Background
Methods
Participants
Healthy participants
TMD pain patients
Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) protocol
Thermal thresholds and thermal sensory limen
Mechanical detection threshold
Mechanical pain threshold, mechanical pain sensitivity to pinprick stimuli, dynamic mechanical allodynia, and wind-up ratio for repetitive pinprick stimuli
Vibration detection threshold
Pressure pain threshold
Data analysis and statistics
Z-transformation of QST data
Assessment of somatosensory loss and gain of function
Statistics
Results
Somatosensory abnormalities in healthy participants
Reference group (420 sitesa) | TMD patient group (40 sites) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute mean (SD) (140 sites/regiona) | z-scores mean (SD) | <−1.96 | >1.96 | Absolute mean (SD) | z-scores mean (SD) | <−1.96 | >1.96 | |||
Infraorbital | Mental | Hand |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) | ||||
CDT | −0.90(0.46) | −0.93(0.38) | −1.72(1.04) | 0.00(1.00) | 22(5.2 %) | 0(0.0 %) | −0.84(0.34) | 0.10(1.06) | 2(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
WDT | 1.16(0.35) | 1.34(0.57) | 2.50(1.25) | 0.00(1.00) | 21(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 1.14(0.46) | 0.31(1.07) | 1(2.5 %) | 1(2.5 %) |
TSL | 2.80(1.38) | 2.68(1.30) | 4.95(2.55) | 0.00(1.00) | 21(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 2.41(1.20) | 0.02(1.11) | 2(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
CPT | 23.82(5.86) | 23.51(6.81) | 23.43(6.92) | 0.00(1.00) | 20(4.7 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 22.20(7.68) | −0.29(1.14) | 6(15.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
HPT | 37.61(2.75) | 38.99(3.19) | 40.52(3.55) | 0.00(1.00) | 16(3.8 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 38.71(3.32) | −0.07(1.10) | 4(10.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
MDT | 0.13(0.08) | 0.12(0.09) | 3.05(3.37) | 0.00(1.00) | 23(5.5 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 0.15(0.25) | −1.42(8.12) | 4(10.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
MPT | 89.19(66.94) | 78.57(73.68) | 155.33(110.58) | 0.00(1.00) | 22(5.2 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 78.46(86.08) | −0.14(1.58) | 4(10.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
MPS | 2.08(1.53) | 2.23(1.72) | 1.27(1.30) | 0.00(1.00) | 0(0.0 %) | 24(5.7 %) | 4.95(4.64) | 1.69(3.21) | 0(0.0 %) | 14(35.0 %) |
WUR | 2.99(1.90) | 3.02(2.10) | 2.90(1.88) | 0.00(1.00) | 0(0.0 %) | 25(5.9 %) | 3.40(2.01) | 0.26(1.06) | 0(0.0 %) | 3(7.5 %) |
VDT | 7.36(0.48) | 7.49(0.55) | 7.65(0.43) | 0.00(1.00) | 19(4.5 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 7.63(0.41) | 0.22(1.02) | 2(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) |
PPT | 170.94(56.84) | 144.74(48.75) | 239.60(103.21) | 0.00(1.00) | 22(5.2 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 68.82(26.43) | 1.59(0.60) | 0(0.0 %) | 11(27.5 %) |
ALL | Mean 16.9(4.0 %) | Mean 4.45(1.1 %) | Mean 2.27(5.7 %) | Mean 2.63(6.6 %) |
Absolute abnormalities of QST z-scores and side-to-side differences in TMD pain patients
Reference group | TMD patients group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infraorbital mean(SD) | 95%CI (upper limit) | Mental mean(SD) | 95%CI (upper limit) | Hand mean (SD) | 95%CI (upper limit) | Painful site mean(SD) | >95%CI | |
