Introduction
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(a) To identify the changes of school burnout for Finnish adolescents in lower (grades 8–9) and upper secondary schools (grades 10–11) during years 2006–2019. Based on the findings from the previous research, we expect that the overall trend of school burnout over the period from 2006 to 2019 would be increasing, especially from 2011 onwards along with the school budget cuts.
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(b) To examine the associations of personal—(gender, family socioeconomic, and immigrant status) and school-related (school level and urban–rural area) sociodemographic demands and resources with school burnout. School burnout has been found to be gendered and vary between the school levels [9‐12]. We expect high and increasing school burnout, especially in girls in upper secondary school. Personal demands related to parental unemployment, immigration status, and urban–rural area are expected to be associated with higher school burnout. Parents’ higher educational degrees may in turn act as a buffer against school burnout. Although there is no previous research specifically on the interactions of gender, school level, and other socioeconomic factors on school burnout trend, it is possible that those groups who have experiences increasing school burnout (girls, upper secondary school) would be more affected by adverse socioeconomic circumstances but also may benefit from family resources such as higher parental education.
Method
Sample and data collection
Variable | Girls—lower | Girls—upper | Boys—lower | Boys—upper | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%/Mean (SD) | % Missing | % or Mean (SD) | % Missing | % or Mean (SD) | % Missing | % or Mean (SD) | % Missing | |
School burnout | n = 314,468 | n = 184,001 | n = 313,601 | n = 133,464 | ||||
1.8 (0.75) | 0.2 | 2.0 (0.70) | 0.1 | 1.9 (0.74) | 0.5 | 1.7 (0.65) | 0.2 | |
Urban–rural area | n = 315,174 | n = 184,148 | n = 315,214 | n = 133,717 | ||||
Urban | 66.1 | 0 | 73.3 | 0 | 65.7 | 0 | 73.3 | 0 |
Semi-urban | 17.8 | 0 | 14.5 | 0 | 18.0 | 0 | 14.9 | 0 |
Rural | 16.1 | 0 | 12.2 | 0 | 16.2 | 0 | 11.8 | 0 |
Parent(s) with HE degree | n = 289,928 | n = 181,670 | n = 289,928 | n = 130,935 | ||||
41.4 | 5.7 | 53.3 | 1.3 | 43.5 | 8.0 | 60.1 | 2.1 | |
Parent(s) unemployed | n = 271,113 | 1.4 | n = 157,907 | 0.6 | n = 272,249 | 3.0 | n = 115,460 | 1.0 |
None | 70.8 | 74.2 | 72.6 | 76.1 | ||||
One | 26.0 | 23.0 | 24.0 | 21.5 | ||||
Two or more | 3.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 2.4 | ||||
Immigration status | n = 155,456 | 2.1 | n = 96,858 | 0.7 | n = 154,611 | 5.8 | n = 69,395 | 1.7 |
Native | 87.9 | 90.0 | 87.4 | 89.7 | ||||
One parent foreign-born | 7.3 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.2 | ||||
Foreign-born parents, born in Finland | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.7 | ||||
Foreign-born parents, born abroad | 2.8 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 2.3 |
Year of survey | Parent(s) with higher degree | Urban area | One unemployed parent | Two + unemployed parents | One parent foreign-born | Foreign-born parents, born in Finland | Foreign-born parents, born abroad |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006–07 | 38.4 | 66.2 | 20.2 | 2.3 | – | – | – |
2008–09 | 42.4 | 67.7 | 22.3 | 2.7 | – | – | – |
2010–11 | 42.3 | 68.6 | 26.2 | 3.4 | – | – | – |
2013 | 50.5 | 69.4 | 24.5 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 1.6 | 2.5 |
2015 | 51.2 | 70.0 | 27.2 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 3.1 |
2017 | 53.2 | 67.5 | 26.8 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 1.9 | 3.3 |
2019 | 58.4 | 70.1 | – | – | 7.4 | 2.1 | 3.3 |
