.5%) according to the Oxford classification. On the other hand, Maulaz and colleagues [11] reported that cardioembolic stroke was the commonest type of stroke associated with aspirin discontinuation. This contradictory may be explained by the different methodology and our exclusion of diagnosed cardiac patients.
Multivariate analysis logistic regression showed that aspirin discontinuation was an independent factor for recurrent stroke; this comes in accordance with previous studies [1, 11].
Limitations of the study include the low number of patients that were included, the need for more investigation for risk factors, and data were limited as to the etiology of the prior strokes. Other limitations were related to the case–control design as differential errors are hard to avoid because the data for the patients and controls is collected under different circumstances. However, both groups were comparable. Also the frequency of aspirin discontinuation may have been underestimated because patients may not report treatment compliance correctly because of confusion, aphasia, and deterioration of consciousness that may occur in acute stroke. Also, patients with nonadherence or dementia may not report drug discontinuation, and the delay between treatment cessation and cerebral infarct may be underestimated for the same reasons.
One of the strengths of our study is the high frequency of MRI investigations contributing to reliable stroke subtyping. The strength is not retrospective, studying many factors not included in most other studies like risk factors, NIH score, and oxford classification.
In conclusion, the discontinuation of aspirin especially for a period of 8–30 days could increase the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with high and very high-risk factors and we should be aware of the complications of stopping aspirin use. Not to use aspirin at all may be better than to stop it after use. Very high-risk patients must be advised not to stop aspirin and if a must, not more than 7 days. Physicians need to educate patients about the importance of adherence of aspirin therapy.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable
Funding
Not applicable
Availability of data and materials
The paper is a part of thesis conducted inFaculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University and approved by its ethical committee. The data can be publiclyavailable at the Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved from ethical committee Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University on 19/7/2017 (Research# 3141).
An informed written consent was taken from each patientor family. All data or investigations obtained from every patient were confidential and were not used outside the study. The patients have rights to withdraw from the study at any time without giving any reason. All the cost of the investigations was afforded by the researcher. Participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without giving any reason and will be excluded from the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.