Introduction
Methods
Patients
Caries diagnosis
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant demographics
Female (n = 142) | Male (n = 354) | Z, t or χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DMFT | 5.63 ± 6.61 | 8.81 ± 8.50 | −4.093 | < 0.001 |
DT | 2.12 ± 3.13 | 4.42 ± 5.46 | −4.359 | < 0.001 |
MT | 2.80 ± 4.78 | 3.92 ± 6.42 | −1.186 | 0.236 |
FT | 0.72 ± 3.07 | 0.47 ± 1.57 | −0.911 | 0.362 |
Caries status (No/Yes) | 35/107 | 44/310 | 11.299 | 0.001 |
Age (years) | 45.58 ± 12.07 | 47.19 ± 12.28 | −1.196 | 0.232 |
BMI (kg•m− 2) | 25.18 ± 4.44 | 24.23 ± 3.67 | −1.990 | 0.047 |
Marriage (Unmarried/Married/Divorced/Widowed) | 64/47/25/6 | 236/60/56/2 | 28.684 | < 0.001 |
Education (Primary/Junior/Senior/Bachelor) | 10/58/49/25 | 46/160/113/35 | 8.816 | 0.032 |
Smoking (Never/Used/Now) | 132/9/1 | 137/67/150 | 123.294 | < 0.001 |
Drinking (No/Yes) | 132/10 | 242/112 | 33.058 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (No/Yes) | 120/22 | 309/45 | 0.671 | 0.413 |
Diabetes Mellitus (No/Yes) | 112/30 | 309/45 | 5.591 | 0.018 |
Family History (No/Yes) | 105/37 | 308/46 | 12.410 | < 0.001 |
First-Episode Onset Age (years) | 22.88 ± 7.73 | 25.49 ± 7.57 | −1.006 | 0.314 |
First Hospitalization Age (years) | 26.30 ± 6.89 | 29.27 ± 10.29 | −2.738 | 0.006 |
Illness Duration (years) | 20.70 ± 11.91 | 21.71 ± 11.78 | −0.856 | 0.392 |
Antipsychotics Dosage (mg/day) | 555.83 ± 1255.40 | 367.80 ± 418.57 | −0.592 | 0.554 |
Antipsychotics Type (Typical/Atypical/Both) | 2/127/13 | 0/340/14 | 10.048 | 0.007 |
Antipsychotics Numbers (1/2/3) | 62/76/4 | 205/143/6 | 8.409 | 0.015 |
Insomnia Scores | 2.89 ± 3.70 | 2.56 ± 3.23 | −0.168 | 0.866 |
Insomnia Levels (No/Subthreshold/Moderate to Severe) | 123/17/2 | 321/28/5 | 1.250 | 0.264 |
Suicide (None/Idea without Conduct/Conduct) | 109/15/18 | 272/38/44 | 0.008 | 0.996 |
MMSE Scores | 25.07 ± 4.12 | 25.12 ± 4.1 | −0.233 | 0.816 |
MMSE Levels (Normal/Mild/Moderate/Severe) | 63/54/25/0 | 172/131/50/1 | 0.969 | 0.325 |
PANSS | ||||
Positive | 15.91 ± 5.10 | 15.74 ± 5.09 | −0.472 | 0.637 |
Negative | 20.51 ± 6.56 | 20.74 ± 6.20 | −0.307 | 0.759 |
General | 39.02 ± 8.46 | 38.54 ± 7.89 | −0.753 | 0.452 |
Total | 75.56 ± 16.77 | 75.01 ± 15.66 | −0.405 | 0.685 |
GDS (No/VeryMild/Mild/Moderate/ModeratelySevere) | 37/52/34/18/1 | 122/137/72/23/0 | 8.070 | 0.004 |
RBANS | ||||
