nach oben

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Erschienen in:

01.12.2012 | Original Article

Social Safeness, Received Social Support, and Maladjustment: Testing a Tripartite Model of Affect Regulation

verfasst von: Allison C. Kelly, David C. Zuroff, Michelle J. Leybman, Paul Gilbert

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 6/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Drawing on recent neuroscience research, Gilbert (2005, 2009a) suggested that vulnerability and psychopathology could be conceptualized and treated using a tripartite model of affect regulation which postulates three evolved systems oriented toward threats, resources, and affiliation, and respectively triggering negative affect (NA), activated positive affect (PA), and social safeness. He additionally proposed that social safeness, characterized by feelings of warmth and connectedness, plays an especially important role in psychosocial functioning. We tested various aspects of this theory through a 7-day daily diary study in which 51 male and 51 female students completed measures of social safeness, NA, PA, perceived social support (PSS), and received social support (RSS) every evening. First, social safeness emerged as operationally distinct from low NA, PA, and PSS. Second, participants who endorsed higher mean levels of RSS over the week had higher mean levels of safeness, and social safeness was higher on days when participants reported higher RSS than their mean. Third, social safeness was more strongly related to numerous indicators of vulnerability and psychopathology than NA, PA, and PSS, and it predicted these variables controlling for NA, PA, and PSS. Results support the theory that social safeness is a distinct affective experience that responds to affiliation and offers unique protection from psychosocial suffering.

The complete results from the hierarchical regressions are available from the authors.

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.PubMedCrossRef

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.PubMedCrossRef

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, B. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory manual (2nd ed.). San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.

Blatt, S. J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical and research perspectives. Washington: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Blatt, S. J., d’Afflitti, J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383–389.PubMedCrossRef

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 664–678.PubMedCrossRef

Carter, C. S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendorinlogy, 23, 779–818.CrossRef

Cozolino, L. (2007). The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing brain. New York: Norton.

Cranford, J. A., Shrout, P. E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T., & Bolger, N. (2006). A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 917–929.PubMedCrossRef

Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 37–67). Greenwich: JAI Press, Conn.

Depue, R., & Collins, P. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 491–569.PubMed

Depue, R. A., & Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation. Behavioral Brain Science, 28(3), 313–350.

Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Halsall, J., Williams, M., & Winkworth, G. (2000). The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 437–453.CrossRef

Feldman, L. A. (1995). Valence focus and arousal focus: Individual differences in the structure of affective experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 153–166.

First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). SCID-II personality questionnaire. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Fleming, J. S., & Courtney, B. E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404–421.CrossRef

Fredrickson, B. L. (2003). The value of positive emotions. American Scientist, 91, 330–335.

Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research, and use in psychotherapy (pp. 1–74). London: Routledge.

Gilbert, P. (2007). Psychotherapy and counselling for depression (3rd ed.). London: SAGE Publications.

Gilbert, P. (2009a). The compassionate mind: Coping with the challenges of living. London: Constable Robinson.

Gilbert, P. (2009b). Moving beyond cognitive behaviour therapy. The Psychologist, 22, 400–403.

Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: Distinctive features. London: Routledge.

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A., & Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 182–191.CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Richter, A., Franks, L., Mills, A., et al. (2009). An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and in patients with bipolar disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6, 135–143.

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493–503.CrossRef

Gotlib, I. H., & Cane, D. B. (1989). Self-report assessment of depression and anxiety. In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features (pp. 131–169). San Diego: Academic.

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430–445.CrossRef

Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100, 68–90.

Koestner, R., Lekes, N., Powers, T. A., & Chicoine, E. (2002). Attaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equal success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 231–244.PubMedCrossRef

Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 25–59.

LeDoux, J. (1998). The Emotional Brain. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

Liotti, G. (2000). Disorganized attachment, models of borderline states, and evolutionary psychotherapy. In P. Gilbert, K. Bailey (Eds.), Genes on the couch: Essays in evolutionary psychotherapy. Hove: Psychology Press.

Liotti, G., & Gilbert, P. (2011). Mentalizing, motivation, and social mentalities: Theoretical considerations and implications for psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 9–25.

Lorr, M., & Wunderlich, R. A. (1986). Two objective measures of self-esteem. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 18–23.PubMedCrossRef

Mongrain, M. (1998). Parental representations and support-seeking behaviour related to dependency and self-criticism. Journal of Personality, 66, 151–173.PubMedCrossRef

Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Pierce, G. R., Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B. R. (1991). General and relationship-based perceptions of social support: Are two constructs better than one? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 1028–1039.PubMedCrossRef

Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143.PubMedCrossRef

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Santor, D., Pringle, J. D., & Israeli, A. L. (2000). Enhancing and disrupting cooperative behavior in couples: Effects of dependency and self-criticism following favorable and unfavorable performance feedback. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 379–397.CrossRef

SAS Institute Inc. (2008). SAS/STAT ^® 9.2 user’s guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Shaw, B. F., Vallis, T. M., & McCabe, S. B. (1985). The assessment of the severity and symptom patterns in depression. In E. E. Beckham & W. R. Leber (Eds.), Handbook of depression: Treatment, assessment, and research (pp. 372–407). Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (1999). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London: Sage Publications.

Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48, 1184–1199.CrossRef

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767–793). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative Affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.PubMedCrossRef

Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.CrossRef

Zuroff, D. C., & Duncan, N. (1999). Self-criticism and conflict resolution in romantic couples. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31, 137–149.CrossRef

Zuroff, D. C., & Fitzpatrick, D. (1995). Depressive personality styles: Implications for adult attachment. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 253–265.CrossRef

Zuroff, D. C., & Mongrain, M. (1987). Dependency and self-criticism: Vulnerability factors for depressive affective states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 14–22.PubMedCrossRef

Zuroff, D. C., Moskowitz, D. S., Wielgus, M. S., Powers, T. A., & Franko, D. L. (1983). Construct validation of the dependency and self-criticism scales of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 226–241.CrossRef

Titel: Social Safeness, Received Social Support, and Maladjustment: Testing a Tripartite Model of Affect Regulation
verfasst von: Allison C. Kelly
David C. Zuroff
Michelle J. Leybman
Paul Gilbert
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2012
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 6/2012
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9432-5

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

23.04.2024 Depression antepartal oder postpartal Nachrichten

Bislang gibt es kein Medikament zur Prävention von Wochenbettdepressionen. Das Injektionsanästhetikum Esketamin könnte womöglich diese Lücke füllen.

„Psychotherapie ist auch bei sehr alten Menschen hochwirksam!“

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

22.04.2024 DGIM 2024 Nachrichten

Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2012

Changes in Attentional Processing of Emotional Information Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in People with a History of Depression: Towards an Open Attention for all Emotional Experiences

Evaluating Distress Tolerance Measures: Interrelations and Associations with Impulsive Behaviors

Anticipation of Social Interaction Changes Implicit Approach-Avoidance Behavior of Socially Anxious Individuals

Evaluating Evidence for the Role of Sleep in Fibromyalgia: A Test of the Sleep and Pain Diathesis Model