n (%) | ||||||||
CDT | 0.23(0.20) | 0.27 | 0.20(0.22) | 0.26 | 0.44(0.53) | 0.57 | 0.19(0.16) | 3(7.5 %) |
WDT | 0.23(0.22) | 0.28 | 0.32(0.31) | 0.39 | 0.86(0.80) | 1.05 | 0.19(0.19) | 1(2.5 %) |
TSL | 0.64(0.49) | 0.76 | 0.43(0.38) | 0.52 | 1.32(1.52) | 1.68 | 0.59(0.67) | 6(15.0 %) |
CPT | 1.86(1.72) | 2.27 | 1.33(1.50) | 1.69 | 2.11(2.11) | 2.62 | 2.84(3.97) | 7(17.5 %) |
HPT | 1.43(1.63) | 1.82 | 1.16(1.07) | 1.42 | 1.12(0.93) | 1.35 | 1.14(1.08) | 4(10.0 %) |
MDT | 0.05(0.07) | 0.06 | 0.04(0.08) | 0.06 | 2.35(2.88) | 3.04 | 0.07(0.19) | 5(12.5 %) |
MPT | 33.21(37.38) | 42.12 | 27.52(50.91) | 39.66 | 51.64(49.74) | 63.50 | 23.74(40.88) | 0(0.0 %) |
MPS | 0.60(0.90) | 0.82 | 0.73(0.95) | 0.95 | 0.50(0.74) | 0.68 | 1.90(2.38) | 10(25.0 %) |
WUR | 1.00(1.27) | 1.30 | 1.02(1.28) | 1.32 | 0.91(1.02) | 1.16 | 0.70(0.86) | 0(0.0 %) |
VDT | 0.24(0.22) | 0.29 | 0.16(0.18) | 0.21 | 0.18(0.18) | 0.22 | 0.24(0.24) | 2(5.0 %) |
PPT | 24.64(23.85) | 30.33 | 25.71(21.62) | 30.87 | 49.09(41.50) | 58.99 | 38.19(38.41) | 3(7.5 %) |
Somatosensory abnormalities of TMD pain patients according to the loss/gain coding system
Loss | Gain | All | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G0 (None) | G1 (Thermal) | G2 (Mechanical) | G3 (Both) | ||
TMD patients (40 sites) | |||||
L0 (None) | 7(17.5 %) | 1(2.5 %) | 16(40.0 %) | 3(7.5 %) | 27(67.5 %) |
L1 (Thermal) | 2(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 3(7.5 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 5(12.5 %) |
L2 (Mechanical) | 2(5.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 3(7.5 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 5(12.5 %) |
L3 (Both) | 1(2.5 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 1(2.5 %) | 1(2.5 %) | 3(7.5 %) |
All | 12(30.0 %) | 1(2.5 %) | 23(57.5 %) | 4(10.0 %) | 40(100 %) |
Reference group (420 sites) | |||||
L0 (None) | 289(68.8 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 43(10.2 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 332(79.0 %) |
L1 (Thermal) | 42(10.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 4(1.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 46(11.0 %) |
L2 (Mechanical) | 38(9.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 1(0.2 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 39(9.3 %) |
L3 (Both) | 3(0.7 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 3(0.7 %) |
All | 372(88.6 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 48(11.4 %) | 0(0.0 %) | 70(100 %) |
Somatosensory abnormalities in the hand region
Psychological status of patients
Categories | na/(%) | Patient (mean ± SD) | Control (mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Somatization | 10 (25 %) | 1.97 ± 0.67 | 1.37 ± 0.48 |
Obsessive compulsive | 7 (17.5 %) | 2.00 ± 0.84 | 1.62 ± 0.58 |
Interpersonal sensitivity | 7 (17.5 %) | 1.79 ± 0.72 | 1.65 ± 0.51 |
Depression | 7 (17.5 %) | 1.90 ± 0.77 | 1.5 ± 0.59 |
Anxiety | 8 (20 %) | 1.76 ± 0.74 | 1.39 ± 0.43 |
Anger and hostility | 5 (12.5 %) | 1.76 ± 0.75 | 1.48 ± 0.56 |
Phobic anxiety | 7 (17.5 %) | 1.52 ± 0.66 | 1.23 ± 0.41 |
Paranoid ideation | 4 (10 %) | 1.64 ± 0.62 | 1.43 ± 0.57 |
Psychoticism | 5 (12.5 %) | 1.57 ± 0.50 | 1.29 ± 0.42 |
Average | 6.7 (16.7 %) |