Immediate Memory | 57.34 ± 15.05 | 58.31 ± 30.76 | −0.458 | 0.647 |
Visuospatial/Constructional | 79.23 ± 16.56 | 82.61 ± 18.22 | −1.828 | 0.068 |
Language | 78.63 ± 16.07 | 82.74 ± 11.24 | −1.799 | 0.072 |
Attention | 79.74 ± 14.92 | 78.44 ± 15.20 | −0.901 | 0.367 |
Delayed Memory | 65.50 ± 18.55 | 65.34 ± 19.24 | −0.167 | 0.868 |
Total | 360.49 ± 60.46 | 369.05 ± 7213 | −0.760 | 0.447 |
Male | Female | Diagnosis | Sex | Diagnosis × Sex | η2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Caries (n = 44) | Caries (n = 310) | Non-Caries (n = 35) | Caries (n = 107) | F | p | F | p | F | p | ||
Age (years) | 34.77 ± 8.02 | 48.96 ± 11.75** | 34.49 ± 8.29 | 49.21 ± 10.868## | 119.519 | < 0.001 | 15.439 | < 0.001 | 10.463 | 0.001 | 0.218 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.12 ± 4.15 | 24.24 ± 3.61 | 25.06 ± 4.85 | 25.22 ± 4.33 | 0.086 | 0.769 | 0.389 | 0.533 | 0.003 | 0.953 | 0.023 |
Education Levels (Primary/Junior/Senior/Bachelor) | 3/21/16/0 | 43/139/97/31 | 0/22/6/7 | 10/36/43/18## | 5.213 | 0.001 | 3.498 | 0.062 | 4.366 | 0.005 | 0.062 |
Marriage (Unmarried/Married/Divorced/Widowed) | 34/6/4/0 | 202/54/52/2 | 15/12/8/0 | 49/35/17/2 | 0.564 | 0.639 | 2.378 | 0.124 | 0.918 | 0.432 | 0.035 |
Smoke (Never/Used/Now) | 28/11/5 | 109/56/145** | 33/2/0 | 99/7/1 | 0.785 | 0.456 | 0.034 | 0.854 | 0.029 | 0.971 | 0.057 |
Drinking (No/Yes) | 32/12 | 210/100 | 32/3 | 100/7 | 0.066 | 0.797 | 5.778 | 0.017 | 0.430 | 0.512 | 0.024 |
Diabetes Mellitus (No/Yes) | 44/0 | 265/45** | 32/3 | 80/27# | 12.358 | < 0.001 | 6.796 | 0.009 | 0.215 | 0.643 | 0.047 |
Hypertension (No/Yes) | 44/0 | 265/45** | 31/4 | 89/18 | 4.649 | 0.032 | 8.601 | 0.004 | 0.431 | 0.517 | < 0.001 |
Family History (No/Yes) | 37/7 | 271/39 | 26/9 | 79/28 | 0.094 | 0.759 | 5.888 | 0.016 | 0.163 | 0.686 | 0.023 |
First-episode Onset age (years) | 23.41 ± 6.21 | 25.78 ± 7.71 | 22.03 ± 4.52 | 25.81 ± 8.33# | 12.382 | < 0.001 | 6.137 | 0.014 | 2.487 | 0.115 | 0.047 |
First Hospitalization age (years) | 26.57 ± 7.77 | 29.66 ± 10.55 | 22.94 ± 5.01 | 27.39 ± 9.21## | 13.306 | < 0.001 | 8.350 | 0.004 | 4.185 | 0.041 | 0.049 |
Illness Duration (years) | 11.36 ± 7.33 | 23.18 ± 11.56** | 12.46 ± 8.80 | 23.40 ± 11.58## | 69.615 | < 0.001 | 10.226 | < 0.001 | 3.265 | 0.071 | 0.149 |
Antipsychotics Numbers (1/2/3) | 27/16/1 | 178/127/5 | 13/22/0 | 49/54/4 | 0.708 | 0.493 | 0.131 | 0.717 | 1.695 | 0.185 | 0.030 |
