Introduction
Methods
Study design
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Questionnaire development
Questionnaire application
Sample
Data collection
Technology-assisted training
Upper limb rehabilitation
Gait rehabilitation
Functional Independence Measure (FIM®)
Statistical analysis
Results
Questionnaire development
Questionnaire application
Variable | |
---|---|
Age (yrs) | 60.7 ± 12.6 |
Males (%) | 25 (57) |
Education | 10.3 ± 4.7 |
Disease duration | 7.7 ± 9.2 |
Armeo–Lokomat (%) | 19–25 (43–57) |
Stroke (%) | 16 (36) |
Parkinson’s disease (%) | 12 (27) |
Multiple sclerosis (%) | 8 (18) |
Spinal cord injury (%) | 4 (9) |
Other* (%) | 4 (9) |
TARV-Q final items | Item responses at T0 | Item responses at T1 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V = 1 | V = 2 | V = 3 | V = 4 | Mean ± SD | V = 1 | V = 2 | V = 3 | V = 4 | Mean ± SD | ||
1 | It was easy to understand the exercise as requested by the device | 1 | 3 | 16 | 24 | 3.43 ± 0.73 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 35 | 3.73 ± 0.62 |
2 | It was easy to exercise with the device | 1 | 5 | 18 | 20 | 3.30 ± 0.76 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 31 | 3.64 ± 0.61 |
3 | I enjoyed exercising with the device | 2 | 1 | 13 | 28 | 3.52 ± 0.76 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 37 | 3.82 ± 0.45 |
4 | Movements (walking, use of arm) improved with the device | 2 | 11 | 21 | 10 | 2.89 ± 0.81 | 0 | 6 | 24 | 14 | 3.18 ± 0.66 |
5A | While exercising with the device, I felt: comfortable | 0 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 3.41 ± 0.69 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 32 | 3.70 ± 0.51 |
5B | While exercising with the device, I felt: uncomfortable | 40 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1.14 ± 0.51 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 ± 0.00 |
5C | While exercising with the device, I felt: clumsy | 30 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 1.41 ± 0.66 | 35 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1.25 ± 0.53 |
5D | While exercising with the device, I felt: amused | 4 | 9 | 19 | 12 | 2.89 ± 0.92 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 20 | 3.14 ± 1.00 |
5E | While exercising with the device, I felt: awkward | 39 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1.14 ± 0.41 | 43 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.02 ± 0.15 |
5F | While exercising with the device, I felt: stressed | 40 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1.11 ± 0.39 | 40 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1.14 ± 0.51 |
6A | While exercising with the device, I experienced: discomfort | 37 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1.23 ± 0.57 | 40 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1.11 ± 0.39 |
6B | While exercising with the device, I experienced: well-being | 5 | 14 | 18 | 7 | 2.61 ± 0.89 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 18 | 3.14 ± 0.88 |
6C | While exercising with the device, I experienced: fatigue | 28 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1.55 ± 0.82 | 28 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 1.52 ± 0.79 |
6D | While exercising with the device, I experienced: poor control of my movements | 31 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 1.48 ± 0.82 | 36 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1.30 ± 0.70 |
6E | While exercising with the device, I experienced: better control of my movements | 6 | 8 | 19 | 11 | 2.80 ± 0.98 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 3.00 ± 0.94 |
7A | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: comfortable | 1 | 8 | 19 | 16 | 3.14 ± 0.80 | 1 | 1 | 19 | 23 | 3.45 ± 0.66 |
7B | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: uncomfortable | 38 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1.16 ± 0.43 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.00 ± 0.00 |
7C | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: clumsy | 31 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 1.41 ± 0.69 | 36 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1.30 ± 0.70 |
7D | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: amused | 5 | 7 | 14 | 18 | 3.02 ± 1.02 | 4 | 2 | 15 | 23 | 3.30 ± 0.93 |
7E | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: awkward | 39 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.11 ± 0.32 | 43 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.05 ± 0.30 |
7F | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: stressed | 38 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1.16 ± 0.43 | 38 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1.16 ± 0.43 |
8A | Seeing the score reached on the screen: makes me feel more engaged | 6 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 2.64 ± 1.01 | 7 | 9 | 15 | 13 | 2.77 ± 1.05 |
8B | Seeing the score reached on the screen: makes me feel under pressure | 34 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 1.32 ± 0.64 | 36 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1.23 ± 0.52 |
8C | Seeing the score reached on the screen: aids me | 15 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 2.16 ± 1.06 | 17 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 2.09 ± 1.10 |
8D | Seeing the score reached on the screen: limits me | 43 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.02 ± 0.15 | 42 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.05 ± 0.21 |
8E | Seeing the score reached on the screen: makes me feel inadequate | 40 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1.09 ± 0.29 | 43 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.05 ± 0.30 |