Total n | 900,441 | 949,347 | 803,300 | 803,300 | 463,049 | 463,049 | 463,049 |
Measures
School burnout
Socioeconomic factors
Analysis
Results
Descriptive results
The effects of year, school level, gender, and socioeconomic factors on school burnout
School burnout | ||
---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Main effects | n = 897,982 | n = 897,982 |
Year of survey (ref = 2006–2007) | ||
2008–2009 | 0.01* | 0.01** |
2010–2011 | − 0.02*** | − 0.02*** |
2013 | − 0.03*** | − 0.03*** |
2015 | 0.00 | 0.01* |
2017 | − 0.03*** | − 0.02*** |
2019 | 0.03*** | 0.04*** |
School level (ref = upper secondary school) | − 0.04*** | 0.04*** |
Female | 0.20*** | 0.20*** |
Parent(s) with HE degree | – | − 0.05*** |
Urban–rural (ref = urban) | ||
Semi-urban | – | − 0.02*** |
Rural | – | − 0.03*** |
Wald tests for interactions: | Wald (df) | Wald (df) |
Year*gender*school level*parental education | – | 3.36 (6) |
Year*gender*school level*urban–rural | – | 16.21 (12) |
Year*gender*parental education | – | 9.51 (6) |
Year*gender*urban–rural | – | 29.96 (12) ** |
Year*school level*parental education | – | 4.84 (6) |
Year*school level*urban–rural | – | 15.44 (12) |
Year*gender*school level | 54.34 (6)*** | 25.83 (6) *** |
Year*gender | 2419.36 (6)*** | 1381 (6) *** |
Year*school level | 133.10 (6)*** | 75.88 (6)*** |
Year*parental education | – | 14.3 (6) * |
Year* urban–rural | – | 46.75 (12)*** |
Gender*school level*parental education | – | 1.98 (1) |
Gender*school level*urban–rural | – | 12.99 (2) ** |
Gender*school level | – | 159.64 (1) *** |
Gender*parental education | – | 9.14 (1) ** |
Gender* urban–rural | – | 55.63 (2)*** |
School level*parental education | – | 3.16 (1) |
School level*urban–rural | – | 2.89 (2) |
Model 3 | |
---|---|
Main effects | n = 771,564 |
Year of survey (ref = 2006–2007) | |
2008–2009 | 0.00 |
2010–2011 | − 0.03*** |
2013 | − 0.04*** |
2015 | − 0.00 |
2017 | − 0.03*** |
School level (ref upper secondary school) | 0.04*** |
Female | 0.17*** |
Parent(s) with HE degree | -0.04*** |
Urban–rural (ref = urban) | |
Semi-urban | − 0.01*** |
Rural | − 0.02*** |
Parent(s) unemployed (ref = none) | |
One | 0.10*** |
Two or more | 0.31*** |
Wald tests for interactions: | Wald (df) |
Year*gender*school level*parent(s) unemployed | 6.10 (10) |
Year*gender*parent(s) unemployed | 50.24 (10)*** |
Year*school level*parent(s) unemployed | 8.31 (10) |
Year*gender*school level | 6.75 (5) |
Year*gender | 552.54 (5)*** |
Year*school level | 62.43 (5)*** |
Year*parent(s) unemployed | 58.78 (10)*** |
gender*school level*parent(s) unemployed | 0.41 (2) |
Gender*school level | 193.45 (1)*** |
Gender*parent(s) unemployed | 34.83 (2)*** |
School level*parent(s) unemployed | 15.15 (2)*** |
Model 4 | |
---|---|
Main effects | n = 444,726 |
Year of survey (ref = 2013) | |
2015 | − 0.01 |
2017 | − 0.07*** |
2019 | − 0.05*** |
School level (ref upper secondary school) | − 0.03*** |
Female | 0.16*** |
Parent(s) with HE degree | − 0.06*** |
Urban–rural (ref = urban) | |
Semi-urban | − 0.02*** |
Rural | − 0.03*** |
Immigration status (ref = native) | |
One parent foreign-born | 0.12*** |
Foreign-born parents, born in Finland | 0.14*** |
Foreign-born parents, born abroad | 0.37*** |
Wald tests for interactions: | Wald (df) |
Year*gender*school level*immigration status | 7.85 (6) |
Year*gender* immigration status | 17.21 (6)** |
Year*school level* immigration status | 11.54 (6) |
Year*gender*school level | 8.45 (2)* |
Year*gender | 236.12 (2)*** |
Year*school level | 43.75 (2)*** |
Year* immigration status | 27.34 (6)*** |
gender*school level* immigration status | 2.45 (3) |
Gender*school level | 189.50 (1)*** |
Gender* immigration status | 64.98 (3)*** |
School level* immigration status | 2.95 (3) |