Antipsychotics Type (Typical/Atypical/Both) | 0/39/5 | 0/301/9** | 3/32/0 | 10/95/2 | 1.459 | 0.233 | 0.006 | 0.940 | 3.351 | 0.068 | 0.037 |
Antipsychotic Dosage (mg/day) | 410.97 ± 838.38 | 361.68 ± 319.43 | 244.14 ± 186.45 | 657.78 ± 1429.23## | 0.125 | 0.724 | 14.707 | < 0.001 | 2.357 | 0.125 | 0.032 |
Suicide (None/Idea-without-Conduct/Conduct) | 32/7/5 | 240/31/39 | 27/3/5 | 82/12/13 | 0.037 | 0.964 | 3.953 | 0.047 | 0.564 | 0.569 | 0.026 |
Insomnia Scores | 1.89 ± 2.46 | 2.66 ± 3.32 | 1.54 ± 2.37 | 3.33 ± 3.95## | 10.337 | 0.001 | 14.352 | < 0.001 | 2.622 | 0.106 | 0.044 |
PANSS | |||||||||||
Positive | 15.41 ± 4.51 | 15.78 ± 5.17 | 14.46 ± 4.96 | 16.38 ± 5.08# | 4.768 | 0.029 | 7.291 | 0.007 | 3.013 | 0.083 | 0.034 |
Negative | 20.91 ± 5.93 | 20.72 ± 6.24 | 19.80 ± 5.81 | 20.74 ± 6.79 | 0.397 | 0.529 | 3.230 | 0.073 | 0.682 | 0.409 | 0.024 |
General | 39.18 ± 9.16 | 38.45 ± 7.71 | 37.20 ± 8.25 | 39.79 ± 8.43 | 1.577 | 0.210 | 6.343 | 0.012 | 3.419 | 0.065 | 0.030 |
Total | 75.50 ± 17.40 | 74.95 ± 15.42 | 71.46 ± 16.08 | 76.91 ± 16.85 | 2.369 | 0.124 | 6.000 | 0.015 | 3.114 | 0.078 | 0.031 |
MMSE Levels (Normal/Mild/Moderate/Severe) | 31/10/3/0 | 141/121/47/1** | 15/16/4/0 | 48/38/21/0 | 1.274 | 0.283 | 10.191 | 0.002 | 2.167 | 0.116 | 0.044 |
GDS (No/VeryMild/Mild/Moderate/ModeratelySevere) | 23/127/7/0 | 99/125/65/21/0* | 11/13/7/4/0 | 26/39/27/14/1 | 1.184 | 0.317 | 9.907 | 0.002 | 0.162 | 0.923 | 0.038 |
RBANS | |||||||||||
Immediate Memory | 59.44 ± 14.75 | 57.76 ± 28.96 | 58.11 ± 14.53 | 57.80 ± 15.28 | 0.287 | 0.592 | 0.503 | 0.479 | 0.070 | 0.792 | 0.024 |
Visuospatial/Constructional | 81.32 ± 17.35 | 81.71 ± 17.92 | 76.66 ± 15.44 | 80.07 ± 16.90 | 0.446 | 0.505 | 4.800 | 0.029 | 2.309 | 0.129 | 0.027 |
Language | 81.76 ± 12.98 | 81.53 ± 12.93 | 80.23 ± 15.03 | 78.11 ± 16.43 | 0.477 | 0.490 | 0.010 | 0.919 | 0.256 | 0.613 | 0.024 |
Attention | 83.14 ± 14.28 | 77.99 ± 15.14** | 82.71 ± 12.95 | 78.77 ± 15.44 | 6.354 | 0.012 | 0.350 | 0.714 | 0.062 | 0.803 | 0.037 |
Delayed Memory | 68.81 ± 18.76 | 64.74 ± 9.03** | 64.31 ± 17.69 | 65.89 ± 18.89 | 0.624 | 0.430 | 6.504 | 0.011 | 2.827 | 0.093 | 0.034 |
Total | 370.67 ± 63.82 | 365.83 ± 70.03 | 362.03 ± 52.38 | 359.99 ± 63.09 | 0.290 | 0.591 | 0.576 | 0.448 | 0.300 | 0.862 | 0.024 |
Analysis of risk factors for dental caries in male patients