9 | Today, I am eager to exercise with the device | 1 | 7 | 19 | 17 | 3.18 ± 0.79 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 3.41 ± 0.69 |
10A | How would you describe your experience with the device to friends / relatives? With enthusiasm | 0 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 3.18 ± 0.81 | 0 | 7 | 15 | 22 | 3.34 ± 0.75 |
10B | How would you describe your experience with the device to friends / relatives? Eager to return | 0 | 9 | 18 | 17 | 3.18 ± 0.76 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 25 | 3.50 ± 0.63 |
Removed items | |||||||||||
Instructions given by the physiotherapist were useful | 0 | 0 | 12 | 32 | 3.73 ± 0.45 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 40 | 3.89 ± 0.39 | |
How would you describe your experience with the device to friends / relatives? Unsatisfied | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1.14 ± 0.63 | 42 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.11 ± 0.54 |
TARV-Q items | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Cronbach alpha (single item removed) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1—positive attitude (variance explained = 51%; Cronbach Alpha = 0.92) | ||||||
5A | While exercising with the device, I felt: comfortable | 43 | 39 | − 39 | − 11 | 0.93 |
5D | While exercising with the device, I felt: amused | 69 | 17 | − 7 | 16 | 0.92 |
6B | While exercising with the device, I experienced: well-being | 36 | 27 | − 7 | − 20 | 0.93 |
7A | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: comfortable | 82 | 20 | − 18 | − 23 | 0.91 |
7D | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: amused | 80 | 18 | − 10 | − 17 | 0.91 |
8A | Seeing the score reached on the screen: makes me feel more engaged | 68 | 4 | 18 | − 36 | 0.92 |
8C | Seeing the score reached on the screen: aids me | 66 | − 9 | 25 | − 45 | 0.92 |
9 | Today, I am eager to exercise with the device | 89 | 17 | − 18 | − 1 | 0.91 |
10B | How would you describe your experience with the device to friends / relatives? Eager to return | 88 | 10 | − 12 | − 6 | 0.91 |
10A | How would you describe your experience with the device to friends / relatives? With enthusiasm | 84 | 10 | − 17 | − 16 | 0.91 |
Factor 2—usability (variance explained = 21%; Cronbach Alpha = 0.84) | ||||||
1 | It was easy to understand the exercise as requested by the device | 12 | 71 | − 18 | 9 | 0.81 |
2 | It was easy to exercise with the device | 16 | 83 | − 14 | − 9 | 0.77 |
3 | I enjoyed exercising with the device | 10 | 62 | 13 | 6 | 0.81 |
4 | Movements (walking, use of arm) improved with the device | 31 | 57 | 8 | 12 | 0.81 |
6E | While exercising with the device, I experienced: better control of my movements | 43 | 56 | − 20 | − 12 | 0.85 |
Factor 3—perception of hindrance (variance explained = 15%; Cronbach Alpha = 0.73) | ||||||
5B | While exercising with the device, I felt: uncomfortable | − 35 | − 6 | 67 | − 10 | 0.63 |
5E | While exercising with the device, I felt: awkward | 5 | 10 | 58 | 4 | 0.72 |
6D | While exercising with the device, I experienced: poor control of my movements | 35 | − 36 | 40 | 25 | 0.75 |
7B | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: uncomfortable | − 2 | − 4 | 45 | − 2 | 0.71 |
7E | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: awkward | − 17 | − 5 | 90 | 23 | 0.60 |
Factor 4—distress (variance explained = 13%; Cronbach coefficient alpha = 0.72) | ||||||
5C | While exercising with the device, I felt: clumsy | 33 | − 39 | 27 | 44 | 0.70 |
5F | While exercising with the device, I felt: stressed | − 18 | 15 | 6 | 42 | 0.72 |
6A | While exercising with the device, I experienced: discomfort | − 18 | − 18 | − 5 | 39 | 0.69 |
6C | While exercising with the device, I experienced: fatigue | 0 | − 43 | − 6 | 41 | 0.69 |
7C | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: clumsy | − 8 | − 27 | − 6 | 59 | 0.67 |
7F | While exercising with the objects on the screen (Virtual Reality), I felt: stressed | − 23 | 10 | 2 | 53 | 0.69 |
8B | Seeing the score reached on the screen: makes me feel under pressure | − 18 | − 39 | 9 | 34 | 0.68 |
8D | Seeing the score reached on the screen: limits me | 11 | − 41 | − 5 | 25 | 0.71 |
8E | Seeing the score reached on the screen: makes me feel inadequate | − 2 | 2 | 17 | 45 | 0.69 |
Items excluded | ||||||
How would you describe your experience with the device to friends / relatives? Unsatisfied | 27 | 12 | 15 | − 14 | ||
Instructions given by the physiotherapist were useful | 26 | 35 | 3 | − 5 |
Mean ± SD T0 | Mean ± SD T1 | Delta T1-T0 | p val | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TARV-Q factors and total scores | ||||
Positive attitude | 29.41 ± 6.72 | 31.84 ± 6.10 | 2.43 ± 3.84 | 0.00026 |
Usability | 15.93 ± 3.16 | 17.36 ± 2.10 | 1.43 ± 1.96 | < 0.0001 |
Hindrance perception | 6.02 ± 1.70 | 5.36 ± 0.78 | − 0.66 ± 1.71 | 0.016 |
Distress | 11.30 ± 2.68 | 10.80 ± 2.27 | − 0.50 ± 1.95 | 0.11 |
TARV-Q total score | 62.66 ± 7.91 | 65.36 ± 7.22 | 2.70 ± 4.64 | 0.0008 |
FIM scores | ||||
FIM cognitive | 32.02 ± 2.63 | 32.34 ± 2.63 | 0.32 ± 0.86 | 0.016 |
FIM motor | 64.43 ± 20.75 | 73.82 ± 15.09 | 9.39 ± 11.84 | < 0.0001 |
FIM total score | 96.48 ± 22.21 | 105.89 ± 16.27 | 9.41 ± 11.96 | < 0.0001 |
Positive attitude | Usability | Hindrance perception | Distress | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Positive attitude | 0.53‡ | 0.03 | − 0.33^ | |
Usability | 0.53‡ | − 0.27 | − 0.37^ | |
Hindrance perception | 0.03 | − 0.27 | 0.30^ | |
Distress | − 0.33^ | − 0.37^ | 0.30^ |