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis (adjusted) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95%CI | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
Male | Age | < 0.001 | 1.125 | 1.084 | 1.167 | < 0.001 | 1.116 | 1.074 | 1.159 |
Antipsychotic Type (Atypical) | 0.013 | 4.288 | 1.367 | 13.447 | |||||
Diabetes Mellitus (Yes) | 0.997 | > 1000 | 0.000 | ||||||
Hypertension (Yes) | 0.997 | > 1000 | 0.000 | ||||||
Smoking Status (Now) | < 0.001 | 7.450 | 2.786 | 19.918 | 0.001 | 5.949 | 2.049 | 17.278 | |
MMSE Levels | 0.005 | 2.180 | 1.271 | 3.740 | |||||
PANSS | |||||||||
Positive | 0.647 | 1.015 | 0.952 | 1.083 | |||||
Negative | 0.847 | 0.995 | 0.946 | 1.047 | |||||
General | 0.562 | 0.988 | 0.950 | 1.028 | |||||
Total | 0.826 | 0.998 | 0.978 | 1.018 | |||||
GDS Rank | 0.041 | 1.501 | 1.016 | 2.219 | |||||
RBANS | |||||||||
Immediate Memory | 0.622 | 0.998 | 0.990 | 1.006 | |||||
Visuospatial/Constructional | 0.349 | 0.992 | 0.975 | 1.009 | |||||
Language | 0.880 | 0.998 | 0.970 | 1.026 | |||||
Attention | 0.020 | 0.974 | 0.952 | 0.996 | |||||
Delayed Memory | 0.011 | 0.979 | 0.963 | 0.995 | |||||
Total | 0.404 | 0.998 | 0.994 | 1.002 | |||||
Female | Age | < 0.001 | 1.144 | 1.090 | 1.202 | < 0.001 | 1.222 | 1.132 | 1.320 |
Diabetes Mellitus (Yes) | 0.047 | 3.600 | 1.020 | 12.708 | |||||
First-Episode Onset Age | 0.014 | 1.080 | 1.016 | 1.148 | |||||
First Hospitalization Age | 0.010 | 1.077 | 1.018 | 1.139 | |||||
Illness Duration | < 0.001 | 1.111 | 1.059 | 1.165 | |||||
Total Dosage | 0.028 | 1.002 | 1.000 | 1.004 | 0.029 | 1.002 | 1.000 | 1.004 | |
Insomnia Scores | 0.018 | 1.216 | 1.034 | 1.430 | |||||
PANSS | |||||||||
Positive | 0.055 | 1.090 | 0.998 | 1.191 | 0.046 | 1.106 | 1.002 | 1.221 | |
Negative | 0.462 | 1.023 | 0.963 | 1.086 | |||||
General | 0.119 | 1.038 | 0.990 | 1.089 | |||||
Total | 0.097 | 1.020 | 0.996 | 1.045 | |||||
MMSE Levels | 0.424 | 0.001* | 0.063 | 0.012 | 0.330 | ||||
GDS Rank | 0.930 | ||||||||
RBANS | |||||||||
Immediate Memory | 0.724 | 0.995 | 0.971 | 1.021 | |||||
Visuospatial/Constructional | 0.291 | 1.013 | 0.989 | 1.037 | |||||
Language | 0.498 | 0.992 | 0.968 | 1.016 | 0.046 | 0.959 | 0.920 | 0.999 | |
Attention | 0.176 | 0.982 | 0.956 | 1.008 | |||||
Delayed Memory | 0.662 | 1.005 | 0.984 | 1.026 | |||||
Total | 0.862 | 0.999 | 0.993 | 1.006 |